Sophistry - ntoni na? izibonelo sophisms

Sophistry in Greek ngokoqobo lithetha iqhinga okanye ukuzakhela izakhono. Eli gama libhekisela ukuba ingxelo leyo bubuxoki, kodwa olungenayo ekuqiqeni element, ngaloo yokuzenzisa kubonakala yinyaniso. Umbuzo ngulo: sophism - oko kukuthi nendlela ngayo iyahluka ukusuka paralogisms? A umahluko kukuba sophistry ngokusekelwe inkohliso abazi yaye ngabom, waphula ekuqiqeni.

Ibali elithi

Sophistry kunye zango wabonakala kumaxesha amandulo. Enye zooyise bulumko - Aristotle wabiza lo mhlola bungqina ngengqondo, ezibonakala ngenxa yokungabikho uhlalutyo ubhalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukujongwa onke amasiko. impikiswano ekholisa yinto engaqondakaliyo kuphela ngesiphoso kusengqiqweni ukuba enye nenye inkcazo Sufi ngokuqinisekileyo.

Sophistry - ntoni na? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo kufuneka ukuba siqwalasele umzekelo wamathuba yamandulo ekuqiqeni, "kukho into leyo ilahlekileyo. Yena waphulukana iimpondo zakhe? Ngoko une iimpondo. " Kukho ombeka. Ukuba kwesivakalisi sokuqala ilungiswe, "ukuba nantoni na elahlekileyo," ngoko ke imveliso uba oyinyaniso, kodwa kunokuba ingabangeli umdla. Enye imithetho yokuqala Sophists yaba ngoluvo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuthelekelela ingxabano embi kakhulu-case njengoko ilungileyo, kwaye Injongo Labe luloyiso kuyo, kunokuba ekufuneni inyaniso.

Sophists athi ukuba naluphi na uluvo na isemthethweni, oko uchasene umthetho zingqubanayo, kamva ziqulunqwe Aristotle. Oku kwavusa iintlobo ezininzi sophistry zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo.

imithombo sophistry

Imithombo sophistry abanokusebenza isigama esisetyenziswe ngexesha kwimbambano. amagama amaninzi neentsingiselo ezininzi (ugqirha inokuba ugqirha okanye umphandi abanesidanga), ngenxa apho kukho kophulwa ekuqiqeni. Sophisms kwimathematika, umzekelo, olusekelwe phezu amaxabiso ukwahluka yokuphindaphinda nabo uze uthelekise original waza wafumana data. uxinzelelo elingafanelekanga abe sophist isixhobo, kuba amazwi amaninzi xa utshintsha utshintsho ntshikilelo kunye nentsingiselo. Ulwakhiwo binzana amaxesha ayilandeleki nje, umzekelo, amaxesha ezimbini dibanisa ezintlanu. Kulo mzekelo, akucacanga ukuba ngaba kukho isixa kwe amabini anantlanu, xa iphinda phindiweyo ngo amabini, okanye udibaniso lwemveliso ye ngababini kunye ngesihlanu.

sophistry zobuchwepheshe

Ukuba sicinga sophistry ngxuba ubhalo, kuyimfuneko ukunika umzekelo ngokuqukwa kokuthumela ibinzana kusafuneka ukungqina. Yiloo nto ke argument isenokungabi njalo ngokwalo njengoko nje akukho ubungqina bokuba. Enye ukugxekwa luthathwa uluvo iqela ukungathobeli, nto leyo ejoliswe iingxelo yobuxoki kuye. Lemposiso eqhelekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, apho abantu babhala nje share izimvo kunye iintshukumisa angewalo.

Ukongeza, ibinzana uthethe ethile ugcino lingatshintsha endaweni yebinzana, ezifana akanayo bamathidala. Ngenxa yokuba kujoliswe ukuba zihlale phezu into eye ngabomi; ingxelo kubonakala ukuba kusengqiqweni nenengqondo echanekileyo. Ingqiqo ekuthiwa ababhinqileyo kukwabhekiselele ukuphazamiseka zokuqiqa, njengoko ukwakhiwa kubekho udederhu iingcinga akadibananga omnye komnye, kodwa wafumana uviwo ngokudlulisa zo xhulumaniso.

Izizathu of sophistry

Ngenxa yezizathu zengqondo sophistry ziquka ayenengqiqo yabantu, iimvakalelo zakhe kunye neqondo suggestibility. Loo nto ngaphezu kwabantu clever ngokwaneleyo ukuba umdlali yakhe ngxi, kangangokuba wavuma kunye kwindawo olucetywayo bawujonga. Ngokuxhomekeke ngayo ngokwenene umntu lokuwela iimvakalelo zabo, ungaphosani sophistry. Imizekelo iimeko ezinjalo kwenzeka naphi na apho kukho abantu iimvakalelo.

Okukhona ekukholiseni iza kuba ngumntu, kokukhona ithuba lokuba abanye ngeke uphawule impazamo amazwi akhe. Kweli count, abaninzi kwabo basebenzisa iindlela ezinjalo imbambano. Kodwa ukuba ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo yezi zizathu kukuba ukuqonda ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi, njengoko sophistry kunye zango ubuhlakani engaqatshelwayo ngumntu abangaqeqeshelwanga.

izizathu Intellectual and ngokwenene

Uphuhliso umntu okrelekrele uyakwazi ukubeka iliso kuphela intetho yabo, kodwa yonke imibono umthombo, lo gama umzobo ingqalelo yabo wempikiswano kusetyenziswa interlocutor. Umntu onjalo iphawulwa isixa esikhulu ingqalelo, ukukwazi ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo ezingaziwayo kunokuba zilandelayo iiphatheni ezinkqayiweyo, kwakunye isigama esebenzayo enkulu apho iingcamango ichazwa kakhulu kanye.

Nomthamo wolwazi, kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu. ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule yale hlobo ukuphazamiseka njengoko sophistry kwimathematika N umntu ongafundanga kwaye ziya zikhula ngokukhula.

Ezi ziquka kukoyika imiphumo, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba abantu bengenako ngokuzithemba ukuchaza nembono yabo kwaye ukukhokela ingxoxo endilisekileyo. Ukuthetha malunga ubuthathaka emphefumlweni womntu, asimele silibale malunga ndithembe ukufumana naluphi na ulwazi wafumana isiqinisekiso iimbono zakhe ubomi. Kuba lezingluntu zinokuba sophistry izibalo ingxaki.

sizimisele

Ngexesha leengxoxo zemibono yi nempembelelo nje engqondweni nakwiimvakalelo, kodwa free. abantu bazithembe yaye sinamandla kunye nempumelelo enkulu uya kubakhusela umbono wakhe, kwanokuba oko siye saqulunqwa besaphula ekuqiqeni. Ingakumbi strong le ndlela isebenza kwi zoqhaphelo olukhulu kwenza abantu bazi ukuba isiphumo yesihlwele zange isaziso sophistry. Inika isithethi? Ithuba ukubonisa phantse nantoni na. Enye inkalo yokuziphatha, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukuwina kwimbambano ngoncedo sophism iyasebenza. Le ndoda isixando ngakumbi, amathuba angaphezulu simkholise ukuba ityala labo.

Isiphelo - ukusebenza neziphakamiso sophistical ixhomekeke iimpawu zombini abantu ababandakanyekayo kule ncoko. Kulo mzekelo, iimpembelelo zonke ezi zinto zingasentla ubuntu dibanisa phezulu kwaye kuchaphazela isiphumo ingxoxo le ngxaki.

Imizekelo yokuhlukumeza logic

Sophistry, imizekelo apho kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi, eziqulunqwayo ixesha elide, kwaye Kukwaphula ezilula ekuqiqeni isetyenziswa kuphela xa ukuqeqesha ngokwazi ukubaphikisa, njengoko sibonile ukungangqinelani kwezi amabinzana kulula ngokwaneleyo.

Ngoko ke sophistry (imizekelo):

Apheleleyo engenanto - ukuba iziqingatha ezibini iyalingana, kwaye iinxalenye ezimbini yonke nazo efanayo. Ngokuhambelana kunye nale - ukuba isiqingatha-ezingenanto kunye nesiqingatha-ngokupheleleyo enye, ngoko, lingana kungekhonto iyonke.

Omnye umzekelo: "Aniyazi into endifuna ukukucela?" - "No". - "Ke loo isidima - kodwa umntu quality olungileyo?" - "Ndiyazi." - "Kubonakala ukuba awuyazi into uyazi."

Medicine kunceda isigulane, kulungile, kwaye olungileyo ngakumbi ngcono. Oko kukuthi, ungenza uthathe amayeza kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Kakhulu sophism odumileyo ifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Lo inja unabantwana, ngoko ke uyise. Kodwa ukusukela ukuba inja yakho, oko kuthetha ukuba uyihlo. Ukongeza, ukuba ibetheke inja, ukuba uthe uyise ubulewe. Kwaye ke umzalwana njana. "

zango enengqondo

Sophistry kunye zango - amagama ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Indida ibizwa nangokwesigwebo angabonisa ukuba ingxelo zombini bobuxoki yaye ayinyaniso. Le meko ke zohlulwa ngokwendidi 2: Aporia kunye antinomy. Eyokuqala ibandakanya imbonakalo imveliso, yaye kuchasene amava. Umzekelo indida ziqulunqwe Zeno: fleet ukulucanda ingalucandi kubini Achilles ayikwazi lokuzikhumbuza kunye nofudo, njengoko kwinqanaba ngalinye ezilandelayo ziya kuba ukuya kude kulo mgama, ngaphandle sivumele ukuba uhambisane, ngokuba kwisahlulo ubude umendo inkqubo yinto engaphele ndawo.

Antinomy efanayo - le indida, nto leyo ebonisa ubukho izigwebo ezimbini ezingquzulanayo eziyinyaniso ngexesha elifanayo. Ibinzana elithi "Mna andixoki" kunokuba zombini lokwenyaniso nolobuxoki, kodwa ukuba yinyaniso, umntu nokuphimisela uthetha inyaniso kwaye akujongwa ulixoki, nangona eli binzana ithetha okwahlukileyo. Kukho indida umdla Sophisms logic, ezinye zazo ziza kuchazwa ngezantsi.

indida acwangciswe "Izikhumba"

E Egypt, ingwenya ngabahlali hlasi loo mntwana, kodwa, ngokuthatha uzibabalayo umfazi emva kokuba isicelo sakhe wabeka phambili iimeko: ukuba uqikelela ngokuchanekileyo, uya kubuya ukuba umntwana wakhe okanye akunjalo, oko kukuthi, ngokufanelekileyo, ukunika okanye hayi, ukuba ayinike. Emva la mazwi, unina bemangalisiwe, wathi ukuba umntwana yena akazange anikezele.

Le ingwenya waphendula umntwana nina ungafumani, ngokuba xa ndithetha inyaniso, andikwazi kuninika umntwana, ngokungathi ukunika, akayi kuphinda amazwi akho makabe yinyaniso. Kwaye ukuba asiyonyani - andinako ukubuyela umntwana ngesivumelwano.

Emva koko, unina umngeni amazwi akhe, esithi kunjalo ke eyenze ukuba anike umntwana kuye. Amagama ezisekelwe ukucamanga ulandelayo: Ukuba impendulo liyinyaniso, ngoko ke ingwenya ikhontrakthi kuthatyathwa umva, kwaye ngenye indlela, oku kwakhona linyanzelekile ukuba bathumele abantwana babo, ngenxa yokuba ukusilela kuthetha ukuba amagama unina oyinyaniso, yaye oku kwakhona linyanzelekile ukuba abuyele umntwana.

indida acwangciswe "Missionary"

Ekubeni yafika enzela, wevangeli waqonda ukuba uza ingadliwa, kodwa wakwazi ukukhetha - uya ukupheka okanye uyose. Lo mthunywa wevangeli ukuba ikhuphe ingxelo, kwaye ukuba lisuke ukuba yinyaniso, ngoko ke agece indlela yokuqala, kwaye ubuxoki iya kukhokelela indlela yesibini. Esithi ibinzana elithi, "wena uqhotse kum," mthunywa wevangeli ngaloo dooms enzela kwi imeko unsolvable apho akakwazi ukugweba ukuba leliphi indlela ukupheka ngayo. Yosiwe ngayo enzela ayikwazi - apho ke kulungileyo kwaye kufuneka ukuba ukupheka bevangeli. Kwaye ukuba kuphosakele - ngoko uqhotse, kodwa azisebenzi, kuba ngoko amazwi ayinyaniso.

Ukutyeshelwa ekuqiqeni kwimathematika

Ngokuqhelekileyo sophistry lwemathematika ukubonisa amanani ukulingana olungalinganiyo okanye amabinzana arithmetic. Enye iimodeli elula - ezintlanu iyunithi uthelekiso. Xa ukhupha 3 ukususela kwi-5, iba 2. Xa sithabatha u-3 ukususela kwi-1 -2 ifunyenwe. Kunye nokwakhiwa amanani amabini afunyenwe kwi square sifumana isiphumo esifanayo. Ngoko ke, imithombo ephambili yale misebenzi na, 5 = 1.

Wazalwa zezibalo iingxaki-sophistry isikakhulu ngenxa kwaguquka amanani ekrwada (umzekelo - squaring). Isiphumo kukuba iziphumo zezi tshintsho, ukusuka apho kuphothulwe malunga nokulingana idatha yoqobo.

Iingxaki logic othile

Kutheni le bar lihleli kwimo yokuphumla, xa unezibizo ubunzima onobunzima 1 kg? Enyanisweni, kule meko ke amandla womxhuzulane, akukho echasene nomthetho yokuqala Newton kaThixo? Umsebenzi elandelayo - ngengxabano intambo. Ukuba ukulungisa zinento bhetyebhetye kwelinye icala, esebenzisa amandla F yesibini, ingcinezelo nganye kwindawo yayo uba alingane F. Kodwa ke, ekubeni iquka inani engenasiphelo lamanqaku, ngoko ke amandla isicelo wonke umzimba, uya kuba ilingana ezixabisa ngamabona enkulu. Kodwa ukuba amava, oku ukuba umgaqo. imizekelo sophistry Mathematical kunye neempendulo kwaye kungekho namnye unako ukufumana encwadini amandla yi AG ne DA Nohlaza.

Action kunye asabela. Ukuba wesithathu umthetho Newton isemthethweni, ke ubungeke amandla oko kungazange eziqhotyoshelwe umzimba, uxhathiso uya endaweni kwaye ongayi kushukuma.

isipili Flat umva kwicala lasekunene kwaye ekhohlo yenjongosenzi iboniswe kuyo, ngoko kutheni phezulu nasezantsi andiguquguquki?

Sophisms geometry

Izigqibo, ukuba igama sophisms zejiyometri ukuthethelela nayiphi na kwisigqibo engalunganga enxulumene nokusebenza amanani zejiyometri okanye uhlalutyo.

Omnye wemizekelo yoku umdlalo elide esibondeni yocingo, kunye kabini.

Ubude imidlalo ziya luchazwa ngegama, ubude kwikholam - b. Umahluko phakathi kwezi amaxabiso - c. icace phandle b - a = c, b = a + c. Ukuba amabinzana ngentla ukuze nande, ufumana oku kulandelayo: B2 - ab = ca + C2. Ngelo xesha ezivela macala omabini alenxaki kungenzeka ukutsala icandelo BC. Thina ukufumana ezi zilandelayo: B2 - ab - bc = ca + C2 - BC, okanye b (b - a - c) = - c (b - a - c). Apho b = - c, kodwa c = b - a, ngoko b = a - b, okanye = 2b. Oko kukuthi, umdlalo ngokwenene kabini yonke imihla kwikholam. Impazamo kwi idatha computing ibinzana (b - a - c), nto leyo ilingana zero. iingxaki ezinjalo bakholisa bedidekile Abafundi sophistry-esikolweni okanye abantu kude kwimathematika.

ifilosofi

Sophism ezaqala kwicala yentanda malunga nesiqingatha sesibini BC ngenkulungwane V. e. Abalandeli yalo mbutho bekukho abantu ukuchonga ngokwabo amadoda alumkileyo, njengoko igama elithi "sophist" lithetha "umntu osisilumko." Umntu wokuqala ukuba bazibize, waba Protagoras. Yena ababephila ngexesha lakhe, unamathele Sufi izimvo, wayekholelwa ukuba yonke into ezikhathazayo. Ngokutsho kwiingcamango Sophists, indoda Nomlinganiso izinto zonke, nto leyo ethetha ukuba nayiphi na uluvo kuyinyaniso kwaye akukho mbono ayikwazi ukuba zingathathwa ngokuba lwenzululwazi okanye ezichanekileyo. Oku kwakunjalo iinkolelo zonqulo.

Imizekelo sophistry-bulumko: umfazi - hayi umntu. Sazigqibela ukuba ungumntu, ngoko ingxelo yinyani, ukuba lo mfana. Kodwa njengokuba umfana - akukho nto intombazana, intombazana - hayi umntu. Le sophism idumileyo, nayo leyo iquka isabelo uburharha, imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i abazibulalayo, ekuzibulaleni mbalwa.

indida wenkundla

Indoda egama Evatl sophism wathabatha izifundo kwesilumko odumileyo Protagoras. Iimeko ngolu hlobo: ukuba umfundi emva kokufumana izakhono lokuphumelela imbambano kwetyala, ngoko ikuhlawule uqeqesho, kungenjalo akayi kuba intlawulo. Catch kukuba emva ukufunda umfundi akazange inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yaye, ke ngoko, zange kufuneka ukuba ahlawule. Protagoras isabise ukuba ufake isikhalazo enkundleni, esithi ukuba umfundi uya kuhlawula kuyo nayiphi na imeko, lo mbuzo kuphela ukuba kuya kuba isigwebo senkundla okanye umfundi yimpumelelo yaye uya kunyanzeliswa ukuba ahlawule nemfundo.

Evatl babengavumelani, besithi xa wagwetywa ukuba ahlawule, phantsi kwesivumelwano kunye Protagoras, ukulahlekelwa ityala, yena akanyanzelekanga ukuhlawula, kodwa uloyiso ngokungqinelana okusisiphumo wenkundla, naye akazange abe imali kutitshala.

Sophism "isigwebo"

Imizekelo sophistry-bulumko zincediswe "isigwebo", ecacisa ukuba akukho mntu mnye isigwebo sokufa, kodwa ingxelo ulawulo mnye: uphumezo akuyi kwenzeka kwangoko, kodwa ingadlulanga iveki, ngosuku lokubulawa akasayi kwaziswa kwangethuba. Ukuva oku, yabahlawulisiweyo waqalisa ukuqiqa, uzama uku bana phandle kwenzeka ntoni ngosuku isiganeko ezoyikekayo kuye. Ngokutsho izizathu zakhe, ukuba isohlwayo ngeke kwenzeke de ngeCawa, ngoko ngoMgqibelo uya kwazi ukuba wabulawa ngomso - oko ke mthetho, leyo wathi sele yaphulwe. Kungabandakanywa ngeCawa wasigweba ngendlela efanayo yaye wacinga isabatha, kuba ukuba uyazi ukuba ngeCawa akayi kubulawa, ngoko ke imeko de aluzukwenzeka isigwebo ngoLwesihlanu, ngoMgqibelo nayo ngaphandle. Ndacinga konke oku, waya kwisigqibo ukuba ayikwazi ukuba abulawe, njengoko umgaqo kantu. Kodwa ngoLwesithathu wothuka xa umxhomi weza, waza wenza isenzo embi yakhe.

Umzekeliso kaloliwe

Umzekelo wolu hlobo ukuphazamiseka logic, njengoko sophistry lwezoqoqosho, le thiyori ulwakhiwo kaloliwe ukusuka isixeko esikhulu komnye. Eyona njongo yale ndlela wakhonza ikhefu kwisikhululo encinane phakathi kweendawo ezimbini adibanayo indlela. Lo msantsa, ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho lwembono, kuya kunceda izixeko ezincinane ngokuzisa imali zezithuthi abantu. Kodwa endleleni imizi ezimbini ezinkulu, akukho kwilali enye, oko kukuthi, amakhefu zikaloliwe, ndikhuphe yenzuzo, kufuneka nenala. Oku kuthetha ulwakhiwo kaloliwe, leyo okunene ayisekho.

IMIQOBO

Sophistry, imizekelo apho kuxoxwa Frederikom Bastia wayesaziwa kakuhle kakhulu, ingakumbi ekugxojweni ingqiqo "kunokubangela njengomqobo." indoda lwasekuqaleni beziphantse nto ukuze afumane into, kwafuneka ukuba boyise imiqobo emininzi. Kaloku umzekelo elula ngokoyisa umgama ibonisa ukuba umntu uya kuba nzima kakhulu ngokwazo ukoyisa imiqobo oma endleleni namphi na umhambi elinye. Kodwa kuluntu mihla, isicombululo ukuba boyise imiqobo neengxaki ngayo ngabantu ezizodwa kule sifundo. Ngaphezu koko, le miqobo baye kubo indlela engenayo, okt ukuzityebisa.

umsebenzi ngamnye omtsha wadala imiqobo unika abantu abaninzi, kulandela ukuba imiqobo kufuneka kuluntu wonke umntu bacebisa ngamnye. Ngoko ke i sigqibo into eyiyo? Imiqobo okanye ukuphelisa yayo lulutho eluntwini?

Le ukuphikisana kule mpikiswano

Izizathu anikwe abantu kwiingxoxo, yahlulwe injongo akachanekanga. Eyokuqala ligxile ukusonjululwa imeko yengxaki kwaye sifumane impendulo echanekileyo, kanti injongo yokugqibela ukuba impikiswano nto engaphaya.

Uhlobo lokuqala enokuthethwa kuqwalaselwa ingxoxo olungasebenziyo kwi ubuntu zomntu lowo ligcine imbambano, ukunikela ingqalelo imikhwa bakhe ubuntu, iimpawu abanomkhitha, iinkolelo njalo njalo. Ngale ndlela, uthi okubangelwa abantu abali- interlocutor, ngaloo ndlela babulala kuyo ekuqaleni elifanelekileyo. Kukho kwakhona iingxoxo igunya, namandla, inzuzo, amampunge, ukunyaniseka, futhi ukungawazi ingqondo.

sophism Ngoko - ntoni na? Ukwamkelwa, nto leyo inceda kwimpikiswano, okanye iingxoxo ngamampunge ukuba musa ukunika nayiphi na impendulo, yaye ngenxa yoko akukho ixabiso? Ke ngoko, nokuba ngaphezulu.