Syntax. iiyunithi syntax Basic. yonxibelelwano syntax

Zonke iilwimi, kuquka Russian, iqulathe inani elikhulu lamagama. Kodwa ezi iiyunithi zeelwimi musa akuthethi nto ngaphandle kugqitywe eyiyo. Kwaye apha oza uncedo syntax. unit esiSiseko kwezivakalisi unoxanduva nje ubudlelwane ngokwegrama magama kwizivakalisi enza intetho yabantu, ebhaliweyo kunye ngomlomo. Ulwazi kulwimi eli sebe ebalulekileyo kwenzululwazi kuya kukunceda ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngobuchule abulale izimvo zabo. Syntax kwinkqubo ulwimi, kwezivakalisi esisiseko kunye neeyunithi kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Yobeko - icandelo ekhethekileyo ulwimi yesayensi

Ulwakhiwo izinto syntactical, ukubaluleka kunye nokusebenzisana izifundo icandelo labo igrama othi "syntax." Oku ilizwi imvelaphi lesiGrike elithetha 'ukusondela' okanye 'ukwakha'. Ngoko ke, eli candelo uphonononga indlela kwisethi iphela amagama ukwakha iyunithi esisiseko zombuzo - ibinzana kunye nesivakalisi. Ukuba le candelo wegrama bafunda kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo, kuya kuba olubumbene, siyavakala kwaye zahlukile.

Oku kuhlangene kunye lwesivakalisi kweziphumlisi. Yindlela lwemithetho elawula kuqulunqo kweziphumlisi. Banceda ayahlule itekisi ibe izivakalisi zibe yimihlathi amalungiselelo ngokwabo iiyunithi syntactic.

unit main

unit Basic of zombuzo - eli binzana kunye nesivakalisi. Ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo kunye nenjongo. Kwakhona wabhekisela iiyunithi yesicatshulwa kwezivakalisi kunye nomanyano ezintsonkothileyo syntactic.

Sijonga oko ke iyunithi ezisisiseko syntax. Le theyibhile iya kunceda kulo.

nokuvumelana	banikele
Akukho umsebenzi yokunxibelelanisa isetyenziswa ngenxa yenyama zegrama lwesemantiki namazwi omnye komnye.	Ubuncinane unit ngokunxibelelana okhonza ukuze kungonakali oluthethwayo kunye nolwimi olubhaliweyo. It has predicativity.
	elula	complex
	Basis lwegrama	izisekelo ezimbini-ntetho
Elenze, itheyibhile ngomthi, isantya intshukumo, ukugxuma.	Amahlathi namhlanje intle ngokungaqhelekanga. Waziva buhlungu gqitha.	Ndize ukuhlawula imbeko yabo. Nature uza ebomini: kwezinye iindawo sele weva kuculwa iintaka indiza.

uqhagamshelo ilawulwe

Ngoko ke, sathi ukuba lo syntax, iyunithi esisiseko syntax. uxhulumaniso Syntactic ibeke ukuphumeza indlela ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo. Kukho iindidi ezimbini uxhumo ungakwazi ukudibanisa ngamnye amanye amagama kweli binzana, iinkalo usemthethweni lwesithembiso: coordinative kunye subordinative.

Xa sithetha ngalo yokugqibela, oko kuthetha ukuba kukho ithuba ukubalaselisa inxalenye engundoqo, yaye omnye eya kuxhomekeka kuyo. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto eziphambili - apho ufuna ukubuza umbuzo, ixhomekeke - apho ubeke.

Makhe sibone imizekelo ukwazi (yintoni?) Ixesha ngqo. Apha, ibinzana elithi "uyazi" iya kuba igama omkhulu "ixesha" - zixhomekeke.

Andazi into Ndiya ngomso. Kukho phambi kwethu isivakalisi esimbaxa kunye uxhulumaniso owayamileyo phakathi kwezahlulo. Ukususela yokuqala - "Ndiyazi" - cela lo mbuzo owayamileyo (yintoni?) "Oko kuya nam asondeze ngomso."

Iindlela ukuzithoba

uqhagamshelo owayamileyo yaqaphela ngeendlela ezininzi. Oku ephawuleka kakhulu kweli binzana.

1. Reconciliation: Xa utshintsha ifomu igama lonke iiyunithi syntactic, ningena kuyo, nayo iyatshintshwa. ngomnyazi; eziethe ngobozi iphezulu ngomnyazi. amagama abaxhomekeke kulo mzekelo unokuba ebelidlula, izichazi, ordinals, iziphawuli kunye nezimelabizo.
2. Management: igama oxhomekeke kuhlala ingatshintshanga, ngoxa eziphambili uyakwazi ukutshintsha ifomu ntetho. Uchaza landscape - yomhlaba echaza - ichaza landscape - kwinkangeleko echazwe. mazwi kuya: izibizo, izenzi, izichazi kunye neenombolo iimpawu.
3. Junction: ukunxibelelana intsingiselo kuphela. I yayimangalisa, intle kunene, waya kusebenza. Apha, njengoko uya kuba zonke iindawo zixhomekeke invariable zentetho.

bond coordinative

Mu kuya kwa nshita nokungeniswa, iqhina coordinative ajoyine alinganayo ngokupheleleyo. Kusenokuba imidibaniso njengokuba ezithile lamagama: iintyatyambo kunye nengca, yaye wavuya, kwaye amalungu icandelo isivakalisi esimbaxa: "Le isitalato kungekudala kudlula, kodwa ke indlu khula inkxalabo."

Apha kandziyisa ilizwi ubalulekileyo and sensitive, asesikweni le imvakalozwi ubudlelwane okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa kwezihlanganisi. Thelekisa: "Yena ke ekhala, akukho namnye waphawula - ekhala.". Kwimeko yokuqala, kuphela imvakalozwi kwi yesibini - (coupling coordinative) kunye Union.

Ib. Iindidi ngamabinzana

Ngoko ke, kuye kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ukuba iyunithi ezisisiseko syntax. Ibinzana - ophantsi kubo. It iqulathe amagama amabini okanye ngaphezulu phakathi kwentsingiselo ezidityanisiweyo, ngokwegrama okanye imvakalozwi. Wakhetha amabinzana ukusuka izindululo ngenxa yokuba yinxalenye kubo. Oku kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Kwi esitratweni drizzles yimikhwitsho.

1. Okokuqala sibone isiseko-ntetho. Asinto ibinzana. drizzles Imvula.
2. Okulandelayo, buza imibuzo ngalo mba: (? Ntoni) Omhle nemvula.
3. Emva koko, yi isivisa: yimikhwitsho (? Apho) esitratweni.

Ukugweba ukuba yinxalenye kwintetho eli gama libhekisela okona kubaluleke kakhulu, zonke amabinzana zahlulwe izabelo ababhalisiweyo (itheyibhile-oki, lundwendwe ngamnye unako ukufunda); isenzi (okhubekayo, ukuthetha ngokucacileyo) kwaye izibaluli (a kumnandi ekunene ukusuka endleleni, kwindawo ethile evenkileni).

amabinzana zahlulwe zibe alula nanzima. Ekuqaleni kukho mnye kuphela mbuzo: ilanga (? A) eziqaqambileyo kunye unyulu. Nzima common kakhulu. Thelekisa: funda (yintoni?) Log (akwenzi lutho) kwaye ufunde (leyo) imagazini yezenzululwazi ethandwayo. Kumzekelo wokugqibela evela kwimagazini ilizwi ucela indlela yenzululwazi nethandwayo, ngoko ibinzana nzima.

Asihlali amabinzana simahla yaye iphela. Eyokuqala ebonakala kukuba zonke ilizwi ukwakhiwa kwawo - ilungu epheleleyo yesivakalisi. Okwesibini isindululo engeyoyangeli iinxalenye zayo candelo. abafundi ezimbini kuphela wadlula iseshoni ngokupheleleyo kakuhle. "Abafundi ababini" ngokuyimfuneko ibinzana, kodwa kwisivakalisi lisebenza njengesifundo, ngoko ingachazwa xa iyonke.

Asinto ibinzana

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba esiwasebenzisayo ze:

1. Intloko nesivisa.
2. iindawo eyohlobo yesivakalisi.
3. Iqhalo (ukuba mazingabhidaniswa ngamabinzana yonke, leyo enye inxalenye yesivakalisi:. Oodade abathathu, inkwenkwe kunye intombazana, kunye nabanye).
4. Ukudibana intetho kunye nenkonzo elizimeleyo le ntetho emini (isalathandawo kunye noun), kwakunye, yaye (i-Union kunye isimelabizo) ukuba kwabangazi (isuntswana kunye noun).
5. Iifom Complex: ndiya kuwulesa lo (elizayo), i liphezulu (olubalaseleyo), ngakumbi cwaka (comparative) kukuyeka ukuya (kunyanzelekile).

Isindululo kunye nemiqondiso yayo

Kakade ukuba iyunithi esisiseko zombuzo - eli binzana kunye isigwebo, kodwa ke yokugqibela yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Eneneni, akukho kanye isindululo sethu; sicinga ngabo kunye nentetho, ukwenza itekisi esisiso.

Yintoni eyenzeka isindululo nakwicandelo esisiseko syntax? qho lwegrama - yiloo Isalathisi lowo izahlule ukusuka ibinzana okanye iseti elula amagama. Olu phawu ukwabizwa ngokuba predicativity, kuba yiloo isenzi uthwala oyintsobi yalowo ekhoyo okanye abayonto into eyenzekayo. Oku kubonakaliswa kwesenzi mood.

Kwakhona, isindululo nakwicandelo esisiseko kwezivakalisi kunye nemvakalozwi luphawulwa ukuphelela ubhalo. Esi sivakalisi elifutshane, ukwenziwa ezithile iingcinga kumbandela incoko. Alinako mazingabhidaniswa binzana, kuba kule yokugqibela ukuphelela ubhalo ngazo umkhondo - yinto nje iseti yamagama anxulumene ngokwegrama.

basis lwegrama

base-ntetho ekhoyo kuzo zonke kwisivakalisi. Oku kubonisa isakhiwo wayo - loo nto ibalulekileyo.

zeendawana Isimaphambili angamelwa njengesifundo kunye nesivisa, yaye ngamnye kubo ngabanye.

Umzekelo, kwisivakalisi esithi: "Sibone ilizwe ixesha elide-elindelwe." Kukho amalungu amabini omkhulu. Okunye bindzu efana nale: "Kwakumnandi ngeyona ndlela wamkelekile umhlaba." Apha, ukusuka kwisiseko kuphela isivisa - kwaba ibonakale.

Oko kukuthi inani iziseko nesivisa kunika luphawu ebalulekileyo: isicelo elula phambi kwethu okanye ezintsonkothileyo.

Ngokufutshane ukuhlaziya ilungu ngalinye eziphambili. Isifundo esibonisa injongo yokuthetha kubonisa, njengoko kuchaziwe kule isindululo. Isivisa efanayo kuthetha ukuba isifundo wenza ntoni na, ngubani okanye yintoni na. Kukho iindidi ezintathu ilungu engundoqo isakhiwo kunye nentsingiselo ezilula nezixandileyo; kunye nesenzi besiqhelo.

Yini na iziphakamiso

Inikeza ezininzi lwesivakalisi kunye nezifundo. iiyunithi kwezivakalisi Basic luphawulwa abaninzi iparameters.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba inani iziseko nesivisa inike neziphakamiso ukuba:

1. iingxelo njongo. Ukunxibelelana kunye nabanye, abantu ingxelo izibakala ezithile (izivakalisi declarative) , cela (question), okanye isibheno nawaphi na amanyathelo (causative). Ekupheleni kweeyunithi syntactic zibekwe ngokwahlukeneyo ixesha, uphawu lombuzo, okanye amanqaku sikhuzo.
2. Umbala yomqondo. Ukubeka nevosklitsatelnye isigwebo exclamatory. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zangaphambili ukuze kungabi isisusa kuphela. Umzekelo, esi sivakalisi: Yintoni imeko etyeni! We zikhona njengento esibalisayo, kodwa exclamatory. Yonke nandzu kwisuntswana modal ukuba ekubonakaliseni ndakuyibona.

Iimpawu izivakalisi ezilula

izivakalisi ezilula - iyunithi esisiseko syntax. Ngokufutshane hlolisisa iimpawu zazo ezibalulekileyo.

1. Omnye piece-okanye-mbini. Iya kubonisa isiseko-ntetho. Ukuba limelwe omnye wamalungu - izakunika i olunye-sifuba. Kungenjalo, inxalenye-mabini. Ukuba isindululo kuphela isifundo okanye isivisa, kufuneka ukhankanye udidi (esisigxina okanye elingenammiselo-lobuqu, angaphiliyo denominative).
2. Common okanye hayi. amalungu Secondary banoxanduva le isici. Ukuba kukho ubuncinane omnye wabo - isicelo eqhelekileyo.
3. Epheleleyo okanye engaphelelanga. Uphawu yokugqibela intetho yomlomo: ukuba nidlobe naliphi na ilungu. Ngoko ke, ukwakha nomxokelelwane ubhalo ngaphandle izivakalisi ezikufutshane akwenzeki. Umzekelo: "Ngaba ukufunda le ncwadi?" - "Hayi, le magazini". Impendulo yalo mbuzo isigwebo ayiphelelanga.
4. Isivakalisi esilula ibe nobucukubhede. Kwakhona enye iimpawu zayo. Njengoko izinto nzima amalungu ezahlukeneyo nezasesekondari, eqhelekileyo yaye ngoko kukho kwakhona uyilo uniform, amagama xingheniso, unyango.

Inikeza alula nanzima

kwezivakalisi Russian zahlukahlukene kakhulu. iiyunithi Basic syntactic - oko ezilula izivakalisi ezimbaxa. Masiqonde umahluko phakathi kwabo.

Ukuba unit syntactic isiseko lwegrama, ngoko bekuya kuba isivakalisi elula. Namhlanje umoya onamandla kunene. Iimpawu isindululo uya kuhamba ngokwesicwangciso uchazwe apha ngasentla.

Kukho iimeko xa iyunithi kwezivakalisi iquka ezilula ezimbalwa. Ngoko kuya kuba sicelo lwenkohliso.

Kakhulu kunzima ukwahlula phakathi kwisivakalisi esilula kunye izivisa yohlobo olunye ukusuka entsonkothileyo. Apha kuyimfuneko ukukhangela ngokusondeleyo kwi sifundo. Ukuba yenye into, ukwenza iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo, isindululo uya kuba lula. Makhe siqwalasele le mizekelo:

"Bahamba nge ezitratweni zomzi yaye inkululeko entsha." - "Bahamba kwizitrato umzi, bafumana inkululeko wabanika amandla." Kucetyiswa elula. Inye kuphela isiseko Isimaphambili of izivisa yohlobo olunye nzima, asuka ahamba, bafumana. Isindululo yesibini bekuya kuba nzima kuba iziseko ngokwegrama ezimbini; bahamba, inkululeko apha.

Iintlobo iintambo kwizivakalisi ezimbaxa

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, iiyunithi esisiseko zombuzo amacebiso. Ukuba sithethe malunga nesakhiwo entsonkothileyo lo msebenzi ibalulekileyo uhlobo lonxibelelwano phakathi iindawo. La ayabandakanyeka syntax. units kwezivakalisi Basic, izivakalisi nezintsonkothileyo kungaquka izabelo ngaphantsi nolungelelaniso ezinxulumene. Ngokuxhomekeke koku, kukho iqondo kwi slozhnosochinennye kunye izivakalisi ezimbaxa.

Makhe sihlolisise uhlobo ngalunye zolwimi ngokunzulu. iindawo wengxenye izivakalisi ezimbaxa alingana. Le ukulingana sibanika ezizodwa, iqhina coordinative. Oku kuchazwe into yokuba ezisetyenziswa kulwakhiwo lwezivakalisi yezihlanganisi ngokuhlanganiswa. Ngoko ke, lo mbuzo kwisivakalisi esilula ukuya kwenye akwenzeki.

Umzekelo: "Ndifuna ukubuyela yonke umva, kodwa into kuthintela kwam rhoqo." Esi sipho slozhnosochinennoe unxulunyaniswa Union adversative kodwa.

Kwakhona hayi indima lokugqibela ukuyilwa yesivakalisi compound idlala ithowuni: ekupheleni kwesivakalisi ngasinye elula ihla - lichaza ukuphelela enengqondo.

ubunye Complex syntactic

Ziziphi ezinye izinto iquka isivakalisi Russian? unit olusisiseko kwezivakalisi - nto kwakhona izivakalisi ezimbaxa. Ziqulethe lweziqalelo, apho enye ixhomekeke kwenye. Oko kukuthi, phakathi kwezahlulo elula zesindululo angasoloko ubuza umbuzo: "(? Nayiphi). Glade waya apho thina, wafihlwa emehlweni prying"

Kuphunyezwa ulwalamano olunjalo ngokusebenzisa izihlanganisi subordinating nemvakalozwi, ukuba uyehla na uye ekupheleni nganye isivakalisi esinye.

Musa ukulibala ukuba kukho conjunctionless link. Oku kubonisa ukunqongophala izinto olusesikweni phakathi kwezahlulo, nje hetiseka nemvakalozwi: ayihlali kunye umlambo ophuphumayo; iimpahla avelile yomhlaba ngenxa yakhe, boyika ngenxa yokuphepha kwakhe.

Siye sahlolisisa equka syntax Russian. iiyunithi syntactic Basic, unyuse ibinzana ifomu nezinye izakhiwo ekuthiwa esimbaxa yonke syntactic. Kwaye, yena, sele yenza isicatshulwa. Ngaphakathi kuyo, kwakunye nayiphi na enye into isintaksi, kukho amaqhina njengoko zegrama lwesemantiki kwaye ezisesikweni (umz, imibutho, kunye apho bid elandelayo iqala).

Yintoni umanyano entsonkothileyo syntactic? Eli qela iziphakamiso, ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo, zibizwa amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ingcamango esingundoqo. Ngamanye amazwi, le complex yonke syntactic - oko mikrotema, apho ngongoma eliphakathi kuphothulwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kuphela abzatsnoy kwiCandelo.

Kukho iimeko xa umbhalo - oku iyunithi syntactic. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi amabali encinane ibali elifutshane.