Iyunithi osisiseko yokuzivelela ngu ...

Kunzima ukucinga ukuba xa iplanethi yethu wakhangela eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Yonke into yayahlukile: izityalo, izilwanyana, umoya, amanzi. izigidi ezininzi zeminyaka Umhlaba unenzondelelo iinguqu bamzisa kule ngongoma. Ezi utshintsho ngamaxesha ngokwendalo igama layo lwenzululwazi - zazivelela. Zama ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na kwaye neenkqubo wenza ngayo.

Ingcamango yendaleko

Ukuba unike inkcazelo ngokwemiqathango eziphilayo, ngoko ke singatsho njalo. Evolution - na utshintsho vuhlayiseki ekuhambeni kwexesha, ivela ngathi izinto nelothe eziphilayo ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kwinqanaba yemfuza, iimpawu ndilufumeneyo ukuba zikwazi ukuqhelana naziphi na iimeko zokusingqongileyo.

Kule yunithi yokuzivelela ayikho oyedwa ngamnye, ngenxa yokuba kukho amaqela lonke eziphilayo ezifanayo. Ngoko ke, ingcamango iiyunithi eziziziqalelo kule nkqubo enkulu kukade icangcisiwe zinokuphikiswa. izazinzulu Modern ngazwi linye ndivakalisa ukuba iyunithi yenkqubo yendaleko yi labemi.

kanye Inkqubo nawuphi na umntu ezimnombo ukuya umzekelo ethile endalo, ukuba unyanzelisa injongo enjalo. Ngoko ke, kuyacaca kakhulu imbonakalo izixhobo ngenxa yokuphila ezahlukeneyo abamenzelayo idityaniswe kunye nelahleko ngokupheleleyo umbono. Ngapha koko, phantsi komhlaba akukho kukhanya, ngoko umbono ayibalulekanga. Kodwa ke ivumba ezi zidalwa ukuba nomona. Ivumba lomsundulu kwi emashumini ezimbalwa kweemitha!

Kucacile ukuba iifom kakhokho ezi zilwanyana bephile yaye alelwe nawaphi na imbono okanye isakhiwo eziqhelekileyo imilenze ngaphambili. Kakade ke, akukho ilungelo ukuguqulwa. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, zeminyaka kunye nezigidi zeminyaka kwathabatha Mother Nature ukuba iintuku ukuba uhlobo apho ezaziwa kuthi ngoku. Kwaye zonke izinto. Kwangaxeshanye, asimele sicinge ukuba siphila kwihlabathi emileyo apho biomass uzinzile yaye kwasekwa ngokupheleleyo.

Evolution kwenzeka namhlanje, ebhenca utshintsho zonke izilwanyana, izityalo, izinto ezincinci eziphilayo, nabantu. Nje kwenzeka kwinqanaba yemfuza, kwaye mayibonwa njengemisebenzi yi bexesha lakhe.

Isigama kwemvelo

Kukho inani kweekhonsepthi ukuba kufuneka bafunde indlela asebenza ukuze sinengcamango malunga zazivelela kunye neenkqubo eziyelelene nto. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, sibe isiseko solwazi sethiyori gabalala zonke mater ezifunyenweyo, kwabonakala kunye igama elibhekisela kuyo abo okanye ezinye izinto kunye nokutshintsha imeko yabo, izenzo, izenzakalo indalo. I-Evolution iquka metamorphoses ezininzi kunye neenkqubo, Noko ke, anike inkcazelo ezona ziphambili.

1. Esinazo - ukukwazi eziphilayo bazidlulisele imikhwa yabo inzala eziqulethwe kweejini. Ngenxa yakhe, kukho abantu elifanayo ukwakha sonke labantu.
2. Ukwahluka - le nxalenye eziphilayo elivela ukuzalwa ezingisa ubomi, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukufumana iimpawu ezintsha, edibanisa genotypes uyise nonina.
3. Ngokuguqula imizila - indima ebalulekileyo isenzeko. Iyunithi ye yokuzivelela Kakade ke, hayi kuguquka. Noko ke, amandla eziqhuba utshintsho ngokuhamba kwexesha.
4. Umzabalazo ngenxa yobukho - ukusukuzana zendalo kwabantu yommandla, ukutya, indawo entle yokuhlala, amanzi, ababhinqileyo, njalo-njalo. Yiyo lo mzabalazo ligqiba inani lezilwanyana nezityalo, amandla abo kunye nokunyamezela. Abo kusinda, ube namandla, waza wemka, ngokulandelelana, ndingenandawo ngakumbi naphaya inzala.
5. Ukukhetha Natural - wenziwe ngemvelo inkqubo egqiba indawo kubomi ngamnye, umda amanani zabo, umda inkqubela kwi yokuzala kunye basinde.
6. Unit yenkqubo yendaleko - ukuba labantu. Loo iqela eziphilayo efanayo, ukosuleleka ngaphakathi iseti ethile iimpawu inzala nokuba kwinkqubo efanayo iimpawu morphological, nokomzimba kunye yokwakheka, ichaza iyunithi incinane noshowo inkqubo yophuhliso.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olupheleleyo isenzeko kufuneka iqondwe ngokucacileyo kunye namabinzana eziphilayo ezifana iintlobo, uhlobo, labemi, biocoenosis, biomass, kunye nezinye biosphere.

Imbali yophuhliso imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela

Ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela njenge inkqubo yophuhliso ufikile abantu ngokukhawuleza. Ekuqaleni, malunga utshintsho kwizityalo nezilwanyana ezikhankanywe kumaxesha amandulo. Ngoko ke zo, iingcali zefilosofi kunye nabaphandi baye baqaphela ukuba ngokuhamba kwexesha, abantu abafani, abaninzi baye iimpawu ezifanayo. Phakathi ezingqondweni edume ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Fales.
• Xenophanes.
• Heraclitus.
• Alcmaeon.
• Empedocles.
• UPlato.
• Aristotle.
• NoHippocrates nabanye.

kumaxesha aphakathi mihla

KumaXesha Aphakathi ithiyori uqhelekileyo ngemvelaphi kunye nophuhliso ubomi kreotseonistskaya. UThixo uthathwa nje umdali olunye, wadala umhlaba njengoko, kunye nazo zonke ezinye iimboniselo abukhange buthathelwe kunokwenzeka. Oku lwanciphisa uphuhliso ukumelwa yokwenene ixesha elide.

Kamva, xa kudlula ixesha amazwe geography wazi iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, lixesha lokuba ingcaciso theoretical le ezahlukeneyo. Kwandula ke kwafika ngobhalo utshintsho yendaleko. uyise ithathwa edumileyo eliNgesi Charles Darwin. Noko ke, phezu ngebande elinye kunye naye phantse efanayo ezifunyaniswe yaye enye ingcali yenzululwazi - Alfred Uolles. Endaweni izimvo kreotseonistskim weza transformistskie.

umongo yabo sikuko ngenkolelo yokuba ilizwe, yaye kuphela ngokuhamba kwexesha sele kudlule utshintshwano ezininzi kwaye kwasekwa ezo izinto ezikhoyo namhlanje. Ukongeza, inkqubo ukuguqulwa usaqhubeka, yaye uyaqhubeka unanamhla yaye iya kuqhubeka ngonaphakade okoko nje kukho ubomi.

Imfundiso yendaleko ngokwe Darwin

Oko ithiyori uthi, okudalwe i eliNgesi? Yintoni na ke ungubani yokuzivelela yaye kutheni ntoni? Libhekisela izibonelelo ezingundoqo eziliqela yale mfundiso.

1. Zonke iindidi ubomi olukhoyo emhlabeni, sisiphumo amawaka eminyaka iinguqu, yaye akazange kwasungulwa uMdali enye.
2. Isiseko zazivelela iinkqubo ezifana ukhetho yendalo, izizukulwana transfer ulwazi yemfuza, kwiDNA ukuba kwenzeka labemi, Ukwahluka iintlobo.
3. kuvela iimpawu ezintsha kwaye ayinakutshintshwa ngenxa lomzabalazo sobukho, leyo yindlela yokhetho zendalo.
4. Bazivelela - ukuyilwa ephilayo enjalo zifaneleke yimiqathango ubukho bayo.

UCharles Darwin engamzukisanga kuphela ingcaciso theoretical kuphuhliso wobomi, kodwa kwakuxhasa zonke imifuniselo kuqhutywa. Inye kuphela akaba nako ukuqonda uchaze - oko obubobu iimpawu heritable. Ngokwembono yakhe, ezo izinto nawela phantsi ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana, aguqulwe kwaye luphele ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, amalinge Mendel baye babonisa ukuba kwenzeka phakathi izizukulwana ezimbalwa emva.

Unit chavelela ngokwe Darwin

Ukwenzela ukuba achaze nayiphi na inkqubo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwaba iseli iyevakala. Kwaye ke chavelela. UCharles Darwin wayekholelwa ukuba iintlobo - yinto iyunithi yenkqubo yendaleko. Yinyaniso le namhlanje? Hayi, enyanisweni, ngokwembono ingcamango yangoku zokwenziwa of ebomini, imboniselo ayikwazi ozakuthathwa isuntswana incinane utshintsho yehlabathi kwexesha.

Ngokutsho yemibono, iyunithi esisiseko inkqubo yokuzivelela na inani. Izizathu ngazo kamva.

Darwin ayekholelwa ukuba iseli lincinci - uhlobo. Wachaza erekhodiweyo iinguqu ezithi zenzeke phakathi olulodwa lwento abantu, ingqalelo zizo zonke iimpawu eziphembelela olu tshintsho.

Yintoni na uhlobo?

Kutheni sicinge ukuba iyunithi yenkqubo yendaleko i hlobo? Ngenxa yokuba sele kwakubonisa ukuba ngenxa yenkqubo yophuhliso wobomi - kukhubazeko ukuya kwizinto zasekuhlaleni. Ukufumana kunye nokudityaniswa loo miqondiso, nto leyo eya kunceda khona ngokukhululekileyo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo.

Nakuba kunjalo, masikhumbule, umzekelo, elunxwemeni ezibandayo. Indawo apho kukho kusoloko betshayela blizzards kunye blinding mhlophe qhwa, apho ezibandayo iqabaka ubangcangcazelisayo. Kulo mmandla kuhlala ngaphezu kwesinye uhlobo oluthile lwesilwanyana, kodwa siyenze ukuba ezinjalo iimeko ezinzima zifana kakhulu. Le uboya engqindilili Uboya, umbala omhlophe, ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze amanqatha ongama, ubungakanani enkulu, njalo-njalo.

Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu izixhobo ezifanayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ubunye yokuzivelela ayikho uhlobo yena - nje iseli eziziziqalelo eziphilayo njenge inzululwazi. Oku isethi abantu morphological efanayo, iimpawu komzimba, indlela yokuphila, kwakunye yomxhaso kwindawo ethile yaye ungazizekisi ngokukhululekileyo ngokwakha inzala ochumileyo.

Inani labemi njengeyunithi esisiseko inkqubo yendaleko

kwenziwe - ingcamango mihla izinto zazivelela. Oku kubangelwa kokudityaniswa zonke izimvo Charles Darwin, uphando lwale mihla kunye nezigqibo. Yena ayinayo umbhali, oko - yimveliso umsebenzi izazinzulu ezininzi ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

Ngoko ke, lo mbono umisela ukuba iyunithi yenkqubo yendaleko yi labemi. Yiyo le - le yunithi iseli omncinane yale nkqubo yenguqu jikelele.

Ukususela ngokombono eziphilayo, labemi - luhlobo lwe ubukho kweentlobo ezithile eziphilayo apho bafumana eyona yimidlalo kwindawo yazo. Omnye wabantu unokuquka abantu zohlobo olufanayo kunye ezahlukeneyo. Iimpawu abanazo, ukuze zahlukile. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze amancinane, abanye ezinkulu, njalo-njalo.

Xa abantu nganye kukho kumzabalazo yobukho, ukhetho zendalo, kwiDNA kwakheka wazimisa abo okanye ezinye iimpawu. Oko kukuthi, kube yinto zazivelela.

Le mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba yendaleko

Sele ekhankanywe malunga neenkqubo ezingundoqo ukuba ezi iinjini yale macrophenomena - zazivelela. Kwakhona abonisa ngazo.

1. Ukukhetha Natural lwenziwa ngeendleko kumzabalazo yobukho phakathi kwabemi kunye naphakathi kwabo.
2. Ufuzo, akukho lula, ekhokelela ukudityaniswa yemisebenzi emitsha ebalulekileyo kule kweejini.
3. Yemfuza, zombini yingenelo kwaye kuyingozi. Random okanye ngqo, akhokelela nokumanywa izinto ezintsha.
4. Ukukhetha ezingezizo - zazivelela ngqo wenziwe ngumntu ngenxa iintlobo ilungelo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana (ukuthi ukwenza yezityalo lokuvelisa kunye izilwanyana).

Ixabiso ilifa phakathi zazivelela

Ukukwazi ukuze adlulisele iimpawu ilifa - yinto zibalulekile zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Inika ubuchule lokuyivelisa kumntu omnye, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bafumane ezintsha. Esinazo - sisiseko sobomi.

Indima eziphilayo ngayo ukugcina inani labantu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulondolozwa kwazo endle. Ngaphezu koko, akukho - enye engundoqo ekukhokeleni amandla zazivelela.

Ukwahluka-hlukana nendima yawo

Asikwazi athi Ukwahluka - iyunithi yenkqubo yendaleko. Ingaba kunjalo alo ebalulekileyo? Yebo yes. Kungenxa kule nkqubo sisiseko nokufunyanwa iimpawu kunye neempawu ezintsha. ukukwazi komzimba recombination, ukuyilwa iimpawu ezintsha kunye nitrogen yabo - konke oku kubangelwa Ukwahluka.