Kweminye imizi kukho isi- Dzerzhinsky. Ukubuyiselwa lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky kwindawo wembali eMoscow

Kuphela nje iinyanga ezimbalwa idlule ukususela ukubuya lesikhumbuzo ukuze FE Dzerzhinsky kwi Lubyanka Square. Abachasi kunye abaxhasi isigqibo abasemagunyeni yaba okukhulu. Ukuze siqonde izizathu ukusabela zasesidlangalaleni uvuthuzayo, zama ukuqonda indima yomntu kwimbali ye Iron Felix USSR.

Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky: biography

Le laseburhulumenteni adumileyo leSoviet waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe usapho iindwalutho afike - Edward Iosifovicha Dzerzhinsky ukukhonza utitshala wesikolo wasekhaya. Igama Soviet uMkomishinala - Felix - Latin bubonakala "banoyolo". Lanikwa umntwana ngenxa yokuba umama wakhe, ina kwiintsuku ezimbalwa phambi kokuzalwa yokungakhathali kwindawo efihlakeleyo evulekileyo, hayi nje akazange kuyaphula ngokwayo, kodwa wakwazi ukuba akhusele umntwana wakhe ngenxa yokwenzakala.

Dzerzhinsk usapho waphila ubomi esisityebi. Xa ngo 1882 intloko-ntsapho wabulawa sephepha, unina kwafuneka ukuzisa olunye-handedly abantwana ezisithoba, amazibulo kubo ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka elishumi ubudala, omncinane - nje konyaka onesiqingatha.

Nangona zonke ezi ngxaki, Feliks Edmundovich ithuba ukufunda esikolweni Lithuanian, apho ngo-1895, wadibana nabameli intshukumo Social Democratic, waza wajoyina iqela. Ngokumalunga uqeqesho yenkathalo, le ababephila zivavanywe ulwazi Loo mfana waba laliphakathi nje. Ngoko ke, ukususela amaxwebhu Dzerzhinsky wahlala kabini kwiklasi yokuqala awaba nako ukugqiba uqeqesho, wafumana isatifikethi kuphela ekugqityweni kwibanga wesibhozo. Hi ndlela leyi, Russian nangesiGrike, waba amanqaku ayanelisi.

Noko ke, ukusilela esikolweni akuthethi uphazamisane umsebenzi ngempumelelo komhlaba. Dzerzhinsky ngowe-1896, sele uxakeke in ze phakathi kwamagcisa kunye nabasebenzi mveliso, apho yena enetyala ngokuphindaphindiweyo waza wagwetyelwa ukusebenza nzima, ne Ekhaya namakhonkco. Nditsho ngokuba eluvalelweni, Dzerzhinsky elungiselela Oktobha Revolution, walungelelanisa ngezigaba zokuqala Red Guard e Moscow, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zeqela. Emva kokuba revolution wathabatha izikhundla ebalulekileyo kurhulumente eSoviet, waba yintloko ngezigaba Commissariats (Abantu Commissariat - igunya ephakathi republic Union) yaye waliseka Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Ukulwa Counter-Revolution kunye bangasidiliza).

Wafa Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo okubangwa engqondweni, ngexesha intetho kwintlanganiso yeKomiti Central, ngoJulayi 20, 1926.

umsebenzi kaRhulumente

Olusuka izikhundla urhulumente urhulumente emkhosini osandul 'ukusekwa, Dzerzhinsky yaphuhliswa zonke umsebenzi ofanayo bomkhuhlane ukuba ezithile ngexesha lemisebenzi revolution komhlaba. Figure Iron Felix isekhona impikiswano kwimbali ukusekwa umbutho eSoviet Union. Kwaye kule mini nebangela iimbambano.

Ekubeni waqeshwa kwisikhundla sokuba yintloko Cheka, Feliks Edmundovich uye wazibonakalisa wayeyinkokeli unzima kwaye abakhohlakeleyo ufekethe ukutshabalalisa naziphi na iinzame ku ukungathobeli. Kwaba ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe ukuba Cheka yinxalenye uqheliselo lomgadi nkqubo orhwaqelisayo. Akukho kwenzeka ukuba ngomsebenzi Cheka kakhulu kamva kwi West liya kunxibelelana ngamarhe kakhulu njengowoyikekayo mfihlakalo.

Dzerzhinsky wayecinga ukuba kumzabalazo wokulwa counter-revolution ukuba nawaphi na amanyathelo kuquka nangoloyikiso abaninzi. It wothulelw kwingxelo odumileyo ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo repressionnaya Cheka kubaluleke kakhulu yaye kuyimfuneko, kwanokuba "kuba ngempazamo ikrele phezu kweentloko kwabamsulwa." Yena njengobuluchasileyo amagunya arhente izithintelo, wakhuthaza ekuhleni ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwala manyathelo ezininzi kakhulu kwabaneenkani.

Ngelo xesha linye i enkulu "Chekist" igama lu dityanisiwe imisebenzi abanobuchule. Ngoko, emva kokuba Oktobha Revolution ezitratweni ibe malunga nezigidi ezintlanu bengenamakhaya, yaye kwaba phantsi kolwalathiso Dzerzhinsky zokubhoda uqalisa ukwakha ukuvalelwa okwexeshana, leenkedama kunye ikhaya labantwana, apho abantwana bafumana yonke uncedo oluyimfuneko yaye ithuba lokufunda. Phakathi abafuduki yokuqala ngamaziko afana - ezisibhozo kids owayesakuba isitalato eyaba academician waseUSSR, kwaye omnye wabo - uNikolay Petrovich yeeFom ze - wehla embalini njenge sezakhi kwihlabathi-edumileyo.

Enye iqela imisebenzi yezopolitiko Dzerzhinsk kuba nenxaxheba yalo ebomini ezemidlalo kweli lizwe. Eqonda ukuba abasebenzi isebe amandla akanakuba ngaphandle kwinqanaba qethe elungileyo, kwakha DSO "ugesi", namhlanje ngomnye wolona ethandwa imidlalo of Russia.

Feliks Edmundovich wathabatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho karhulumente. IBhunga lezoQoqosho Ephakamileyo, yena inxaxheba kuphuhliso yorhwebo abasakhasayo labucala, ndazama ukudala iimeko azivumi ukuba uphuhliso kweemarike lizwe, sikhangela iindlela zokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa.

Njengoko umbutho wotshintsho pro-luxhaswe iinkqubo ze mveliso eli lizwe. Phantsi umyalelo wakhe ubonakala unzima uniform metallurgical iye yaba yenye kakhulu ehlabathini. Ngelo xesha Dzerzhinsky ugxeke urhulumente kwaye iqela liye impazamo enkulu uyondelelwano lwee- ingqalelo kwi zentsimbi emkhosini. Xa akavumelani imigaqo efanayo yezoqoqosho ngokuphindaphindiweyo uye wacela ukuba yokurhoxa.

Dzerzhinsky zobuciko

Lo mfanekiso eliGorha Iron Felix wayesoloko ezisetyenziswa ababhali bhanya. umfanekiso sikatata zophondo izitampu zokuposa. imisebenzi zayo iculwa ivesi ngababhali yiSoviet kwaye life oovulindlela Soviet, kunye Isiphelo sakhe waxelelwa ngeendlela lombhalo Roma. Ukongeza, kukho elithi Philaretus ebhalwe Dzerzhinsky kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye nenani imisebenzi abazinikele ukhuseleko lwesizwe weli lizwe. umzobo edidayo ye revolution efumaneka kwimisebenzi yoncwadi, memoirs abantu bomhla wakhe.

Emva kokuwa eSoviet Union, igama 'inkulu yoyikekayo "waza washiywa nganto. Ebudeni beminyaka perestroika ibali yomntu omnye ukususela ibali akwenzeki kumaqabane hero of revolution sele ocande udidi amabali mthetho elivu- abanqolobi.

Kwingxoxo hlabathi lanamhlanje ngayo intsingiselo Dzerzhinsky manani aphezulu kwimbali yiSoviet Union zange ibuye, kunye nomfanekiso wakhe uqhubeka ekuphembeleleni iimbongi lwala maxesha kunye nababhali. Ngoko ke ukukhankanywa uFelikis efumaneka imisebenzi bands ezifana "Liapis Trubetskoy" yaye "Aquarium".

Zokuhlala, ogama emva Dzerzhinsky

Emva kokufa igama F. E. Dzerzhinskogo wabelwa ezahlukeneyo zixeko kunye nezo lali nakwiiriphabliki ezahlukeneyo eSoviet Union. Imbeko kuye ngokuba iiyunivesithi, izikwere, izitiya, ndenza nemiyezo, iiyunithi emkhosini, imizi-mveliso kunye neenqanawa. Igama Iron Felix wabelwa ezitalatweni kunye nezikolo. Yaziwa ngokuba umhlobo igosa lokhuseleko eliyintloko abazukileyo revolution kunye nomhlobo onyanisekileyo kunye comrade Lenin.

In Russia namhlanje kukho ngaphezu kokuba iilali kweshumi ethwele igama Dzerzhinsky, koko, kwi Nizhny Novgorod kunye eMoscow mimandla kufuneka igama elinye isixeko: Dzerzhinsk kunye Dzerzhinsk.

Kwindawo eyayisakuba republic ezimbini eSoviet - Ukraine kunye Belarus - kananjalo ibekwe iilali malunga mane ezahlukeneyo kunye needolophu, kwakunye imizi emikhulu eziliqela, ogama emva revolution odumileyo. Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union ukuba bathathe inani amalinge ukuthiya ngokutsha okanye ukubuyisela amagama yokuqala zokuhlala, kodwa iingxoxo luvuleleka kunye iivoti ezimbalwa akayi kushukunyiswa.

features zejografi

Ukongeza izixeko needolophu, ukuba igama Dzerzhinsky kunye ezahlukeneyo izinto zejografi. Ngenxa yoko, indawo liphezulu kwi kummandla Belarus mihla kuthathwa ukuba entabeni Dzerzhinsky. Kwaye Pamirs (zentaba ibekwe Central Asia kwisiphambuka Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan kunye India), encotsheni kummango Zaalay ekuthiwa Dzerzhinsky incopho.

Ezikhumbuzo kwi kummandla Russian Federation

Ezikhumbuzo kwengeniso abazinikele imemori senkokeli mkhulu revolution, kukho kwizixeko ezininzi eRashiya kwamanye amazwe ico. Ngoko ke, enye lesikhumbuzo kakhulu edumileyo Dzerzhinsky ingqalelo Volgograd, eyasekwa nangoko emva kokufa Feliksa Edmundovicha. Ngokwendalo, phakathi komzi, ogama lakhe behlonipha igosa laseburhulumenteni, kukho isi- Dzerzhinsky Square. Nditsho pun amathuba: Dzerzhinsk kwi Dzerzhinsky Dzerzhinsky nqwelo lesikhumbuzo. Kwakhona Samara abe intloko yakhe lobuqu Cheka, bayibeka phezu forecourt komzi. Amanye zobuciko kunye iiobelisk ibekwe Izhevsk, Ufa, seDonetsk, Barnaul, Astrakhan kunye Penza.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka kuqatshelwe ilitye lesikhumbuzo, ibekwe kwisixeko Dzerzhinsk. Isibakala sokuba kanye eyayilapho omnye communes, wadala ingakumbi abantu abangenamakhaya abatsha. Ukuba abahlala kumaziko emfundo, nelawula ngaxesha 'qwele ebantwini, "yaye ubeke phezu mali zazo kuqala, ngoko udaka, ilitye lesikhumbuzo ukuya revolution odumileyo. Wema babengekaze kwidolophu ilungelo square phambi Thethani obomvu, xa isakhiwo owayesakuba weemonki yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ukutyabeka - akukho nto eziphathekayo ixesha elide kakhulu, kwaye ke ngoko ukuwa-2004 ekugqibeleni lesikhumbuzo inciphisiwe. Emva koko ulawulo sixeko kwagqitywa ukubuyisela lesikhumbuzo, kodwa ngoku yenziwe ngobhedu.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngokuchaseneyo amangcwaba Lenin enye, Dzerzhinsky lesikhumbuzo kwimizi ngemizi eyahlukileyo. Ukutshintsha kuphela impahla, indawo zizandla nentloko Iron uFelikis, kodwa ubudala nokuba olululo yinto eyahlukileyo. Le okungaqhelekanga isikolo yiSoviet of sculpture msebenzisi kubangelwa yimizamo ukubonisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo amaxesha Dzerzhinsky ubomi. Ngapha koko, ngokuba abahlali Volgograd Zheleznyy Feliks - oku ke intloko odumileyo Cheka kunye NKVD ongafiyo, kunye encinane Dzerzhinsk bakhe yaye wayesoyikwa njengoko Usomashishini othile omkhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukonwaba enoba ayathandeka for amakhulu ambalwa Soviet Communards.

Kwengeniso ezikhumbuzo kwi kummandla lwamazwe ico

Ezikhumbuzo post-Soviet kule laseburhulumenteni ndisindise inxenye. Uninzi eqingqiweyo kwengeniso ziye dismantle kwiminyaka yokuqala perestroika. Le khawuleza ngayo la manyathelo aye athathwa, lwenza bakholelwa ukuba ukususwa lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky ukuba sisithethe mandatory ukuba kubalulekile ukuba lenguqu ukuya xesha "zasendle" ongxowankulu.

Nangona uthotho UDUSHE kwezinye izixeko nangoku baqhubeka ukukhankanya ubukho Feliksa Edmundovicha. "Izikhumbuzo" inokufumaneka emiyezweni zoluntu kunye neepaki Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Transnistria, Kyrgyzstan.

Qaphela ukuba la mazwe lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky ayenzi amele naliphi ixabiso lenkcubeko ezithile. Kodwa akukho bani ufuna ukuphelisa kubo. Ngapha koko, ukuba kusekho iyinxalenye yembali yethu.

Ukudilizwa lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky eMoscow

Kwaye ngoku lesikhumbuzo ibalulekileyo. Isikhumbuzo Dzerzhinsky e Moscow, samiselwa kwindawo yimbali phantse limangalisa - Lubyanka Square. Yayikumgama kanye phambi kwesakhiwo apho kwiminyaka ezahlukene-ofisi eyongameleyo imikhosi zokhuseleko, iKGB, i MGB, NKVD, NKGB kunye OGPU. Namhlanje, kuloo ndawo enye yiyo FSB Russian. Le Umfanekiso wadalwa ngokomyalelo liqela kunye nemiyalelo zobuqu Stalin kunye lesikhumbuzo elizayo yeprojekthi eyenzelwe eyaziwa ngelo xesha nomkroli Evgeniem Vuchetichem.

Le Umfanekiso kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo de 1991 kombuso , xa nomsindo nesihlwele ulitshitshisile ngokoqobo utshayelwe "satrap kunye okhohlakeleyo" kunye kwamanqwanqwa waso. Xa umoya uxinzeleko rhoqo kwaye akugunyaziswanga ndlongo ukudiliza lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky kwabonakala abancinane iingxaki ezijongene urhulumente omtsha. Yena Inkathazo ngokwaneleyo ngaphandle kwayo.

Ngoko ke, xa lesikhumbuzo zidilizwe ukuze Dzerzhinsky ukuya Lubyanka Square, ilitye ngokwakhe isuswe nje mazigqithiselwe kwindawo epakini. Emva kokuba yonke imincili enxulumene inguqu ukusuka kwenye inkqubo yezopolitiko komnye, awutha, yajika ukuba uninzi yabemi eMoscow angacingi ngokunxulumene oqingqiweyo lonke intiyo yakudala, leyo njalo ngokubanzi yasasazwa komabonakude kunye 'ukugalelwa' ukusuka kumaphepha amaphephandaba Russian kunye Western. Malunga lesikhumbuzo ngokwawo, kunye nendima ubuntu kwimbali yonke a ukulibala ngequbuliso ...

I ngakumbi bayahlelwa lesikhumbuzo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, emva kokuba zonke babhukuqwa isikhumbuzo Dzerzhinsky kwi Lubyanka Square wachithwa yaye wafudukela kwindawo besintu, ezizezi eMoscow Art Park. wayeza kuba khona ummise ukuya ekupheleni kwexesha, kodwa uluntu, "wawuxhokonxa" emva ngowama-2013 waza wenza isiphakamiso elitsha. Ngoku ke ukudilizwa lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky eMoscow kwabonakala phantse nesenzo kakhulu okungenaluzsini nangokungekho lonke ixesha ukulungiswa.

I BaseRashiya baphikelela yokuba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na inkokeli edumileyo Soviet, ukuba ukulibala ngendima yakhe kwimbali yelizwe akunakwenzeka. Ngokutsho iziphumo ze vo lwabonisa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha abahlali ikomkhulu aye bakhuthaza ukuba isi- Dzerzhinsky eMoscow ibuyiselwe. Ngokuphandle nxamnye liphulo wakhuthaza elipheleleyo malunga namashumi amabini anethoba ekhulwini, kunye imincili kangako abafanelwe kakhulu kwakhona ukwakhiwa litye lesikhumbuzo, njengoko iindleko yalo msebenzi.

Noko ke, ukubuya lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky nangoku kubanjwa ngo-2014, sele emva lesikhumbuzo wasinda ukudilizwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye ukulungiswa ngokucokisekileyo. Vozvrasheniya lesikhumbuzo kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo sanikezelwa isikhumbuzo 137 ka Feliksa Edmundovicha. Ngenxa yoko, ubulungisa zembali Sizingce, wavuka imbonakalo yakhe yangaphambili Lubyanka Square. Dzerzhinsky lesikhumbuzo umva ukuya kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo.

uluvo Ingcaphephe: iivoti ngokuba kanye

Ngelo xesha xa Russian Public Uluvo Research Centre yaqhuba uphando labantu malunga bafuna ukuba ukubuyisela lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky, phakathi kwezinye izinto ukuhlalutya uluvo baseRashiya malunga nobuntu ekuguqukeni.

Ndafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwabaphenduli (malunga asixhenxe anethoba ekhulwini) ezimbalini kunye nemisebenzi ye-Iron Felix eziqhelekileyo kahle yena kunye nezenzo zakhe kulo mzekelo waphinda amane anesixhenxe ekhulwini. Kulo mzekelo, zonke Russian wesithathu bavakalisa uluvo lokuba, nangona Ukungavisisani phezu iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo, umsebenzi edume Chekist ezaziwayo. Mabini anesithandathu ekhulwini zathi lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky Square ukuba, nangona uvakalelwa ngokunxulumene nalo mntu na iimvakalelo ezinamandla. Ukushwankathela konke oku kungasentla, sinokuphawula ukuba uluntu lonke mihla umiselwe ukuya ngokunxulumene eli nani ngembali cala-HIV.

Noko ke, emva kokuba lesikhumbuzo ku Dzerzhinsky kwi Lubyanka umva endaweni yayo, yaye kwakukho iimbono abaziingcali kolu tshintsho ngokukhawuleza yabadlali.

Ngoko ke, umzekelo, uluvo ezimbi oluvakaliswe journalist uKonstantin Eggert. Ukholelwa ukuba honours ezinjalo lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky akazange bafanelwe. A umbono ofanayo kwabelwana ngamanye ngabameli zizifundiswa yelo xesha. Ngokutsho kwabo, lesikhumbuzo, kwakunye uLenin kaThixo Umakhi on Red Square - amazwi ngexesha elidlulileyo, owenza ngamampunge ongafanelekanga ngokupheleleyo kuqhubeka ubomi eRashiya yanamhlanje. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba baninzi kwaba ubhaqo engasi yesibakala sokuba ezikhumbuzo amaxhoba olo ingcinezelo NKVD kunye tormentor abo babehleli (okanye ngokutsha) emva kwesithuba seenyanga eziliqela. Oku "mbini", ngokutsho abaninzi nje, erhangqwe ukuziphikisa. Kwaye akukho nto elungileyo ukundizisela uluntu akakwazi.

Kwelinye icala, iqela leengcali, ngubani iyakwamkela ukubuyiselwa lesikhumbuzo kwindawo yayo yoqobo, phawula ukuba kwakuyimfuneko kuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu akawalibalanga ngembali yawo kunye nelifa layo. Efihla izibakala yokwenene, bakholelwa, kuya kukhokelela kuphela uphindaphindo iimpazamo elidlulileyo.