Incwadi zikaTolstoy. imfundo ebuntwaneni umbhali zokudala achumileyo

incwadi zikaTolstoy azise nawuphi na umntu zizifundiswa ehlabathini lonke. Leo mhlawumbi umbhali idumileyo Russian kunye nzulu ngezinto. I ezisibhozo-bakhe umsebenzi "War Noxolo" enye Akutywine akuvingce enye ngohlobo lwayo, abanye Mhle ubunzulu iinkcukacha. Kodwa ke ngokuqinisekileyo classic eyayilunge bobabo lonke ihlabathi phambili imisebenzi engcono. Naxa incwadi etyebileyo yobomi ndimenze inkosi elaziwayo iincwadi Russian. Umsebenzi wakhe uye waphembelela uphuhliso ngokoqobo njengombutho, ngokunjalo zobuntu yaseYurophu.

Childhood and Education

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy ngummeli yosapho yamandulo kokuba amatshawe aphathwe sisicaka. Beza ukusuka umhlobo Petra Velikogo. Leo Tolstoy wazalwa ngo-1828 kwi kwilifa Crown ngokusebenzisa umgca koomama - Yasnaya Polyana. Emva kokufa abazali imfundo elizayo umbhali kunye nabazalwana bakhe, ekuqaleni nesalamane Yergolsky esikude, uze udade kayise, Osten-Sacken. It is at yokugqibela Kazan oselula Loew kuqala wacinga malunga nemfuneko self-ungubani. Zonke iincwadi elizayo Tolstoy wayeza kubonisa ukuba lo mxholo. Ekuqaleni nokufundisa Lva Tolstogo wamenyelwa German Roselman. Waba okulungileyo-natured and wayeyoliswa kakhulu lenkwenkwe. Apha ebalini, eyabhalwa ngoko Tolstoy ( "lwaBasaqalayo"), echaza utitshala wakhe yangaphambili ngohlobo uKarl Ivanovich. Emva kokuba inkwenkwe ndandishumayela kwimfundo Roselmana engumFrentshi Saint-Thomas (Saint uJerome of "yobukhwenkwe"). Afane nabazalwana bakhe abathathu, uTolstoy wafunda kwiYunivesithi Kazan. Kunyaka wokuqala kwakhe phantse akazange isayensi, kwaye kuphela ngomhla wokuqala waba nomdla ngemisebenzi uMontesquieu.

Neziyolo zokuqala zoncwadi

Ngowe-1847, ngoxa kugcinwa esibhedlele, Leo Tolstoy waqala ukuba sigcine idayari. Akazange ayeke lo msebenzi de kwasekupheleni kobomi. Kuyo, yena, njengoko Benjamin Franklin uyishicilele iinjongo kunye neenjongo for self-uphuhliso, waphawula impumelelo kunye nokusilela, ukuhlalutya iingcamango kunye nezenzo zabo. Akazange wabuyela University. Vala ilahleko ikhadi eMoscow kwanyanzeleka uLwazi ukuba aye emkhosini. Emva abapasa iimviwo, umbhali elizayo wangena ngodaba kwilali Starogladovskaya Cossack. Ukusuka apho ke kuqala waya umhleli ebhodini ze kulindixesha "Contemporary" umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala - inoveli ngokuphila "Childhood". Ukuba samkelwe, ngoko mhlawumbi, nabanye Tolstoy iincwadi babengezi ukukhanya. Yena inxaxheba zeenkcuba ezininzi kunye mountaineers, uze emva koko ukuziphendulela Sevastopol. Ngowe-1965, uTolstoy washiya inkonzo yasemkhosini. Wabhala "War Noxolo" yaye "Anna Karenina." Uninzi uTolstoy wayenomdla zokuziphuhlisa bona buqu, kungenzeka yogqibelelo yayo yokuziphatha.

"War Nokuthula"

Umsebenzi lo msebenzi edume umbhali kwakhokelwa umsebenzi kwi inoveli "The Decembrists". Kuye, wabuyela amaxesha amaninzi ubomi bakhe, kodwa zange wayigqiba. Njengabo bonke abanye abantu "War Noxolo" zikaTolstoy iincwadi - inoveli malunga nokukhula yokuziphatha kwalo mntu. Le yinkolelo ekhethekileyo kwiincwadi ehlabathini. Yaziwa ngokubanzi yiyo yonke iyaxela uluntu Russian, iindidi zabalinganiswa kunye nobudala kwisiqalo yeemfazwe Napoleonic ngo-1805-1812, ngokulandelelana. "Imfazwe Noxolo" - umntwana oluthandayo umbhali, isithsaba sakhe wendalo. Kulo msebenzi sitsho wawubonisa ubungqondi Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo. I trailer yokuqala inoveli multivolume yapapashwa kulindixesha 'Russian iGazethi "ngo-1865, nto leyo kanye yamkelwa ngezandla ezishushu kakhulu. Kulo msebenzi elikhulu-scale kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwintanda-bulumko Tolstoy: "ilenze Cool imbali - oku nje wezandla komntu omnye, yaye ngenxa njengeqela."

"Anna Karenina"

Tolstoy yachaza "War Noxolo" ngokuthi "incwadi yexesha elidlulileyo." ekuqaleni "Anna Karenina" engekamithwa njengoko imveliso lombhali ubomi mihla. Kwaye akukho ziganeko zembali. Kodwa ibonisa umphefumlo womntu zokwenene lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso. Kule ncwadi, akukho umdlalo. Zonke kugudiswa kwindawo enye yaqala, oko kukuthi, phezu kaloliwe. Nokuba endleleni eya eMoscow ukuze kuluxolelaniso kunye nomzalwana wakhe, uAnna efunda Bala Vronsky. ummelwane wayo phezu coupe ngumama wakhe. Zonke ezine zazo zifumaneka kwi eqongeni kwaye ufumanise ukuba phantsi amavili uhambo babulala umlindi. Olu "phawu embi" isilumkiso malunga ukutshatyalaliswa entsapho. Uthando kabuhlungu i Karenina utshatile kwaye Vronsky kuthiwa kuchasene ubomi bentsapho obonwabisayo Katie Shtcherbatskaya kufutshane nabantu Konstantina Lovina. le noveli ngo-1875 ngo "Russian kwiGazethi" lwapapashwa okokuqala.

imisebenzi Tolstoy aziwa kakuhle nje kuphela kumazwe post-eSoviet, kodwa ehlabathini lonke. Ufunde kubo ngothando yamothusa ixesha ukufumana into entsha, iinkcukacha encinane, nto leyo ngokutshintsha kugqaliso kwaye anike intsingiselo eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - yingqondi uncwadi Russian ogama iincwadi ezifanelekileyo maxa onke amaxesha.