Betelgeuse: a yesiqalo supernova

Nangona avareji iminyaka nekhulu kumnyele kukho mnye kuphela supernova obonakalayo, kukho malunga ne-100 lamawaka ezigidi. Kule 10 bhiliyoni iminyaka khona (ukuba ngqo, phezu 13.7 billion, kodwa iinkwenkwezi kwasekwa phakathi kwiminyaka yokuqala embalwa amakhulu ezigidi), ngokutsho Dr. uRichard Mushotski Space Flight Centre of NASA Goddard, obonakalayo kukho billion enye supernovae ngonyaka, okanye 30 ngomzuzwana! Ngaba dubulo lwe supernova ka Betelgeuse, ingxilimbela obomvu Milky Way, ukuba abe olandelayo?

Ukuba oko kwenzeka ...

Kukuqhushumba inkwenkwezi ekuthiwa Betelgeuse, omnye ezikhanya zezulu, kube ilingana nenyanga ngokupheleleyo, yaye oko kuya kuhlala kunjalo kulo nyaka. Kuku, ebonakala esibhakabhakeni ebusika phezu enkulu yomhlaba njengoko sayingqombela indawo eqaqambileyo, oko ube supernova nangaliphi na ixesha kule minyaka 100,000 ezayo.

Inkoliso ngeenkwenkwezi bakholelwa ukuba namhlanje yenye yezizathu mhlawumbi kutheni thina baye bakwazi ukufumana ubomi ezikrelekrele kuyo yonke indalo, nguye nemiphumo ungadubula supernova lendawo kutshabalalisa bonke ubomi kummandla esivela Way.

"Isandla al-Jawzi"

isigebenga Red Betelgeuse, xa enkulu ukuze akwazi ukufikelela komzila kaZeyus, ukuba ilanga lethu, lacuthwa ngesiqingatha, nangona nje eliqaqambileyo njengakuqala kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.

Betelgeuse, ogama gama livela Arabic, bubonakala ngokucacileyo kule umlaza Orion. Star unikele igama isimilo Michael Keaton e Beetlejuice movie yaye inzalelwane lwenkqubo uMongameli Zaphod Beeblebrox kuthotho iinoveli, "IsiKhokelo Hitchhiker eya Galaxy."

iingxilimbela Red kukholelwa ukuba abe nobomi emfutshane, ezinzima lusilwa. Siphila kwiminyaka emininzi kwesigidi ambalwa, bakhawuleza batshise hydrogen uze batshintshele helium, icarbon kunye nezinye izinto, maxa wambi yokosulelwa kwaye nesifuthufuthu kwakhona.

Betelgeuse: a yesiqalo supernova

Le nkwenkwezi Kukholelwa ukuba kufika ekupheleni khona kwaye namava enye kuwa, nto leyo sikhatshwa kufakwe omnye komnye amafutha nokumanyana.

Isizathu kukuba ucinezelo olungaziwayo Betelgeuse. Xa sicinga ngako konke esiyaziyo iminyele kunye nendalo ekude, kusekho kakhulu ukuba sibe kodwa ukufunda iinkwenkwezi. Unknown kuquka into eyenzekayo xa iingxilimbela ezibomvu sifikelele ekupheleni ikho.

Ukuba Betelgeuse kuqhuma yenzekile yaba supernova, kuya kuvumela ngeenkwenkwezi ukuba bagcine Earth and physics yayo ukulawula le nkqubo. Ingxaki kukuba akukho bani owaziyo kuya kwenzeka nini. Nangona kukho amarhe okuba ngo-2012 Betelgeuse dubulo eyenzekayo xa edubulayo inkwenkwezi, ngokwenene asazi. Loo nto ayizange yenzeke, kuba amathuba isiganeko esinjalo luphantsi kakhulu. Betelgeuse akwazi ziqhume ngomso ebusuku okanye olule ukuya kwiminyaka 100,000.

kude kakhulu

Ukuze umonakalo noqhekeko uMhlaba, lo supernova kufuneka qwele oyi yokukhanya-neminyaka engaphantsi kwe-100. It iyaneliseka le meko ukuba Betelgeuse? I-dubulo akazange enze naliphi na umonakalo umhlaba wethu, kuba inkwenkwezi kufuneka ibe kufutshane kakhulu kunokuba kunjalo ngoku. Umgama ukuya 'izandla al-Jawzi "imalunga 600 kukukhanya-iminyaka.

Le yenye yazo iinkwenkwezi ezininzi odumileyo eqaqambileyo. Kuyinto izihlandlo ezilishumi ubukhulu ilanga, kunye nobudala yayo yiminyaka yezigidi kuphela 10. Omkhulu ngakumbi inkwenkwezi, i emfutshane khona ubomi baso bonke. nto ngeenkwenkwezi wabona Betelgeuse oko. Red giant dubulo iya kwenzeka ngexesha nje elingephi.

Supersverhnovaya SN2007bi

Ekupheleni konyaka ka-2009, izazi wabona dubulo zinkulu kwezakha ezirekhodiweyo. star Supergiant, oko kukuthi ubungakanani amaxesha ezimakhulu mabini mkhulu Sun, yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo into evele wasabela yenyukliya, zibangelwa ukuveliswa antimatter, unobangela nto leyo, yaba radiation gamma. Lo ngumzekelo Yintoni enokwenzeka xa nciphisa Betelgeize. Le dubulo angabonwa kangangeenyanga eziliqela, kuba wabangela ilifu kwezinto radioactive ngaphezulu amaxesha 50 ubungakanani ilanga likhupha ngokuhlwa abakhanyisele ngokucandeka enyukliya, nabanako kubonakala iminyele kude.

Supersverhnovaya SN2007bi ngumzekelo yokuwa i "isibini-xenga". Ukubonakala kwaso ke iyafana kukuqhushumba ezabo atom, kubangelwa ucinezelo of neplutoniyam. Xa ubungakanani malunga ezine megayottagrammov (oku amathathu anesibini-zero) iinkwenkwezi ezinkulu agcinwe ukuwa omxhuzulane yengcinezelo kwimitha gamma. Umongo eshushu, kungona Amandla gamma-ray, kodwa ke ukuba namandla kakhulu, ukuba ekwaziyo edlula-atom, ukudala amandla acocekileyo electron-i izibini mba kunye antimatter. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke undoqo kwenkwenkwezi kukwasebenza yamasuntswana namafutha omkhulu.

Fusion ubungakanani kuqhunyiswe 11 sezigidi

Antimatter etshabalalisa ne nako, kuba usuka kuyo, kodwa ingxaki kukuba isantya dubulo, leyo, nangona kakhulu phezulu, ukudala ukulibaziseka ebalulekileyo ekudaleni gamma-uxinzelelo, bebambe inkwenkwezi iyahluka liyatshabalala. Lo maleko engaphandle ehle, ngokuveza core nokuvusa kwithempritsha yayo. Oku kwandisa amathuba gamma ezingenamandla kakhulu, ukudala antimatter, ize ngequbuliso loo nkwenkwezi lonke iba reactor yenyukliya lawuleki, inkulu kune lethu. Zonke core yenyukliya detonates ngoko nangoko, njengokuba ibhombu yenyukliya, ubunzima amakhulu nje kuphela ubungakanani kwelanga -, luyayidlula ubunzima sezigidi-11.

Uyadubula bonke. Akukho emngxunyeni omnyama okanye inkwenkwezi neutron, akukho nto uhlala kodwa ilifu ukwandisa izinto radioactive kunye isithuba esitsha engenanto apho kanye le nto inkulu, apho kunokwenzeka kuphela ngaphandle ukuze aphule isithuba. I-dubulo ibangela ngumbala ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, ukuguqula izinto zibe izinto ezintsha eqhumayo.

Star Killer

Abanye inkwenkwezi ezinqabileyo - ababulali ngokwenene uhlobo 11 - ke hypernovae, imithombo ezibulalayo. gamma-ray wavuleka (GRB). Xa kuthelekiswa Betelgeuse kukuqhushumba into enjalo kuya kukhulula amaxesha 1000 amandla ngaphezulu. ubungqina eziphathekayo GRB-imodeli wabonakala ngo-2003.

Kubonakele ngokuyingxenye "ummelwane" exposure, indawo leyo ugqibe ngeenkwenkwezi nge network Positioning GRB (GCN). Matshi 29, 2003 ukuqhambuka akusondela ngokwaneleyo imigqaliselo zilandelayo kakhulu ekucombululeni imfihlelo Ungqabhuko gamma-ray. Spectrum kokugcina ye afterglow yaba phantse twatse SN1998bw. Ukongeza, ukwakhelwa Hewana X-ray aye abonisa lo msebenzi efanayo iimpawu - ubukho "Bothuka" neoksijini "eshushu", apho ukhona apha supernova. Ngoko ke, izazi bakwazi ukubona ukuba "afterglow" GRB iyelelene ibekwe billion "kuphela" ezimbini ukukhanya-kweminyaka evela Earth, sifunda supernova.

Akwaziwa nokuba hypernova nganye enxulumene ne GRB. Noko ke, ngokutsho ngeenkwenkwezi kuqikelelwa ukuba kuphela omnye 100,000 supernovae kuvelisa hypernova. Kumalunga kugqajukelwa gamma-ray ngosuku, nto leyo waphawula ngokwenyani.

Oko phantse Ngokuqinisekileyo kakhulu kukuba undoqo ngubani inxaxheba kwinto yokuba kusekwe hypernova, enobunzima ngokwaneleyo ukwenza umngxuma emnyama kunokuba inkwenkwezi neutron. Ngenxa yoko, ngasinye waphawula GRB yi "kukhala 'emngxunyeni usana emnyama.

Amhlophe, nenomlanga kwinkqubo T Compass

Izazinzulu ziyavuma ukuba kugcinwa ezintsha T Compass e Compass umlaza usebenzisa International eyingozi Explorer satellite zibonisa ukuba, nenomlanga emhlophe yinxalenye yenkqubo yokubini kwaye kususiwe 3260 ukukhanya iminyaka ukususela eMhlabeni ukuba sikufutshane uqikelelo elidlulileyo ka-6,000 ukukhanya-iminyaka.

A nenomlanga emhlophe i entsha njalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba udubulo mbawula kweenkwenkwezi zenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka engama-20. Eyona ezininzi Iziganeko zakutshanje eyaziwayo baba ngowe-1967, 1944, 1920, 1902 no-1890 ngokulandelelanayo. Ezi kuqhuma ezintsha, kungekhona supernova musa ukubatshabalalisa, kwaye nafuthe Umhlaba. Izazi abazi kutheni lekhefu phakathi noqhambuko liye landa.

Oosonzululwazi bakholelwa kuqhuma zisisiphumo ukunyuka entsha ubunzima xa inkwenkwezi ezincinanana ikhetha lo hydrogen-zizityebi kwiqabane layo. Emva kokuba i umda ethile lokulinganisa entsha flash. Engaziwa, ukwanda okanye ukuncipha ubunzima ngethuba lomjikelo zokumpompa kunye kuqhuma, kodwa ukuba ifikelela ekuthiwa umda Chandrasekhar, kuya ayenokwenzakalisa supernova uhlobo 1a. Kulo mzekelo, i nenomlanga uya naxa flash enamandla, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ekonakaleni layo ngokupheleleyo. Olu hlobo supernova ukhupha amandla izihlandlo million 10 ngaphezu entsha.

Amandla a sezigidi eziliwaka

Le kokuma nenomlanga emhlophe ngethuba nokuqhambuka ezintsha zibonisa ukuba ukunyuka bayo ubunzima, kwaye idatha teleskopu "Hubble" izinto wagxothwa ngexesha kuqhuma engaphambili, ukuqinisekisa le mbono. Iimfaniso ziqikelela ukuba ubunzima, nenomlanga emhlophe unako ukufikelela Chandrasekhar Limit yakho ngezithuba-10 yezigidi kwiminyaka okanye ngaphantsi.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, le supernova kuya kukhokelela segamma radiation, amandla leyo ilingana 1,000 ngaxeshanye amadangatye elanga. Kuyingozi kakhulu ngaphezu kukuqhushumba Betelgeuse. Xa kufikwa gamma emhlabeni, usongela ukwenziwa kwenitrojeni, leyo ukonakalisa mhlawumbi utshabalalise ozone. A eqhumayo kuba njengokuba eliqaqambileyo zonke ezinye iinkwenkwezi kumnyele wethu iMilky Way kunye. Enye ngeenkwenkwezi, uGqirha Edward yeZiyon weYunivesithi Villanova, zikhalazela ukuba ezinokuqhushumba kwixesha elizayo kufuphi kwi isikali ngexesha esetyenziswa yi izazi kunye zokuma, kodwa ukuba umntu elizayo esikude.

izimvo ezahlukeneyo

Izazi bakholelwa ukuba supernovae kumgama ukukhanya-neminyaka engaphantsi kwe-100 ukusuka Umhlaba ezinkulu, kodwa iziphumo ahlale engacacanga kwaye zizakuxhomekeka kwindlela enamandla iya kuba dubulo. Iqela labaphandi lithi ukuqhambuka kusenokwenzeka asondele kakhulu kwaye unamandla ngaphezu kukuqhushumba Betelgeuse. Xa kuziwa koko, akwaziwa, kodwa Umhlaba uya kakhulu yonakele. Noko ke, abanye abaphandi ezifana Alex Filippenko of the University of California eBerkeley, oyingcali supernovae, iminyele esebenzayo, imingxuma emnyama, Ungqabhuko wesigrike-reyi, kwaye ukwandiswa iphela, akavumelani izibalo nikholwe ukuba ukuqhambuka, ukuba kuyenzeka, akubonakali kabuhlungu umhlaba .