Ipeyinti: uhlaziyo lwangaphandle. Ubunono bama-artists aseItaliya woKuvuselela

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Renaissance - ukuguqulelwa kwisiFrentshi kuthetha "ukuvuselela". Eli ligama lexesha elipheleleyo, elifuzisela ukuveliswa kwengqondo kunye nobuciko beenkcubeko zaseYurophu. Ukuvuselela kwavela e-Italy ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu kwaye kwafikelela kwinqanaba le-16 leminyaka, ekumemezelweni kokuphela kwexesha lokuhlaselwa kwenkcubeko kunye ne- stagnation (i- Middle Ages), ngokusekelwe kwi-barbarism nokungazi.

Ngokokuqala ngqa malunga neRaissance, i-historiographer of originary Italian, umdwebi kunye nomlobi wemisebenzi ebomini babaculi abadumileyo, abenzi bemifanekiso kunye nabaqulunqi uGiorgio Vasari ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XVI babhala.

Ekuqaleni igama elithi "Ukuvuselela" lithetha ixesha elithile (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XIV) yokwakhiwa kobutyebi obutsha bobugcisa. Kodwa emva kwexesha le ngcamango yafumana ukutolika ngokubanzi kwaye yaqala ukuchaza ixesha elipheleleyo lophuhliso kunye nokusekwa kwenkcubeko, ukuchasana kwama-feudalism.

Ixesha lokubuyiselwa kwexesha lokuhlaziywa lihambelana ngokukhawuleza kweendlela ezintsha kunye nobuchule bokupenda e-Itali. Kukho umdla kwimifanekiso ye-antique. I-Secularism kunye ne-anthropocentrism ziyimpawu ezizaliswayo ezizalisa imifanekiso yelo xesha kunye nepeyinti. Ubudala bezinto zokubuyisela ukubuyiswa kwe-Renaissance, i-characteristic of time. Inzala ifika kuyo yonke ihlabathi, ubuhle obungenammangaliso bendalo kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, kumntu. Abaculi be-Renaissance baya kumbono womzimba womntu kwinqanaba lezesayensi, zama ukwenza yonke into kwiinkcukacha ezincinci. Imifanekiso ibe yinyani. Ipeyinti igcwele isitayela esiyingqayizivele. Waqulunqa iinqununu ezisisiseko zobumnandi bobugcisa. Umgaqo omtsha wehlabathi ukhangeleka, othiwa "ubuntu", ngokubhekiselele kulowo mntu uthathwa njengexabiso eliphezulu.

Inkcubeko yobugcisa bexesha lokubuyisela

Umoya wokuchuma unobonakaliso obanzi kwimifanekiso yeso sihlandlo kwaye uzaliswe ngophawu olukhethekileyo. Ixesha le-Renaissance lidibanisa inkcubeko kunye nesayensi. Abaculi baqala ukujonga ubugcisa njengesebe lolwazi, ngokufunda ngokugqibeleleyo i-physiology yomntu kunye nehlabathi elijikelezayo. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukubonakalisa ngokuqinisekileyo inyaniso yokudalwa kukaThixo kunye neziganeko ezenzekayo kwiindawo zabo. Ingqwalasela eninzi yahlawulwa ekuboniseni izifundo zonqulo, ezithe zafumana umxholo wasemhlabeni ngokusebenzisa ubugcisa beengcali, ezifana noLeonardo da Vinci.

Kukho amanyathelo amahlanu ekuphuhliseni ubugcisa bokubuyiselwa kwamaTaliyane.

I-International (inkundla) i-gothic

Kusungulwe ekuqaleni kweXIII inkulungwane, inkundla ye-gothic (ducento) ibonakaliswe ngumbala ogqithiseleyo, ukuxhamla kunye nokuzithemba. Uhlobo oluphambili lwepeyinti yincinci ebonisa izibingelelo zesibingelelo. Abaculi basebenzisa imibala ye-tempera, beyakhele umzobo. I-Renaissance isityebi kubantu abadumileyo bexesha, umzekelo, abapapa baseItaly Vittore Carpaccio kunye noSandro Botticelli.

Isikhathi sokukhulelwa (i-Protre-Renaissance)

Isigaba esilandelayo, ekholelwa ukuba sasilindele i-Renaissance, ibizwa ngokuba yiProto-Renaissance (trecento) kwaye iyawa ekupheleni kwe-13-ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14. Ngokuphathelele ekuphuculweni okukhawulezayo kwehlabathi lokubona abantu, umzobo weli xesha lembali libonakalisa ihlabathi langaphakathi lomntu, umphefumlo wakhe, lithetha intsingiselo engqondo engqongqo, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo linesakhiwo esilula nesicacileyo. Izifundo zezenkolo zithinteka kwimvelaphi, kwaye abantu belizwe babe yienkokeli, kwaye umntu onemivakalelo yakhe, ukubonakalisa ubuso kunye nokuzibonakalisa kwakhe kubonakala njengenqonqonqa. Kubonakala ii-portraits zokuqala zobuNtu boBukumkani baseNtaliyane, kuthatha indawo yeempawu. Abaculi abadumiweyo beli xesha baseGiotto, Pietro Lorenzetti.

Ukuhlaziywa kwangaphambili

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIV u-Renaissance yokuqala (i-quattrocento) iqalisa, ukufuzisela imbali yokupenda ngokungabikho kwezifundo zonqulo. Ubuso kwiimpawu zifumana ifom yomntu, kwaye ukuma komhlaba, njengento ebonakalayo kwimifanekiso, ihlala kwindawo ehlukeneyo. Umsunguli wenkcubeko yobugcisa bokuqala kobuNtuliko nguMozáčcho, owakhe isiseko sengqondo. Imifanekiso yakhe yokudweba iphezulu. Abaphathi abaziintloko bahlolisise indlela yokujonga kunye nomoya, i-anatomy kwaye basebenzise ulwazi kwimvelo yabo, apho ungabona khona indawo efanelekileyo yesithathu. Abameli bokuqala koBuvuselelo yiSandro Botticelli, uPiero della Francesca, Pollayolo, Verocchio.

Ukuhlaziywa okuphezulu, okanye "iGolide Age"

Ukususela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 isigaba se-Renaissance high (cinquecento) saqala kwaye sahlala ixesha elifutshane, kwada kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Isiko sawo sasinguVenice neRoma. Abaculi banwebisa iindawo zabo zokuhlala kunye banomdla kwi-cosmos. Umntu ubonakala ngomfanekiso weqhawe, ozinike ngokomoya nangokwenyama. Abadlali beli xesha nguLeonardo da Vinci, uRafael, uTiitian Vecellio, uMichelangelo Buonarrotti nabanye. Umculi omkhulu weNtshukumo yaseNtaliyane, uLeonard da da Vinci, "wayengumntu wendalo" kwaye wayehlala efuna inyaniso. Ejongene nesakhiwo, i-dramaturgy, iimvavanyo ezahlukahlukeneyo zenzululwazi, wakwazi ukufumana ixesha lokupenda. Ukudalwa kwe "Madonna emadwaleni" ngokucacileyo kubonisa isitayela se-chiaroscuro esenziwe ngumdwebi, apho ukudibanisa kokukhanya kunye nesithunzi kufaka igalelo lomthamo, kwaye i-"Gioconda" edumileyo iyenziwa ngokusebenzisa ubuchule be "smuffato".

Kamva, i-Renaissance

Ngethuba lokuhlaziya kwexesha lokugqibela, okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XVI, kwakukho ukuthunjwa nokuphangwa kwesixeko saseRoma ngemikhosi yaseJamani. Esi siganeko samakalisa ukuqala kwexesha lokuphela. Isiko leenkcubeko zaseRoma sele liye lalingabanikeli beempawu ezidumileyo, kwaye baphoqeleka ukuba baye kwezinye iidolophu eYurophu. Ngenxa yokukhula okungafaniyo phakathi kweembono zokholo lobuKristu kunye noluntu ekupheleni kwexesha le-XV leNkcazo yeXesha eliqhelekileyo liba yindlela ekhethekileyo ebonisa ukudweba. I-Renaissance iya kufikelela ekupheleni, njengoko isiseko saloo ndlela sithathwa njengendlela enhle, ehamba phambili ngombono woxolo, inyaniso kunye namandla onke engqondweni. Ubunono buba bunzima kwaye buzuza iimpawu zokulwa neendlela ezahlukeneyo. Imisebenzi enobungcali yilezo ziingcali ezidumileyo njengePaolo Veronese, iTinoretto, uJacopo Pontormo (Carrucci).

I-Italy yaba yikhungo lezentlalo kunye nokubonisa ihlabathi ngeengcali eziqilileyo zeli xesha, ezizobe zizobangela ukuba uvuyo lwalo lube lulolu suku.

Ukongeza kwi-Itali, ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa kunye nokupenda kwakukho indawo ebalulekileyo kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Le yangoku ibizwa ngokuba yiNtshonalanga yokuPhuphuma. Ngokukodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula umzobo waseFransi woKuvuselela, owakhula emhlabeni. Ukuphela kweMfazwe Yeminyaka Emakhulu kubangele ukukhula kolwazi lokuzimela kunye nokuphuhliswa kwabantu. Kubugcisa beFransi, kukho ukungqinelana, uxhumano nolwazi lwezesayensi, ukutyekela kwimifanekiso yamandulo. Zonke ezi zinto ziyamsondeza kwiItaliyane, kodwa ubukho benkcazo emangeleyo kwimimandla yinto ephawulekayo. Abaculi abaziwayo be-Renaissance eFransi-Angerran Sharonton, uNicola Froman, uJean Fouquet, uJean Clouet uMdala.