Umzabalazo ukusinda of Darwin

Ngokutsho ingcamango zikaDarwin, umzabalazo sobukho - ubudlelwane eyahlukileyo phakathi izinto kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho nje kwidabi ngqo phakathi kwerhamncwa kunye namaxhoba, ekhatshwa gazi nokufa.

Darwin wachaza iintlobo ezintathu lomzabalazo yobukho.

zamehlo Intraspecific unalo yondele kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu yokuba bonke abantu abadinga efanayo, yaye ngaloo ndlela kakhulu izibonelelo kuphela. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, kuquka ukutya, indawo yokuhlala, ophilayo indawo isithuba ukuzalela. uhlobo ngalunye sizalwa kwizixhobo entsonkothileyo ezinokuthi ukunceda ukunciphisa amathuba yokungqubana abathile (inkqubo oluntsonkothileyo ubudlelwane oluneqela emhlambini weenkomo okanye emhlambini, ukumakisha ngokucacileyo imida nommandla wayo, njalo njalo). Kwangaxeshanye, izixhobo ezinjalo luncedo zonke iintlobo xa iyonke, zisoloko umonakalo kubantu abathile, ebangela ukufa kwabo. Ngokomzekelo, nembila kwi ukuswela ziliqhubela feed isabelo okhuphisana elungileyo uyawalwela oyinkazana. umzabalazo Intraspecific yobukho kubaluleke kakhulu kule nkqubo zazivelela. Ungquzulwano wabulala abameli ubuncinane etshintshwe apha. Oku kunegalelo Nobunqobo iintlobo lilonke umisela ukuphucuka yayo.

Umzabalazo ngokuba khona kunye interspecific. Lubonakala yi ikhosi etsolo xa iintlobo kuba sodidi efanayo yaye, ngokunjalo, kufuneka iimeko ezifanayo. Umzekelo ukuze abe ibuzi ongwevu, leyo inkulu kakhulu kwaye ndlongondlongo ngaphezu abamnyama. Ungquzulwano kuqala indawo ngokupheleleyo yesibini kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu. Kulo mzekelo nempuku abamnyama, umzekelo, unamanye ubunakho. Kungcono ngaphezu ongwevu, isebenza ngapha iintambo iinqanawa ukusuka elunxwemeni kunye umva.

Umzekelo, eMelika wamazisa amabuzi abamnyama Magellan kunye Columbus Vasco da Gama wawazisa Afrika. Indawo yokuhlala yale hlobo kwiziqithi Pacific East Far negalelo omkhulu. Ngenxa yoko, umzabalazo kusinda kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni nempuku zingwevu uhlale ummandla ngaphakathi njengezwekazi, namnyama - imimandla ehlathini, indawo siqithi kwakunye neendawo izibuko elimxinwa.

Olu hlobo yokungqubana kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa omnye uhlobo olunye unilaterally. Ezi buhlobo zakhiwa kwi "kwerhamncwa nexhoba", "esidla-izityalo", "host-sisidleleli". Ezi ubudlelwane kuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwi kumzabalazo intraspecific. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, impungutye irhamncwa kwandisa ukhuphiswano phakathi uhlobo yeentaka (of kumaxhoba). Umlo phumelela, kuphela ngabo abantu abakwaziyo ukubaleka nkqi, kakuhle ukubhidanisa umzila. Ngelo xesha kusinda abazingeli ezilungileyo phakathi iimpungutye.

Umzabalazo ngenxa yobukho ukuba ndi uhlobo omnye komnye, akuyi kujongelwa phantsi yena. Umzekelo, ezincancisayo kunye neentaka ezisasaza iimbewu kunye neziqhamo. Ziphelelwa ukulungiswa efanayo kweentlobo ngamnye enye kwenye (umz, ukuhlakanipha kunye neentyatyambo). Ngenxa yoko yomlo ikhuthaza ngendaleko kweendidi ezimbini, ibangela kukuvela apha naphaya efanayo.

Ngazo ukuqinisa ukulwa oluthile lwento kuba nomphumela obonakalayo kwaye baya bume ezinobutshaba uhlobo ezingaphiliyo. Oku kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba abathile phakathi iintlobo kukhuphisana ubushushu, ukukhanya, ukutya, kwaye ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, kwi kumathafa zezi fom imithi, nenomlanga, kodwa musa ukukhuphisana namanye izityalo. Abaphumeleleyo labo bantu yeyona inokwenzeka, abo nethe isebenzayo kwenzeka, kunye nezinye iinkqubo nokomzimba. Ukuba kukho ukudlulisela izinto eziphilayo ilifa, oko kukhokelela ekuphuculweni bhetyebhetye.