Izincoko kuluncwadi: isakhiwo, iimfuno umthamo isincoko

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo kweli lizwe kwi amakhono yoluntu ngokusondeleyo ukuya ilifa ootitshala beelwimi Russian ziye uya efuna abafundi ukuba babhale ukusa kumkhamo othile uhlobo olutsha lwemisebenzi yoncwadi - izincoko.

Ngaphandle kokuba olu hlobo ingxelo ebhaliweyo iingcinga zakhe kufana Ukuqamba eqhelekileyo, kodwa kukho umahluko omkhulu. Iimfuno, isakhiwo, imilo, umthamo izincoko - yinto uluhlu kuphela iimpawu isici.

Yintoni i isincoko

Igama elithi "Isincoko" livela French (essai), kwaye yayimisela "uyilo", "inqanaba lesishwankathelo", "Study", "isampuli". Amaninzi olu hlobo kwiincwadi ezifumaneka phakathi imisebenzi yobugcisa. Nangona kunjalo, akukho izincoko kuphela iincwadi: ebhaliweyo iingxoxo eziqhelekileyo bulumko, inzululwazi kwezentlalo, imbali, iilwimi zasemzini, inzululwazi ezopolitiko kunye nezinye izifundo ezininzi.

Eyona nto lesincoko nje umsebenzi

Izincoko ithetha intshumayelo ngokukhululekileyo kwezimvo. Noko ke, ngokungqinelana neemfuno ezithile ezinxulumene isincoko, ingxelo ingabizwa ibe mbuzo. Ngokukodwa, utitshala unikwa yi umthamo izincoko kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi - umxholo wayo. Oku zinxamnye nkcazo yokuqala inkululeko. Yintoni ke ngoko ukuthini igama elithi "isincoko"?

Salt wonke umsebenzi kukuba iphepha umfundi ngokuzimela baveze iingcamango neembono zabo kule okanye loo mba, ubaphatha sengqondo zobuqu iingxaki ezithile aze achaze izimvo. Malunga nalo uhlobo lwesincoko ibe ngombala owahlukileyo - into ebaluleke kakhulu, bulumko, journalistic.

iingenelo

Izincoko, kuye iminyaka emininzi isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwiinkqubo zemfundo Western, zikwanceda ukucwangcisa iingcinga zenu, ebhalwe ngokucacileyo ngokubhala, ubuchule bokucinga kwaye kunegalelo nokwandiswa imimango abafundi. Ukongeza, kwinkqubo yokubhala ivela unobangela weengxaki yabalaselisa imiqathango ingenzeka wayo, iziphumo kunokwenzeka nendlela siyiphephe. Umfundi ufunda baxabane iingcinga kunye nezigqibo. Ingakumbi eziwela kulo mba kumzekelo isincoko kwezentlalo, imbali kunye nenzululwazi kwezopolitiko.

iimpawu eziphambili

. Ngowe-2004, isazinzulu Russian M. Yu Brandtom baba yodwa yaye ichaza kakhulu nangokuchanekileyo iimpawu esisiseko isincoko:

- umxholo ethile esisiseko sazo zonke imisebenzi yakhe;

- ukuqonda ingxaki kunye imbono ngqo kwalo nto umbhali yena;

- umthamo omncinci izincoko;

- isakhiwo free;

- elandisa - free, abupheleli sikhokelo engqongqo;

- ukufumaneka izigwebo copyright yoqobo kunye non-ubungenamsebenzi;

- ukuqhubeka ngengqiqo mbaliso;

- engaphelelanga, okt kungekho analysis alupheli ye nesiphelo ethile.

Ukongeza, ngamnye izincoko kwi uncwadi, okanye nayiphi na enye into kufuneka emzimbeni wakho uhlalutyo izixhobo ezifumaneka kulo mba, kwakunye eminye yemizekelo ezekelisa.

Ngokungafaniyo coursework, izincoko, isincoko

Umahluko kwezinye izincoko imisebenzi ebhaliweyo kubandakanya ikakhulu iimpawu zayo eziphambili. Khawuqwalasele ezi neempawu zolwimi ngokunzulu:

1. Isakhiwo. umsebenzi zifundo ukuze ngokungqongqo nalawulwa: iphepha isihloko, itheyibhile yokuqulathiweyo, intshayelelo chain ubhalo, ndawonye nentloko, imihlathi kunye nemihlathi, isiphelo, izalathiso, kunye izicelo. Uhlobo isincoko ingajoliswanga sikhokelo engqongqo. Ulwazi nakuba wakhonza ngendlela enocwangco, kodwa ngaphandle ubungqina ngokungxamisekileyo ingxaki, ngaphandle usukelo ezithile neenjongo.
2. Stylistics. Theses, amaphepha kunye nezincoko zibhalwa kuphela ngendlela lwenzululwazi okanye imfundo. Isincoko ikwaveza ulwimi simahla, kodwa izindululo kufuneka ukufunda nokubhala, kwaye - kakuhle.
3. ulwazi oluthile. Ukuba yobuninzi amanani izifundo zenzululwazi, imihla, theses (rhoqo kuyimfuneko kakhulu), bamkelekile, xa isincoko uncwadi okanye nasiphi na isifundo ziya kwanele nje imizekelo embalwa, kodwa ecacile kakhulu kwaye ekhumbulekayo.
4. Ukungabikho yokubhalwa ukwasikhombisa. Izincoko free ucaphula malodopustimy: khumbula ukuba isincoko yethu - izimvo zobuqu kunye neengcamango.

Abanye ootitshala waluduba abafundi, ebiza lo lokubhala isincoko. Le nto kakhulu ntiyiso. Kwisincoko ithoni langoku kwincoko, umxholo ngokucacileyo ezixoxa, tekstovka ezihonjiswe aphorisms, kwaye siko ngokusoloko iyaphikisana.

isakhiwo

isincoko nganye kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwaba ubume ethile, leyo, jikelele, akukho kulawulwa, kodwa usenalo indawo.

A uhambo olufutshane kulo mba phantsi ingqalelo yenza ungeniso olunemiqathango kungena sincoko. Ekuqaleni ngokuqhelekileyo kuye akukho imihlathi angapha kwesibini, ithatha malunga 15-30% lesincoko lonke kwaye sichaza uhlobo le ngxaki. Kubalulekile ukwenza ungeno ukwenzela ukuba umfundi anomdla kwamenza ukuba afunde phambili inqaku.

I ifom yokungenela ukhuphiswano kufuneka ibe yinxalenye engundoqo lesincoko. amagama ukufuduka le Isiqwenga kufuneka ubuncinane i-50% wesicatshulwa. Inxalenye iphambili umgwebo utyhila umbhali, ukuba iingxoxo ezifanelekileyo kunye nemizekelo. Le licace iya kuboniswa ingcamango lesincoko, kokukhona kuya kubonisa ukuyondelelana obuchule yombhali ezichazayo ukuba baqiqe kunye iimpikiswano ukuxhasa intetho yakhe.

Isahlulo sesithathu kunye yokugqibela kwinqaku ngalinye - esiphelweni. Yeyona imfutshane -% malunga 10-15 kuphela. Ekugqibeleni wavumela ukugxininisa ingcinga engundoqo, ukuze bafikelele kwizigqibo malunga ingxaki mbuzo gqaba-gqaba, eshiya Izithetha okungephi.

Emva yonke imigaqo echazwe xa bebhala isincoko, uya kutsala umdla utitshala kwaye babe nesimilo esihle.

umthamo

Bekuthi lweempikiswano babuze imibuzo malunga indlela lesincoko kufuneka. Konke kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno katitshala, kwakunye umxholo wenqaku ngokwayo. Bayavuma ukuba uhlalutyo ethile mbongo imbongi kuthatha amaphepha kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe umgwebo malunga nomsebenzi wakhe uphela.

isincoko Standard kuthatha malunga ezintathu maphepha A4, ezele ngesandla mnye. Nangona kunjalo, lo isincoko usenokuba kubekwa zombini kwiphepha enye, kwaye esixhenxe. Umthamo zezincoko kwakhona ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke yobuchule lombhali kunye imikhuba yakhe izyasneniya.

kwiimfuno isincoko

Ngenxa yokuba kule nkqubo zokhuphiswano izincoko bokwamkelwa kwabafundi ngakumbi zibandakanyiwe njengesixhobo sokuqinisekisa, kubalulekile ukwazi ezinye iimfuno ezisebenza kubo kuninzi iiyunivesithi zeli lizwe.

Enye yeendima eziphambili eyadlalwa into zabantu. Ngamanye amazwi, isincoko ziya kutshekishwa utitshala oxoxa kakhulu kusenokwenzeka akazazi. Ngapha koko, ngaphandle emsebenzini wenu, kuya kufuneka ukuba asingathe ezahlukahlukeneyo nezinye izinto. Ngoko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba izimvo neembono uhlolo, kubalulekile ukuba nditsaleleke kuye, ukuba "hook 'ingqalelo.

Kule meko, kucetyiswa ukuba ukunxiba izincoko Okubhaliweyo ifomu wobulali. Iziphakamiso kufuneka zingqale ukusa kwinqanaba. Ziphephe iingxoxo ezinde, musa baphazamiseke nesihloko. Bhala kwi kunjalo, kodwa hayi kakhulu mbalwa. Ngokulandela le elula olawula amathuba ukuba isincoko sakho, funda ukuya ekupheleni, bayanda kakhulu. kwakhona isicwangciso Pre-phambili kuya kunceda ukucwangcisa iingcinga ukwenza umhlathi ngqo kunye umdla kwikhontenti yayo.

Zilungiselele ngenxa yokuba uyakwazi ukucwangcisa njengesifundo ezithile, yaye ukuvumela ukuba ukhangelo oluzimeleyo nomba. Ekubeni ixhaphakileyo ukhetho yesibini, ukukhetha labo imiba ukuba unento ofuna ukuyithetha. bhetele, ukuba ngaba cala - ngoko iingcinga okanye ukugxekwa yakho akunakwenzeka ukuya ngokuchasene ngokoluvo yeKomishoni.

Ukuba ngokupheleleyo akukwazi ukucinga ukuba ukwazi ukumchazela kwisihloko esinikiweyo, zama ukufunda kwimizekelo. Izincoko kwi social science okanye bulumko ukufumana kulula kakhulu kunokuba economics okanye umthetho, kodwa emva kokufunda izinto womzekelo efanayo yenqaku elizayo uya kuqalisa ukuhluma.

Xa umsebenzi ofanayo kakhulu kwaye azilungiselele ukuba kakhulu. Zama ukufumana ulwazi kangangoko kwi miba abachaphazelekayo. Phonononga Iimbono ezahlukeneyo nezisusa nxaxheba - oku kuya kukunceda ukudala umfanekiso olugqityiweyo lwe zabo imbono ihlabathi kunye enenjongo kakhulu ukuchaza oko izincoko elizayo.

Ukulungiselela kunye nokubhala

Ukuze lula umsebenzi wenu, ivathisiwe iingcamango eziya kamva kulungiswa ephepheni, ababhali Siyaleza ingqalelo ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo ekulungiseleleni nokubhala isincoko:

- yenza isicwangciso sesincoko;

- ukwenza inguqulelo drafti umsebenzi;

- mbono ngalinye ixhomekeke kumhlathi eyahlukileyo;

- zongeza kwisiphumo izicatshulwa ezintsha umzobo;

- lungisa umyalelo ntetho;

- Nyuka eyenza umdla, akuphumi kwinkumbulo header wam.

Ngokuphathelele kwimiba zombutho, awabe izigaba umsebenzi, musa ukuzama ukwenza yonke into ngamini-nye, ukuba ngaba kukho abasebenzi ngokwanelisayo elide. ulwazi, musa ukuyilayisha intloko yakho khumbula oko kubhaliweyo olwandulela isincoko izakufundwa kusasa eyohlukileyo ngoko nangoko emva kweeyure elide emsebenzini.