Inkcazo yeCawa yaseSt. Sophia eConstantinople. Imbali yendalo yobugcisa yaseByzantine

Isakhiwo esakhiwayo esakhiwa kakhulu kwiibhanki zaseBosphorus minyaka yonke sidonsa abaninzi abavakhenkethi nabahambahambayo bevela kumazwe amaninzi nakumazwekazi ahlukeneyo. Ziyabakhuthazwa ngokuqaphela ukuba inkcazo elula yeNdlu kaSanta Sophia eConstantinople evela kwincwadi yesiganeko yesikolo ayiniki umfanekiso opheleleyo wesigxina esivelele senkcubeko yehlabathi la mandulo. Kufuneka kubonwe ngamehlo akho ubuncinane kanye kanye ebomini bakho.

Ukususela kwimbali yehlabathi la mandulo

Ngona inkcazo ecacileyo yeNdlu kaSaint Sophia eConstantinople ayiyi kubonelela ukuzaliseka kwengcamango yolu hlobo lwezakhiwo. Ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa ngokuqhubekayo kweloluhlu lweziganeko zembali ezenzeka kuyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba uya kuqonda ukubaluleka kweli ndawo. Ngaphambi kokuba abonakale phambi kwamehlo ethu kwiindawo apho abakhenkethi banamhlanje bangambona khona, amanzi amaninzi aphume.

Le nkundla yamandulo yayakhiwa njengesimboli esona sikhulu somoya saseByzantium, amandla amatsha angamaKristu avela kwiindawo zokubhubha zaseRoma mandulo kwikhulu lesine leminyaka yethu. Kodwa imbali yendlu kaHagia Sophia eConstantinople yaqala nangaphambi kokuba kupheliswe uMbuso waseRoma kumacandelo asentshona nakuma empuma. Loo mzi, ophantsi komda obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kweYurophu neAsia, wawufuna uphawu oluqaqambileyo lobukhulu bokomoya noluntu. U Mlawuli uConstantine Omkhulu wayeyiqonda oku kungabikho mntu. Kwaye kuphela emandleni kaMongameli kwakuza kuqalwa ukulungiswa kwesi sakhiwo esikhulu, esasingenalo imizekelo kwihlabathi lasendulo. Umhla wesiseko setempile unxulumana ngonaphakade kunye negama lokulawula kwalo mlawuli. Nangona abalobi bee-kedareli bebanye abantu ababephila kancinci kamva, ngexesha lolawulo luka-Emperor Justinian. Ukusuka kwimithombo yamandulo, siyazi amagama amabini alaba bakhulu abakhi bexesha labo. Lawa angumGrike owakhiwa u-Anthimius Trallsky no-Isidore waseMiletus. Ngubo abakho ubunobunjineli bobunjineli kunye nokwakhiwa, kunye nenxalenye yezandla zeprojekthi eyodwa yokwakha.

Indlela eyakhiwa ngayo itempile

Inkcazo yeNdlu yeSt. Sophia eConstantinople, ukufundwa kweempawu zayo zokwakha kunye nezigaba zokwakha kukhokelela ekugqibeleni ukuba isicwangciso sokuqala sokwakhiwa kwayo sitshintshe kakhulu phantsi kwefuthe leemeko ezahlukeneyo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Kwakungazange kubekho inqanaba lezakhiwo kwiBukhosi baseRoma ngaphambili.

Imithombo yomlando ithi usuku lokusekwa kwetempile liyiminyaka engama-324 ukusuka ekuzalweni kukaKristu. Kodwa into esiyibonayo namhlanje yaqala ukumiselwa malunga neenkulungwane ezimbini emva kolu suku. Ukususela ekwakhiweni kwekhulu lesine, eyasungulwa nguConstantine I-Great, okwangoku kuphela iziseko kunye neziqwenga zomntu ngamnye ezigcinwe. Yintoni eyayimi endaweni yeKathhedral yamandulo kaHagia Sophia, yayibizwa ngokuba yiBaselica yaseConstantine kunye ne-Basilica yeTheodosius. Ngaphambi kokuba umbusi uJustinian ephakathi kwekhulu lesithandathu, umsebenzi wawunokumisela into entsha kwaye ingakaze ibe khona. Inyaniso emangalisayo kukuba i-grandiose yokwakhiwa kwetempile yaphela iminyaka emihlanu kuphela, ukususela kuma-532 ukuya kuma-537 iminyaka. Ngelo xesha, abasebenzi abangaphezu kwewaka lamawaka, bahlanganiselwe kuzo zonke iindawo zombuso, basebenze kwisiza sokwakha. Ngaselunxwemeni lweBosphorus, ngenxa yale njongo, iibakala eziphezulu zeemarble ezivela eGrisi zanikezelwa ngobuninzi obufunekayo. Iimali zokwakhiwa kukaMlawuli uAustinian akazange azizisole, kuba kwakungekho nje uphawu lweburhulumenteni bobukhosi baseMpuma yeRoma, kodwa kunye neNdlu yozuko lweNkosi. Kwafuneka avelise ukukhanya kwemfundiso yobuKristu kwihlabathi lonke.

Kwimithombo yembali

Inkcazo yeNdlu kaSanta Sophia eConstantinople inokufumaneka kwiingxelo zokuqala zembali zenkundla yaseByzantine. Kuvela kubo kubonakala ukuba abantu bexesha babenza ingcamango engabonakaliyo yobukhulu kunye nobukhulu beli qumrhu.

Abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukwakha inkundla enjalo ngaphandle kokungenelela ngqo kwamandla kaThixo. Iqonga eliphambili lethempeleni enkulu yamaKristu yehlabathi la mandulo lalivela kude libonakala kubo bonke abahamba ngomkhumbi oLwandle lwaseMarmara, besondela kwi-Strait yaseBosphorus. Yasebenza njengobuncwane, kwaye le nto yayiyinkolelo engokomoya kunye nomqondiso. Kwaye kwasekuqaleni kwadalwa: amatempile aseByzantine ayekucima ngokukhulula kwawo konke okwakhiwe phambi kwabo.

Ngaphakathi kweCathhedral

Ukwakhiwa ngokubanzi kwendawo yetempile kuyaxhomekeke kwimithetho yokulinganisa. Lo mgaqo wawubaluleke kakhulu nakwiindawo zakhiwo zethempeli lasendulo. Kodwa ngokwemigangatho yayo kunye nezinga langaphakathi, iThempeli likaSophia eConstantinople lidlula yonke into eyakhiwa phambi kwayo. Lo msebenzi wawubekwa phambi kwabakhi kunye nabakhi be-Emperor Justinian. Ukuthanda kwakhe kwimizi emininzi yoBukhosi ukugqiba itempile kwakhululwe iikholomu ezenziwe ngokulungelelaniswa kunye nezinye izinto ezakhiweyo, ezithathwe kwizakhiwo zasendulo zangaphambili. Inkathazo ekhethekileyo yayimelwe ngugqityiwe. Iqonga elikhulu le-grandiose lixhaswe yi-colonnade eneentsimbi ezine-window ezivulekileyo ezinika ukukhanya okuphezulu kwendawo yonke yetempileni. Ngoxanduva olukhethekileyo inxalenye yesibingelelo yecawa yesikhungo yayisungulwa, ixabiso legolide, isilivere kunye neendlovu zazisetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa. Ngokwababhali be-historian baseByzantine kunye noqikelelo lweengcali zanamhlanje, uMbusi Justinian wasebenzisa iibhajethi eziliqela zonyaka welizwe lakhe ngaphakathi kwintendelezo. Kwiminqweno yakhe, wayefuna ukugqitha iTestamente Endala uSolomon uSolomon, owakha indlu eYerusalem. La mazwi ka-emperor ayigxininiswe ngabagcini beembali. Kwaye kukho izizathu zokukholelwa ukuba uMlawuli waseJustinian wakwazi ukuqonda injongo yakhe.

Isitayela saseByzantine

USteve Sophia Cathedral, esithombeni sakhe esilungisa iimveliso zentengiso yee-arhente ezininzi zokuhamba, yindlela yokwenza umzekelo weklasi yaseByzantine yombuso. Le ndlela iyabonakala ngokulula. Ubukhulu bayo obukhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo buyela kwiindawo ezingcono kakhulu zaseRoma namaRoma asekuqaleni, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukudibanisa lo msebenzi.

Iitempile zaseByzantium zifumaneka lula kumgama omkhulu kwiByzantium yembali. Le ndlela yokwakha izakhiwo zetempile kwaye namhlanje ziyi-stylistics ezakhiweyo zendawo yonkqantosi apho i-Orthodox isebe lehlabathi lobuKristu lilawulwa ngokomlando. Kuba ezi zakhiwo zibonakaliswe ngokugqitywa kwamandla amakhulu phezu kwendawo ephakathi yesakhiwo kunye neeplanga eziphantsi kwazo. Iimpawu zokwakha zolu hlobo ziye zaphuhliswa kangangamakhulu eminyaka kwaye ziye zaba yingxenye ebalulekileyo yezakhiwo zethempeli zaseRussia. Namhlanje, akuyena wonke umntu onokuqiqa ukuba umthombo wayo usemantla eBroporus Strait.

Imifanekiso ekhethekileyo

Iimpawu kunye neengcamango zombala ezivela kwiindonga zikaHagia Sophia ziye zaba yizinto eziqhelekileyo ezibonakalayo zobugcisa obuhle. Kwizakhiwo zabo zokwakha, ama-Roman kunye namaGrike angumfanekiso wepeyinti enkulu kakhulu abonakalayo.

IFrescos yeSt. Sophia's Cathedral yenziwa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Izizukulwana ezininzi zezifundo kunye nezikolo ezininzi zokupenda ze-icon zisebenza kuzo. Ubugcisa bobugcisa bubunokuba nobugcisa obuyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kunesimboli esinobugcisa besitrasi esiluhlaza. Zonke izakhi zeempawu zokudubulisa ngomzimba zenziwe ngamakhosi ngokuya komthetho owodwa owaziwayo, apho abangazange bavunyelwe khona. Kwakunzima kwaye kubiza kakhulu, kodwa abalawuli bamaByzantine abazange bawukhusele iindlela zokungaphakathi kweNdlu yeSaint Sophia. Ukukhawuleza amakhosi kwakungabikho ndawo, kuba oko bakudala, kwakufuneka baphile iminyaka emininzi. Ukuphakama kweendonga kunye neendawo zokuphahla kwetempile kwakha ubunzima obukhethekileyo ekudaleni imifanekiso yomdabu. Umbukeli waphoqeleka ukuba abone inani labangcwele kwiindawo ezinzima zokunciphisa. Abalingisi bezithonjana zaseByzantine babenokuqala kwimbali yehlabathi lobugcisa obuhle, ababefanele baqwalasele le nto. Ngaphambi kokuba bangenalo liva. Kwaye bajamelana nomsebenzi omiselweyo ngesithunzi, kungangqinelwa namhlanje ngamawaka amaninzi abavakhenkethi nabahambahambayo, abavakashela iSt. Sophia Cathedral e-Istanbul rhoqo ngonyaka.

Kwixesha elide lolawulo lwama-Ottoman umbuso we-Byzantine kwiindonga zetempile zahlanganiswa ngoluhlu lwentsimbi. Kodwa emva komsebenzi wokubuyisela owenziwe kwi-thirties yekhulu le-20, zafakwa kwifom yangaphambili. Kwaye namhlanje, iindwendwe ezithempelini zikaHagia Sophia ziyakwazi ukugubungela i-Byzantine imifanekiso ngemifanekiso kaKristu kunye neNtombikazi kaMariya elalikhutshwe nge-calragraphically caption suras e-Koran.

Ababuyiselwayo bahlonipha nelifa lemveli yamaSilamli kwimbali yecawa. Kwakhona kunomdla ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezinye i-Orthodox ezingcwele kwiifresksi zetekisi zanikwa umfanekiso ofana nezikumkani ezilawulayo kunye nabanye abantu abaneempembelelo. Kwiminyaka elandelayo ilandelayo, lo mkhuba uza kuqheleka ekwakhiweni kwamathredrals ekedralra kwiidolophu ezinkulu kwiYurophu ephakathi.

Izixhobo zeCathedral

USt. Sophia Cathedral, ogama lakhe lisuswa kwiibhanki zaseBosphorus ngabavakhenkethi, i-silhouette yayo ayifumananga ubuncinane kwi-grandiose dome. Idome ngokwayo inokuphakama okuncinane kunye nobubanzi obumangalisayo. Le nxalenye yemilinganiselo kwixesha elizayo iza kufaka i-canon yendlela yokwakha yaseByzantine. Ukuphakama kwayo ukusuka kwisiseko sesiseko ngama-51 emitha. Kugqithiswe ngobukhulu kuphela kwi-Renaissance, xa iSt. Peter Cathedral eyaziwayo yayakhiwa eRoma.

Iimbumba ezimbini ezilawulwayo, ezisuka entshona nakwimpuma yesigxina esiphezulu, zinikezela ngokucacileyo kwiCathhedral yaseSt. Sophia Cathedral. Ngeenkcazo zabo kunye nezinto ezakhiweyo, ziphinda ziphinde zidale ukwakheka okufanayo kwidonga lenkundla. Zonke ezi zinto zakhiwa yiByzantium yakudala zazisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwizakhiwo zethempeli, kunye nokwakhiwa kwamathredrals kwizixeko zaseYurophu eziphakathi, kwaye ke kwihlabathi lonke. Ebukumkani baseRussia, idonga laseByzantine leCathhedral yaseSt. Sophia lalibonakala ngokucacileyo ngokubonakala kobugcisa beNavy Cathedral yaseSt. Nicholas eKronstadt. Njengetempile eyaziwayo emanxwemeni eStransfrada, kwakufanele ukuba ibonakale ukusuka olwandle ukuya kubo bonke abaloli basondela kwinkulu, ngaloo ndlela ibonisa ubukhulu bolawulo.

Ukuphela kweByzantium

Njengoko uyazi, naluphi na ubukhosi bufikelele kwinani lalo, kwaye ke luya kutshatyalaliswa ekuhlahleni nasekunciphiseni. Awuyidlulanga le ngxaki kunye neByzantium. Ubukhosi baseMpuma baseRoma bawa phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu phantsi kobunzima bokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kunye noxinzelelo olukhulayo lweentshaba zangaphandle. Inkonzo yokugqibela yamaKristu endlwini kaHagia Sophia eConstantinople yenzeke ngoMeyi 29, 1453. Lo mhla ube ngowokugqibela kwenkunzi yeByzantium ngokwayo. Ubukumkani obakho malunga neminyaka eyinkulungwane kwahlulwa kulolu suku ngaphantsi kokuhlaselwa kwamaTurkey ase-Ottoman. IConstantinople nayo yaphela. Ngoku ke umzi wase-Istanbul, kangangokuba iinkulungwane eziliqela kwakuyinkunzi enkulu yolawulo lwase-Ottoman. Abanqobi beli sixeko baqalisa ukungena ethempelini ngexesha lokukhonza uThixo, babetyala ngokugqithiseleyo abo babekho, kwaye ngokugqithiseleyo bahlutha ubutyebi be-cathedral. Kodwa isakhiwo seTurkey sase-Ottoman sasingayi kubhujiswa - ibandla lamaKristu lalijoliswe ukuba libe yi-mosque. Kwaye le nto ayinakuyenza kodwa ithintela ukubonakala kwangaphandle kwetrathrasi yaseByzantine.

Idome kunye neendwangu

Ngexesha le-Ottoman, ukubonakala kwangaphandle kweNdlu yaseSt. Sophia kwatshintsha kakhulu. Isixeko sase-Istanbul kwakufuneka sibe nekhenkethi yamathedare ehambelana nenkokheli enkulu . Ukwakhiwa kwetempile yale njongo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu kwakungekho nto efanelekileyo. Ama-Moleben e-mosque kufuneka enze kwinqanaba laseMecca, ngelixa itempile ye-Orthodox isalathisa isibingelelo sempuma. AmaTurkey ase-Ottoman aphinda avuselela itempile ababeyifumene nayo-akha izindlu ezinqabileyo kwizakhiwo zembali-mlando ukuqinisa iindonga zokubamba kunye nokwakha ii-minare ezinkulu ezinkulu ngokuhambelana nemimandla ye-Islam. ISt. Sophia Cathedral e-Istanbul yaziwa ngokuba yiMisque-Ayafia. Kwintshona-mpuma ye-intla yangaphakathi, i-mihrab yakhiwe, ngoko ke amaSulumane athandaza ayenokuthi abekwe kwi-angle ukuya kwisixeko sesakhiwo, eshiya i-altare inxalenye yetempileni ukuya kwesobunxele. Ukongezelela, iindonga zededareli ezineemifanekiso zafakwa. Kodwa yilokho okuvunyelwe ukubuyisela kwikhulu le-18 lemibutho yeengqungquthela ezibonakalayo zeendonga zetempile. Zigcinwe kakuhle phantsi kocwangco lwendawo ephakathi. I-St. Sophia Cathedral e-Istanbul nayo iyingqayizivele ukuba ukubonakala kwayo kwangaphandle kunye nomxholo wangaphakathi kuye kwathintela ngelifa ilifa leenkcubeko ezimbini ezinkulu kunye neenkolo ezimbini zehlabathi-ubuKristu bama-Orthodox nobuSulumane.

Museum of Aya-Sophia

Ngomnyaka we-1935 isakhiwo seMosque Aya-Sophia sisuswe kwiqela lenkcubeko. Oku kwakufuneka umyalelo okhethekileyo woMongameli waseTurkey, uMustafa Kemal Ataturk. Le nyathelo eqhubekayo ivumelekile ukuphelisa amabango kwisakhiwo sembali sabameli beenkonzo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuvuma. Inkokeli yaseTurkey nayo yakwazi ukuchonga ukude kwayo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokubhala.

Kususela kwibhajethi yelizwe baxhaswa ngemali kwaye benza umsebenzi wokubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo sembali kunye nommandla ojikelezile. Izibonelelo eziyimfuneko zokwamkela umthamo omkhulu wabakhenkethi bezizwe ezahlukeneyo zixhotywe. Okwangoku, i-Sophia Cathedral e-Istanbul yenye yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yenkcubeko kunye neembali zaseTurkey. Ngowe-1985 ibandla lalifakwe kwiluhlu lwelifa lemveli lehlabathi le-UNESCO njengenye yezinto ezibonakalayo ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yokuphuhliswa kwempucuko yabantu. Ukufikelela kule ndawo ephawulekayo kwisixeko sase-Istanbul kulula kakhulu - itholakala kwindawo ehloniphekileyo yeSultanahmet kwaye ibonakala kude.