Kunamathelwano - a ... amaza okukhanya lwesihloko. ukubumbana okubangwa

Cinga nasekwandiseni ngumtshangatshangiso esithubeni. Kunamathelwano - umlinganiselo unxulumano phakathi izigaba zawo, kulinganiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Kunamathelwano wave kuxhomekeke iimpawu umthombo wayo.

iintlobo ezimbini ukuhambisana

Makhe sihlolisise umzekelo olula. Khawuthelekelele edadayo ezimbini, ndivuka zawa phezu kwamanzi. Ukucinga ukuba umthombo yomtshangatshangiso kuphela intonga leyo harmonically shi kwaye yasuswa amanzi ngokwaphula phezu ezolileyo kumphezulu kwamanzi. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukungqinelana egqibeleleyo phakathi ukujikeleza eYafo ezimbini. Abakwazi ukususa aphezulu okanye asezantsi ngqo kwisigaba, xa umntu onyukayo, enye ezantsi, kodwa umahluko kwisigaba phakathi kwizikhundla ze-eYafo zimbini rhoqo ngexesha. Harmonically jinga umthombo point uvelisa ngokupheleleyo wave lwesihloko.

Xa echaza namathelwano kwamaza ukukhanya, ukwahlukanisa iindlela zayo zombini - zeSithuba nezexeshana.

Yokuvumelana zibhekiselela kukukwazi lokukhanya ukuvelisa iphethini uphazamiseko. Ukuba amaza okukhanya ezibini ndawonye, yaye musa ukudala iindawo eyandileyo nokwehla ukukhanya, zibizwa hoywa. Xa bevelisa ipatheni uphazamiseko "bumnandi" (ngengqiqo yabo epheleleyo ezindaweni etshabalalisayo), ukuba nekuchazwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba amaza ezimbini ukudala "ngaphantsi kwe egqibeleleyo" mfanekiso, loo nto ithathwa ukuba ngokuyinxenye lwesihloko.

Michelson interferometer

Kunamathelwano - into leyo wacaciswa umfuniselo kakuhle.

In Michelson interferometer ukukhanya kwemvelaphi S (elinokuba nayiphi na: ilanga, iinkwenkwezi, okanye laser) uyalelwe phezu semitransparent isipili M _0, nto leyo imele i-50% ye ukukhanya malunga isipili M ₁ kwaye adlulisele-50% ukuya kwisipili M _2. Le umqadi lubonakala ngalinye nezipili emva M _0, kwaye izabelo ezilingeneyo yokukhanya iboniswe ukusuka M ₁ M ₂ ezidibeneyo kumntu B. wekhusi Lo sixhobo silungiselelwe ngokuguqula umgama ukusuka njengokwasesipilini M ₁ ukuya yokuchaka umqadi.

Michelson interferometer wawachitha ixutywa umqadi nenguqulo ixesha ilibasiza lakhe. UkuKhanya udlula kwindlela eya njengokwasesipilini M ₁ ukuya kumgama kwi-2D ngaphezu kokuba umqadi enambuzelayo njengokwasesipilini M _2.

Ubude kunye nokuhambisana ixesha

Oko kwenziwa kwikhusi? Xa d = 0 ingabonwa eziliqela iintshinga uphazamiseko ecacileyo kakhulu. Xa d ngokukhula, lo band uba ngaphantsi iqapheleka: iindawo ezimnyama ukugqama, ukukhanya - umbane eziluzizi. Ekugqibeleni, ngokuba d enkulu kakhulu, ngaphezu ixabiso ethile ebalulekileyo D, ukukhanya kunye amakhonkco mnyama shwaka ngokupheleleyo, kusale nje kweso.

Ngokucacileyo, intsimi ukukhanya abakwazi kuphazamisana nenguqulo ixesha ilibasiza ngokwayo xa Ukulibaziseka kwexesha mkhulu ngokwaneleyo. Distance 2D - oko ubude kunamathelwano: iziphumo uphazamiseko ngokuthe kuphela xa umahluko ngendlela ngaphantsi kwe lo mgama. Eli xabiso inokujikwa ngexesha t _c kwisahlulo yayo yi kwisantya ukukhanya c: t _c = 2D / c.

Michelson experiment umlinganiselo namathelwano nezenyama lencinibakazi ukukhanya: ukukwazi layo ukuba uphazamisane ngoguqulelo ilibasiza ngokwayo. A kakuhle uzinzo laser t _c = 10 ^-4 s, l _c = 30 km; ukukhanya lihluziwe ubushushu t _c = 10 ^-8, l _c = 3 m.

Kuyondelelwano kunye nexesha

ukubumbana zexeshana - umlinganiselo unxulumano phakathi izigaba amaza okukhanya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ecaleni ulwalathiso andise.

Zicingele umthombo ikhala ngendlela ngamaza λ kwaye λ ± Δλ, leyo ngaxa lithile isithuba uza kuyiphazamisa mgama l _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ). Apho l _c - ubude namathelwano.

Isigaba of a nasekwandiseni ngumtshangatshangiso kwi x kwicala uchazwa = f TE - ωt. Xa siqwalasela Amaza Figure kwisithuba ngexesha t kumgama l _c, umahluko isigaba phakathi zithwala zokutshangatshangisa k _{1 k-2,} nto leyo ke kwisigaba kwi x = 0 ulingana Δφ = l _c (k ₁ - k _2). Xa Δφ = 1, okanye Δφ ~ 60 °, akusekho ukukhanya lwesihloko. Ukuphazamisa kunye diffraction zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo umahluko.

Ngoko ke:

• 1 = l _c (k ₁ - k _{2) = l c (2π / λ} - 2π / (λ + Δλ));
• _{l c (λ + Δλ - λ} ) / (λ (λ + Δλ)) ~ l c Δλ / λ ² = 1 / 2π;
• l _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ).

Iliza udlula isithuba kunye Velocity c.

Ixesha kunamathelwano t _c = l _c / s. Ekubeni = λf c, ngoko Δf / f = Δω / ω = Δλ / λ. Sikwazi ukubhala

• l _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ) = λf / ( 2πΔf) = c / Δω;
• t _c = 1 / Δω.

Ukuba eyaziwa kwamaza okanye amaza andise umthombo wokukhanya, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubala l _c kunye t _c. Kunzima ukubona indlela uphazamiseko afunyenwe ngokwahlula-hlula awo, ezifana uphazamiseko umboniso obhityileyo, ukuba umahluko umendo woqondo kuphezulu kunoko l _c.

Temporal umthombo namathelwano uthi Black.

Kuyondelelwano kunye nendawo

ukubumbana Spatial - umlinganiselo unxulumano phakathi izigaba amaza okukhanya kwi amanqaku ezahlukeneyo ezinqamlezayo ulwalathiso andise.

Xa L umgama ukusuka thermal (linear) umthombo monochromatic Imilinganiselo zomyalelo δ ogama yomgama, la kwiindawo zokubeka ezimbini ibekwe kumgama ngaphezu d _c = 0,16λL / δ, akusekho ukuvelisa ipateni uphazamiseko ukuluqonda. πd _c ^2/4 yi ariya umthombo namathelwano.

Ukuba ngexesha t ubone umthombo δ ububanzi, ilahlwe nkqo umgama L ukusuka ikhusi, nesisitheliso uyakwazi ukubona iingongoma ezimbini (P1 kunye P2), ezahlulwe umgama d. Intsimi ngumbane P1 kunye P2 imele superposition ingentsimi zombane kwamaza ezintweni zonke iindawo yomthombo, yemisebe nto leyo idityaniswe omnye komnye. Ukuze amaza nokuphuma P1 kunye P2, nokudala ipateni uphazamiseko wabonakala superposition P1 kunye P2 kufuneka zibe kwisigaba.

isimo kuhambelana

amaza okukhanya yemisebe yi emancamini omabini umthombo, ekuhambeni kwexesha kwexesha t abe umahluko othile isigaba ngqo embindini phakathi kweendawo ezimbini. Le umqadi evela ngohlangothi ekhohlo of δ ukuya P2 kwindawo Kwathi on d (sinθ) / 2 nakude ngaphezu umqadi wesihloko embindini. Isikhokelo umqadi evela edge ilungelo δ noqondo P2, udlula kwindlela d (sinθ) / 2 ngaphantsi. Umahluko Umgama ohanjiweyo yemiqadi ababini d sinθ · yaye imele umahluko kwisigaba Δf '= 2πd · sinθ / λ. Ngokuba umgama ukusuka P1 ukuya P2 ecaleni ngaphambili yomtshangatshangiso, sinokuyifumana Δφ = 2Δφ '= 4πd · sinθ / λ. Amaza ekhutshwa yi emancamini omabini umthombo, zibe kwisigaba kunye P1 ngexesha t kwaye ngaphandle kwisigaba kwingingqi 4πdsinθ / λ kwi P2. Ekubeni sinθ ~ δ / (2l), ngoko Δφ = 2πdδ / (Lλ). Xa Δφ = Δφ ~ 1 okanye 60 °, Ukukhanya wayengasenguye lwesihloko.

Δφ = 1 -> d = Lλ / (2πδ) = 0,16 Lλ / δ.

Yokuvumelana lwamabala uthe kwisigaba wavefront ukufana.

isibane incandescent umzekelo kumthombo wokukhanya hoywa.

ukukhanya inonamathelwano zingafumaneka kwi njengomthombo radiation hoywa, ukuba ulahle uninzi kwimitha. Ucoco lokuqala lwendawo yenzelwa ukwandisa yokuvumelana lwendawo, kunye nocococ ngoko ecacicleyo ukuba kunamathelwano ezinkulu temporal.

Fourier series

Sinusoidal moya wave inonamathelwano ngokupheleleyo isithuba kunye nexesha, kunye ubude balo ixesha kunye nendawo ukubumbana engenasiphelo. Onke amaza wokwenene pulses ngumtshangatshangiso luhleli ixesha lekhefu ezisikelwe, nokuba isiphelo nkqo ulwalathiso kwabo andise. Ngokwezibalo, bachazwa ngokuthi umsebenzi ngamaxesha athile. Ukuze ufumane i ezitsho abakhoyo pulses otshangatshangiswayo kunye ngokujonga ubude namathelwano Δω kufuneka bahlalutye imisebenzi non-ngamaxesha athile.

Ngokutsho Uhlalutyo Fourier, i iliza engenasizathu ngamaxesha zingathathwa njenge superposition lamaza sine. Fourier yokuqaphela kuthetha ukuba superposition kukho ezininzi Amaza sinusoidal ivumela ukuba ufumane amaza engenasizathu ngamaxesha athile.

izibalo Communication

theory kunamathelwano nga ozakuthathwa uqhagamshelwano of physics kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi, ekubeni ziziphumo kokudityaniswa ingcamango magnetic kunye manani, kwakunye ukukhanda manani yeyona manyano-manani ubucukubhede. Ithiyori isetyenziselwa ubungakanani iimpawu kunye neziphumo ukuhla random kwi ukuziphatha kwamasimi ukukhanya.

Ngokuqhelekileyo akunakwenzeka ukuba umlinganiselo ukuhla zasendle otshangatshangiswayo ngqo. "Amahla-ndinyuka" Individual ukukhanya ebonakalayo ayikwazi ukubonwa ngqo, okanye beneempahla obuphezulu: amaza alo nama-Oktobha ¹⁵ oscillations ngomzuzu. Ungakala kuphela kunomyinge.

Isicelo ukuhambisana

Udibaniso lwe zemvelo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi umzekelo kunamathelwano njengoko zaqala kwinani lezicelo. Ngokupheleleyo amasimi ezihambelanayo bachatshazelwa ngaphantsi yi-zamayo esesibhakabhakeni, nto leyo ebenza luncedo laser zonxibelelwano. Kananjalo kusetyenziswa izifundo reactions fusion laser-olubangelwa: unciphiso yeziphumo uphazamiseko ekhokelela "ezigudileyo" yintshukumo umqadi kwithagethi yenyukliya. Uyondelelwano kusetyenziswa ingakumbi ukumisela ubungakanani kunye nokwabiwa kweenkqubo yokubini star.

Nokuhambisana of amaza okukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni quantum kunye namasimi yamandulo. Ngowe-2005, uRoy J. Glauber waba ngomnye abaphumelele iBhaso yeNobel ngo Physics ngegalelo lakhe kwithiyori quantum kuhambelana optical.