Imvelaphi imali: thiyori ezisisiseko oonobangela, iziphumo

Imali namhlanje yenye amaziko zoqoqosho ezibalulekileyo uluntu. Ngelo xesha abantu baqhele kakhulu kubo akazange ukucinga ukuba kukho ixesha xa la maqhosha amaqhosha iphepha metal na nasemehlweni. Kwelinye icala, imvelaphi kunye nomsebenzi imali kudala waba nomdla ngezoqoqosho esemboniselweni mbali, abaninzi kubo ukujongana nale ngxaki, ezama ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi malunga nasekusungulweni uluntu kunye norhulumente.

Zonke mbono, apho iingcali uzama ukuba asikhanyisele ngemvelaphi imali kwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu - ingqondo kunye mvelo. Abaxhasi lokuqala ezi kusebenza ukususela kwizithuba ukuba imvelaphi imali ezinxulumene nesivumelwano sikweni phakathi kwabantu, ukuba lula ngokutshintshiselana yorhwebo omnye komnye. Ithiyori kakhulu ethandwa lale ezisetyenziswa kudala, kwiZigaba Aphakathi kunye yiEnlightenment, kunjalo, yaye ngoku inani Osoqoqosho bathi ukuba nemali - ikakhulu sichazwa kwindibano ekuhlaleni.

Uphuhliso eziliqela inzululwazi Ekuveleni XVIII-XIX iinkulungwane. Oko kukhokelele kwinto yokuba izibonelelo ezininzi rationalists zaye phantsi ugxekwa zazinzima kakhulu. Baye indawo abaxhasi kwemvelo of ingcamango yeziko imali. Uninzi abaqhubi zilandelelana kolu luvo waqala uAdam Smith, uKarl Marx, Ricardo. Ngokutsho kwabo, imvelaphi imali zazivelela zabo inxulumene ngqo lokuphuhlisa ubudlelwane yorhwebo-mali. Ingakumbi oku kusebenza ukuntsonkotha inkqubo yemveliso, ukukhula kwemveliso yabasebenzi kunye lilonke ixabiso surplus imveliso.

Imvelaphi imali ngokungqinelana nale ngcamango lungisa banyanzelekile random abantu abathile nje ukutshintshiselana imveliso omnye komnye, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bafumane ingeniso ethile, nenokuthi isetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo.

imfundiso yokuzivelela ngokusondeleyo kakhulu enxibelelene imvelaphi kunye nemisebenzi imali. Ngoko ke, ukuba ekuqaleni imali alula kunye uhlobo ngengozi yexabiso, emva koko babuya nje kuphela kwifom jikelele yexabiso, kodwa njengendlela ubutyebi ulwandiso, kwakunye kwi elingana engundoqo azo zonke izinto, kuquka abasebenzi.

Ngemvelaphi imali - inkqubo elide ngokwaneleyo, nto leyo iquka izigaba ezininzi kakhulu abahlukene. kwayo jikelele kukuba imali iguqulelwa luhlobo esisiseko zexabiso. Kwaye oku kusebenza kuphela izinto eziphathekayo izinto, kodwa ingqiqo ezifana yabasebenzi, ubuchule ngokomoya, ingqalelo yoluntu. Imvelaphi imali ngendaleko labo, nto leyo lusaqhubeka, wakhonza njengesiseko ukwabelana onke kwinkalo yezoqoqosho yempahla kunye neenkonzo ezithi kule nokulungelelanisa inkqubo ixabiso isalamane, kunye nemali, apho asebenze elilingana jikelele.

Imvelaphi imali, ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa abaxhasi kwemvelo kwakhokelela lweentsingiselo ezibalulekileyo ilandelayo. Okokuqala, ukubonakala njengendlela imali yorhwebo ngokukhawuleza wema unikhuphe kule ubunzima iyonke, kokuthabatha ekuphunyezweni kwenani unxulumano noluntu. Okwesibini, kanye nasekusungulweni imali - yinkqubo ende kakhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye - yinkqubo yendalo, ngoko akukho zi-odolo ezivela ngasentla ke ungalahleka. Okwesithathu, indima ebalulekileyo kulo nasekusungulweni imali idlale State apho baye enye yeemfundiso ubukho yeziko kwamandla karhulumente. Urhulumente wathabatha phezu ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi enjalo ibaluleke ukukhutshwa kwemali asethi, ukumiselwa yabo kwexabiso elibekiweyo, nkqu inkcazelo yangaphandle uhlobo imali. Ingakumbi indima karhulumente ukunyuka yomgaqo-lawulo wemali ngexesha xa kukho ukungahoywa zegolide na imali, kwaye iqashiso eseleyo igunya ngoko nangoko.