Le kweziyobisi chemistry - yintoni na le nto? Iimpawu kwezinto. izigaba kwezinto

Umbuzo eziziintloko ifuna ukwazi umntu impendulo ngenxa ukuqonda olufanelekileyo umfanekiso behlabathi - ukuba into enje chemistry. Le mbono abunjwe nokuba eneminyaka esikolweni kwaye umntwana kufuneka ukuba ziphuhliswe ngakumbi. Ukufumana ekufundweni chemistry kubalulekile ukufumana izinto avumelana ngazo nayo kwinqanaba ngemihla, it ikuvumela ukuba nomfanekiso kwaye ziyafumaneka ukucacisa ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo, iingcaciso, iimpawu, njl

Ngelishwa, ngenxa inkqubo non-Kungakuhle ukuba imfundo, abaninzi ezingekhoyo ezinye iziseko ezingundoqo. Le mbono "kweziyobisi chemistry" - uhlobo lwe lembombo, ukufunxeka ngexesha le nkcazo unika umntu isiqalo ekunene kuphuhliso olandelayo kummandla nenzululwazi yendalo.

ekumisweni kombono

Phambi kokugqithela ingqikelelo wenkqu, kuyimfuneko ukuba amisele oko isifundo zemichiza. Inkqunto - kukuba uhlolisisa ngqo imichiza utshintshwano zabo ezifanayo, isakhiwo neempawu. Xa ukuqonda jikelele impahla - lo nto eyenza umzimba wenyama.

Ngoko ke, yintoni na into kwi chemistry? Siza kwenza isigqibo utshintsho ukusuka ingcamango jikelele imichiza kuphela. Ubuncwane - yinto uhlobo oluthile mba, ngokuyimfuneko sinayo mass lingalinganiswa. Olu phawu eyenza into kwezinye iintlobo zenkqunto - lelizwe kungekho ubunzima (,, ezibubhayoloji zombane zibuthe, njalo njalo). Matter, nto - yinto evela we wadala yonke into esingqongileyo.

Uninzi nezinye iimpawu kulo mba, ukuba uzimisele, ukusuka apho ngokungqalileyo - sele umbandela zemichiza. Substances lisekwa athom kunye iimolekyuli (ezinye ion), yaye kuthetha nayiphi na into eyenziwa zezi yunithi olungumgubo kunye nempahla.

izinto ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo

Emva kokufunda inkcazelo esisiseko kudlula ukuntsokotha kwawo. Le izinto eze kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo lombutho, oko kukuthi ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo (okanye uqhagamshelwano) - oku ukwahlulwa lokuqala kwiiklasi kwezinto, chemistry has a lot of ukwahlukana elandelayo, enenkcukacha kwaye ezintsonkothileyo. Oluhlobo, ngokungafaniyo nabanye abaninzi, licacise ngqo ukuba imida, uqhagamshelwano ngalunye ngokucacileyo kubangelwa ukuya kwenye lweentlobo efanayo.

Simple into e Chemistry - yikhompawundi eyenziwa athom isiqalelo omnye kuphela ukususela lwezakhi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le molekyuli yokubini, ngamanye akhiwa amasuntswana ezimbini, eziqhagamshelene covalent Amakhonkco nonpolar - ukubunjwa jikelele unshared isibini electron. Ngenxa yoko, i-atom le nto amachiza kufuneka electronegativity enye, oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukuba awuthintele electron loxinano jikelele, ngoko ke anesizathu kuyo nayiphi na nxaxheba kunxibelelwano. Imizekelo kwezinto ezilula (nonmetals) - hydrogen neoksijini, chlorine, ayodini, fluorine, initrogen, isalfure, njl Liphethe athom ezintathu molecule into efana ozone, yaye omnye - zonke iigesi amanene (argon, xenon, helium, njalo njalo). Xa izinyithi (wemagniziyam, calcium, ikopolo, njl) kukho uhlobo yaso uqhagamshelo - metal, zenziwa ngenxa ngokwasentlaweni ye electron simahla ngaphakathi intsimbi kunye ukuyilwa iimolekyuli njengoko abanjalo uyabonakala. Xa impahla yerekhodi metal iqulethe nje luphawu element kwemichiza ngaphandle ekwandiseni.

into elula chemistry, imizekelo lwazo lunikezelwe ngasentla, yahlukile ukwakhiwa esemgangathweni zakhiwo. Iikhemikhali atom izinto ezahlukeneyo akhiwa ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. izinto ezinjalo kufuneka covalent polar okanye uhlobo nimanyane ionic. Ekubeni atom ezahlukeneyo abe electronegativity ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ukuyilwa kwisibini electron ngokubanzi livela shift zawo into electronegative ngakumbi, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba nokwehlukana iyonke kwemolekyuli. uhlobo Ionic - oku ityala kanobom kwelinye polar, ipere electron xa iguqulelwe ngokupheleleyo ukuya kwenye nxaxheba ziyabophelela, ngoko ke athom (okanye amaqela) zitshintshele zibe ion. Umda ecacileyo, kukho phakathi kwezi ntlobo, iqhina ionic Inokuchazwa njenge covalent polar kakhulu. Imizekelo iikhompawundi ezinzima - amanzi, isanti, iglasi, iityuwa, oxides, njl

izinto zokulungisa

Izinto ekubhekiswa kuwo elula, enyanisweni, babe uphawu elikhethekileyo ayikho sizalwa ngendlela entsonkothileyo. Ezinye ingase kuba ezinye uhlobo into elula. Esisiseko sazo zonke njengoko na into enye, kodwa ke ubuninzi ukwakheka, isakhiwo neempawu kakhulu ukwahlula kwiziseko ezinjengezo. Olu phawu kuthiwa allotropes.

Ioksijini, isalfure, icarbon kunye nezinye izinto ambalwa nokulungalungiswa allotropic. Umoya - kubaluleke O _{2 O-3,} icarbon ubonelela iintlobo ezine kwezinto - carbyne, idayimani, grafayithi kunye fullerenes molecule isalfure rhombic, ukuguqulwa monoclinic kunye zeplastiki. Loo elula chemistry, imizekelo awo zivinjwe kungentla, kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, ezi fullerenes asetyenziswe ezobugcisa semiconductors, photoresists, ongeziweyo ukuba ukukhula bhanya diamond kunye nezinye iinjongo kwaye imithi a antioxidant enamandla.

Kwenzeka ntoni into?

Umzuzwana kwenzeka nakwiindawo ezijikeleze ukuguqulwa kwezinto. Chemistry lihlola kwaye acacise iinkqubo ezihamba kunye ubunjani kunye / okanye kangakanani utshintsho ekwakhiweni kwezi iimolekyuli baphendule. Ngaxeshanye, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano akholisa ukubakho kunye utshintshwano ebonakalayo obubonakala ngokuba utshintsho imilo, umbala, izinto okanye imeko udibaniso, kunye nezinye iimpawu.

izenzakalo Chemical - na indlela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo, iikhompawundi zokutshintshaniswa, nokwanana, ukwanda, ingathityazwa, exothermic, redox, njl, kuxhomekeke utshintsho parameter inzala. Kuba ophathekayo ziquka: komphunga, amafu, sublimation, ngamanyala, ukukhenkcisa, lombane, njl Ngokufuthi kunye nefom nganye enye, umzekelo, umphezulu ngexesha njengesiphango - yinkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni, kunye nokukhetha phantsi ozone walo - a imichiza.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Iyeza chemistry - kulo mba, leyo ezendeleyo iipropati ezithile emzimbeni. Phambi kwabo, ukungabikho, isidanga kunye nokuqina linakho ukuqikelelwa, njengoko into uziphethe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye ucacise ezinye iimpawu imichiza imichiza. Umzekelo, iqondo lobushushu ukubila eliphezulu khompawundi eziphilayo, apho na hydrogen, kunye heteroatom electronegative (nitrogen, ioksijini, njl) abonisa ukuba into ebonisa uhlobo intsebenziswano yemichiza ezifana hydrogen nimanyane. Ngenxa ulwazi oko izinto bayakwazi kakuhle ukuziphatha umbane, intambo yocingo nezikrweqe yenziwe ukusuka ezithile zesinyithi.

iipropati chemical

Ukusekwa, uphando kunye nokufunda iimpawu kwelinye icala ngqekembe ukwenza amachiza. Iimpawu mba ngendlela yakhe imbono - yinto ukuzisebenzela kweesoftwe lokulandelela. Ezinye izinto bakhuthele kakhulu kule ndlela, umzekelo, isinyithi okanye naziphi iioksidenti kunye nezinye amanene (egalelwe) iigesi leyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo akuthethi phantse usabele. Iipropati zemichiza isebenze okanye passivated ukuba kuyimfuneko, maxa wambi akukho nto ezinxulumene iingxaki ezithile abe nexesha nzima kwezinye iimeko. Izazinzulu bachitha iiyure ezininzi elabhoratri, ngamava abuhlungu, ekuphumezeni iinjongo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha bangafikeleli kuzo. Iphumelele iparameters yokusingqongileyo (ubushushu, uxinzelelo, njalo-njalo) okanye usebenzisa iikhompawundi ezikhethekileyo - ehlanganisa okanye inhibitors - zingachaphazela iimpawu imichiza kwezinto, yaye ngoko basabela.

Ukwahlukanisa kweekhemikhali

Isiseko zonke iindidi zokuhlelwa kukwahlukaniswa ibe iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Eyona nto iphambili organic - le carbon, nokuxhuma omnye komnye yaye hydrogenic, athom carbon zenza amathambo ezizizembiwa ukuba emva kokuba zizaliswe zezinye athom (ioksijini, nitrogen, phosphorus, isalfure, halogens, izinyithi, kunye nabanye), luvaleka imijikelo okanye branched, ebonisa ngaloo ndlela iintlobo ngeentlobo oganikhi khompawundi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inzululwazi uyazi 20 million kwezinto ezinjalo. Nangona iikhompawundi kwezimbiwa kwesiqingatha sesigidi kuphela.

uqhagamshelo nganye nganye, kodwa inemisebenzi ezifanayo kunye nezinye izinto zobumnini, isakhiwo kunye ukwakhiwa, phezu kwesi sisekelo, kukho amaqela kwiiklasi kwezinto. Chemistry abe nezinga eliphezulu systematization kunye nombutho, yinto nenzululwazi ngqo.

inorganics

1. Oxides - iikhompawundi yokubini mpilo:

a) acid - ngokuhlanganisa ngamanzi elinikiweyo acid;

b) i eziphambili - zoqhagamshelwano ngamanzi ukunika kwisiseko.

2. Acid - into eyenziwa protons enye okanye ngaphezulu kwaye hydrogen acid abaseleyo.

3. Iziseko (kwealkali) - kuqulatha amaqela hydroxyl enye okanye ngaphezulu kwaye atom otyhidiweyo:

a) hydroxides amphoteric - ukubonisa iimpawu kunye asidi kunye neziseko.

4. zetyuwa - isiphumo indlela neutralization phakathi acid kunye kwealkali (nesiseko enyibilikayo), iya kuba atom yesinyithi ne enye okanye iintsalela ngaphezulu asidi:

a) acid iityuwa - yinto amasalela anion we Proton asidi ekwakhiweni, ziziphumo dissociation engaphelelanga le asidi;

b) iityuwa esisiseko - edibene iqela hydroxyl metal, ziziphumo dissociation engaphelelanga wenqwelwana.

organic

zomgquba e ezininzi ezahlukeneyo iindidi izinto, kukho umthamo enjalo ngcaciso kunzima ukukhumbula ngoko nangoko. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukwazi ukwahlulwa esisiseko aliphatic kunye nemixube elibujikele, carbocyclic kunye heterocyclic, ifumile eyaneleyo. Kwakhona, hydrocarbon kufuneka avela ezininzi apho atom endaweni hydrogen kwi halogen, ioksijini, initrogen, kunye nezinye atom, kwakunye namaqela ezisebenzayo.

Iyeza chemistry - ke suschestovanie lesiseko. Ngenxa kuyondelelaniswe kweziphilayo umntu namhlanje kukho inani elikhulu izinto ezenziwe indawo zendalo, ngokunjalo nanto kwi iimpawu zalo kwindalo.