Intsingiselo-luvo. Umsebenzi we-nervous system

ilungu ngalinye okanye inkqubo emzimbeni kudlala indima. Ngelo xesha ke bonke zihlobene. Meaning luvo zibalulekile. Lunoxanduva ukuba unxulumano phakathi onke amaqumrhu kunye neenkqubo, kunye nokusebenza nenyama xa iyonke. Xa isikolo phambi uqale iyazazi ingqiqo multi-amaninzi afana, njengoko luvo. IBanga 4 - kusekho abantwana abancinane ngubani na ngokunzulu ukuqonda iingqiqo ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo zenzululwazi.

units zezakhiwo

I-unit main noshowo kwaye zisebenza-luvo (NS) - iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Ukuba iiseli ezintsonkothileyo abawonwabeleyo secreting iinkqubo baqiqe jitters, oko luyasetyenzwa idluliselwe ezinye iiseli. Luvo kwakhona ukuba bajolise iiseli okanye modulating iziphumo inhibitory. Bona ziyingxenye bio kunye nomzimba hemoregulyatsii. Ukusuka kwindawo esebenzayo imboniselo, luvo ungomnye iziseko lombutho e-nervous system. Xa zizonke namanye amanqanaba eziliqela (eziphilayo, sub-cellular zobuchopho, nadkletochny).

Luvo luqulathe omzimba (Soma), nengalo elide (Umzobo wesi) kunye neenkqubo ezincinane eyayizalwa (luvo). Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo e-nervous system, bona babe imilo eyahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu. Xa abanye babo ukuze zifike ubude yemithambo-1.5 m. Isuka ukusuka neuron enye ukuya 1000 luvo. Ngokutsho kwakhe uchulumanco esusela receptors emzimbeni iseli. Apha Umzobo wesi amaza zisulelane kwiiseli effector okanye ezinye iiseli zemithambo-luvo.

Ngesayensi, kukho ingqikelelo "synapse". Le axons zemithambo-luvo, eya kwamanye iiseli baqalisa eyayizalwa kwaye zenze ukuvalwa ezininzi kubo. Le ndawo kuthiwa leesynapse. Axons ayenze nje kuphela kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo. Leesynapse abasendleleni imicu kwezihlunu. Ezi amalungu e-nervous system abakhoyo nkqu iiseli kwamadlala yonyango kunye emithanjeni negazi. luvo zigqunywe amaqokobhe iinkqubo glial zemithambo-luvo. Besenza umsebenzi ukuqhutywa.

kwalapho

Le zemfundo ezizodwa, sise kwincam iinkqubo ze luvo. Zinika ukudluliselwa kolwazi ngohlobo ukubetha kwentliziyo. Le kwalapho bazibandakanye ekubunjweni lesiphelo yokusasaza kunye manzi nezixhobo wentlangano ezahlukeneyo noshowo. Ngu ukusebenza ayinabantu:

• leesynapse adlulisela zizimvo luvo phakathi kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo;

• ezenza (ukuvalwa afferent), kukhokela ulwazi ndawo factor bume lwangaphakathi okanye lwangaphandle;

• effectors sikhupha ukubetha kwiiseli zemithambo kwezinye iithishu.

Luvo

I-luvo (NS) - esidibeneyo iseti kwezakhiwo eziliqela nanoqhagamshelwano. Ukhuthaza ummiselo eququzelelweyo onke amalungu kwaye inike impendulo iimeko zitshintsha. Inkqubo yabantu luvo, nto leyo limelwe ifoto kwinqaku amaqhina kunye umsebenzi iimoto, ubuntununtunu kunye ukusebenza nezinye iinkqubo zolawulo (omzimba, ezidalwe). umsebenzi NA lu dityanisiwe:

• Ukungena zomzimba kuwo onke amalungu nezihlunu;

• ukusekwa kunye nokubekwa kwindawo ephezulu ubudlelwane phakathi umzimba kunye bume engqonge (kokusingqongileyo nentlalo);

• Ulungelelwaniso zonke iinkqubo metabolic;

• Inkqubo karhulumente.

isakhiwo

Anatomy of the nervous system sinzima kakhulu. It is a lot of izakhiwo, ezahlukeneyo kubume kunye nenjongo. Inkqubo luvo, ifoto zona zingqina ukuba umthondo lwayo onke amalungu kunye nezihlunu umzimba, kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu nanjengoko ezenzeka lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle receiver. Ukulungiselela le njongo zezi izakhiwo sensory ezizodwa abo babizwa ngokuba analyzers. Ezi zibandakanya izixhobo zemithambo ezizodwa bayakwazi ukuqonda inkcazelo ongenayo. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• proprioceptors yokuqokelela ulwazi malunga nemeko zezihlunu, ifascia, amalunga, amathambo;

• exteroreceptors, ibekwe eluswini, inwebu yangaphakathi, indlela nabakwaziyo ukuqonda ingafumaneka etyabulayo okusingqongileyo zangaphandle;

• interoreceptors akhiwe izibilini ancedisana noxanduva lokwenza utshintsho nemvelo.

Eyona Ukubaluleka luvo

NA njengoko umsebenzi ngokusondeleyo enxulumene kunye nehlabathi kunye nokusebenza eziphilayo. Nalo kukho imbono iinkcukacha nohlalutyo. Ngenxa kule ubhaqo kwenzeka nokushukunyiswa kunye nezibilini evela Imiqondiso ngaphandle. I-luvo unoxanduva impendulo umzimba ukuba yonke ingcaciso ayifumene. Kungenxa intsebenziswano yayo nezimo yabantu inikeza iindlela ummiselo humoral kwihlabathi.

Ixabiso e-nervous system kukubonelela nolungelelwaniso amalungu omzimba kunye nokugcina homeostasis yayo (lizama zikarhulumente). Ngenxa ukusebenza kwawo kwenzeka ephilayo lithathelwe naluphi na utshintsho ekuthiwa ukuziphatha olwenziwayo (zikarhulumente).

Imisebenzi engundoqo weNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe

luvo baninzi kakhulu. Ezona ziphambili zezi zilandelayo:

• ulawulo izicwili ebalulekileyo, amalungu kunye neenkqubo kwimo yesiqhelo;

• Uhlanganiso (uhlanganiso) lomzimba;

• ukugcinwa ubuhlobo babantu kunye nokusingqongileyo;

• ulawulo lwemo amalungu ngamnye kunye nenyama xa iyonke;

• ukubonelela nokugcina ithoni lokuvula (chaza yokusebenza);

• definition zezinto ezenziwa ngabantu kunye impilo yabo yengqondo, nto leyo isisiseko wobomi ekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo yabantu luvo, leyo photo uchazwe apha ngasentla inika iinkqubo yokucinga:

• imbono, ukufunda nokuhoywa ulwazi;

• analysis and yokuqaphela;

• ekumisweni ezixhasayo;

• Uthelekiso amava ezikhoyo;

• ukumiselwa kweenjongo kunye nezicwangciso;

• Isenzo ukulungiswa (ukulungisa iphutha);

• nokuvavanywa komsebenzi;

• ukwakha izigwebo, iziphumo kunye nezigqibo aqhelekileyo (abstract) magama.

Inkqubo luvo ukongeza umqondiso yaye uthwala umsebenzi ngakumbi trophic. Ngenxa eziphilayo eyabelwe eziphilayo izinto esebenzayo zibonelela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo innervated amalungu. Abasemagunyeni, abo, ndayihluthwa recharge enjalo, ekugqibeleni yoma baze bafe. luvo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abantu. Xa ukulungisa i iimeko ezikhoyo yokusingqongileyo kunye nabo kuza umzimba ukuqhelana iimeko ezintsha.

Iinkqubo esivulekayo NA

Inkqubo luvo womntu, le nkqubo ilula kwaye tye, unoxanduva intsebenziswano yento ephilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba uwugcinayo iinkqubo ezifana:

• transduction, inguqu emele jitters emphinjeni;

• Inguqu, olwenzeka ngexesha loguqulelo lwe excitation engenayo kunye nezinye iimpawu amdaka avela kwezinye iipropati;

• Ukusasazwa excitation kunye imiyalelo ezahlukeneyo;

• Ukwenza umzekelo, leyo yindlela yokwakha aphazamiseke, ngokubuyisela umthombo wayo kunene;

• kwezwi, nto leyo etshintsha nenkqubo luvo, okanye imisebenzi yayo.

Intsingiselo-luvo yabantu liquka yentsebenziswano lomzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko kukho iimpendulo ezahlukileyo naluphi na uhlobo nokushukunyiswa. Eyona engundoqo Iintlobo awunandaba:

• nqgo (kusebenze), kukuba ukuphucula umsebenzi lwesakhiwo-luvo (simo evelele);

• inhibition, ingcinezelo (inhibition) owakhiwa ekunciphiseni umsebenzi izakhiwo luvo;

• uqhagamshelo okwethutyana luvo, nto leyo uphuhliso iindlela transmission entsha excitation;

• utshintsho iplastiki, nto leyo emele zegazi (ukuphuculwa transfer of excitation) kunye habituation (rate kubola);

• ukusebenza komzimba, ngokubonelela indlela reflex komzimba womntu.

iinjongo NA

Eyona engundoqo imisebenzi e-nervous system:

• Reception - utshintsho capture kwindawo lwangaphakathi okanye lwangaphandle. Oku kwenziwa woluvo iinkqubo receptor kwaye imele imbono mechanical, thermal, imichiza, umoya kunye nezinye iindidi nokushukunyiswa.

• Transduction - ukuguqula (encoding) uphawu efikayo jitters, nto leyo loqukuqelo la kunye iimpawu usi azalwa.

• ukuphunyezwa, owakhiwa ekunikezelweni excitation of iindlela kuhlangana izabelo eziyimfuneko kunye NA ukuya effectors (imizimba olawulo).

• Ukunakana isandi - nokudalwa imodeli nqgo umbefu (uphuhliso yomfanekiso oluvo). Le nkqubo yenza umfanekiso ayinyani yehlabathi.

• Inguqu - inguqu excitation kwebala kwi effector. injongo yawo kukuvumela ukusebenzisa impendulo komzimba ukuya utshintsho lwemo engqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko kukho usulelo downlink of excitation ukusuka phezulu ukuya kwiindawo elele ngaphantsi ye-CNS okanye PNS (amalungu esebenza, emzimbeni).

• Ukuvavanywa iziphumo umsebenzi weNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe kunye ngoncedo ingxelo kunye afferent (sensory transmission ulwazi).

Ubume eNdibano yesiZwe

Inkqubo yabantu luvo, ukujikeleza oboniswe ngentla, yahlulahlulwe ngokokwakheka onemfundo. umsebenzi NA lungenakuqondeka ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle ukuhlolisisa iimpawu eziphambili iintlobo yayo. Kuphela ngokufunda umsebenzi wabo, ukuntsonkotha yonke indlela zinokuphunyezwa. I-luvo yahlulwe:

• central (CNS), nto leyo uwugcinayo indlela kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuntsonkotha, ebizwa ingqondo. Uyakuva ukuba ezintweni efunyenwe ezisingqongileyo amalungu. Oku kuquka ingqondo kunye umnqonqo.

• neuropathy (PNS) yokungena inkqubo luvo namalungu omzimba. luvo zayo kude ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. It okungakhuselelwanga amathambo, ngoko sinotyekelo umonakalo. Kuphela ngenxa eqhelekileyo yokusebenza PNS kunokwenzeka kudityaniswe iintshukumo womntu. Le nkqubo inoxanduva impendulo komzimba kwiimeko uxinezeleko kunye nengozi. Ngenxa yakhe, kwiimeko ezinjalo, lo ukubetha kwentliziyo ubadlisa ubomi kwaye kuphakamisa izinga adrenaline. Izifo e-nervous system peripheral echaphazela umsebenzi central system luvo.

PNS ubunjwe iinyanda luvo. Baya kude ngaphaya ingqondo kunye umnqonqo waza wathumela kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo. Ewe kuthiwa luvo. To PNS na ganglia (nodes). Bona Izihloko iiseli zemithambo-luvo.

Izifo kwenkqubo peripheral nervous zahlulwa kwi migaqo: ngobume bendawo-yokwakheka, etiological, Pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Ezi ziquka:

• radiculitis;

• plexites;

• funikulity;

• mono-, poly- kunye multinevrity.

Xa umyalezo, ukuba yahlulwe ezosulelayo (ngeentsholongwane, wentsholongwane egazini), ityhefu, negazi, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic, kubuhlungu, ilifa, idiopathic kompressiyno-kobuchopho, vertebral. Izifo PNS ukuze zamabanga aphantsi (iqhenqa, Leptospirosis, negcushuwa) kunye aphakamileyo (emva zizifo ebuntwaneni, mononucleosis, kunye periarteritis nodosa). Ngokuka Pathomorphology Pathogenesis kwaye yahlulwe neuropathy (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), kunye neuralgia.

Iimpawu-nervous system

umsebenzi reflex luqinisekiswa kakhulu iimpawu kumaziko-luvo, zona isethi izakhiwo CNS. umsebenzi wabo olulungelelanisiweyo kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo emzimbeni okanye izenzo reflex. Amaziko Nerve babe iipropati eziliqela ezifanayo kuchaziwe isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi kwingxelo zobuchopho (contact phakathi luvo kunye nezinye emzimbeni):

• sidedness inkqubo excitation. Oku zikhutshwe kwi arc reflex kwicala elinye.

• zokukhanya of excitation kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba kukho ukwanda kakhulu ngamandla kwenkqubo ukwanda intsimi isivuseleli ababandakanyekayo luvo kwenzeka.

• Summation excitation. Le nkqubo lula bubukho isigidi abafowunelwa zobuchopho.

• ukudinwa High. Imihla iyoluka nqgo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwenzeka buthathaka reflex reaction.

• ukulibaziseka zobuchopho. nokungakwazi reflex uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwisantya kunye nexesha excitation andise phesheya synapse. Xa abantu, omnye lolibaziseko malunga 1 ms.

• ithoni, nto leyo emele ubukho umsebenzi yangasemva.

• Plasticity, ngumsebenzi guqula kakhulu umfanekiso jikelele ngayo reflex.

• Ukuhlangabezana lwemiqondiso-luvo, nto leyo ebonisa iinkcukacha Indlela umendo afferent komzimba (umlambo rhoqo neemvakalelo-luvo).

• Ukuhlanganisa nemisebenzi iiseli kumaziko luvo.

• Ipropati luvo lubalaseleyo kwegumbi, luphawulwa excitability okwandileyo, ukukwazi ukuba excitation kunye summation.

• cephalization luvo, kuba kukulibala, umzimba nokunxibelelanisa imisebenzi kwiindawo ezinkulu CNS kunye ingqalelo kumsebenzi wabo ummiselo.