Imithetho jikelele kuqoqosho emarikeni. Indlela ukusebenza kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho imithetho yezoqoqosho?

Uqoqosho imakethi esekelwe kwimithetho eziliqela esisiseko. Baye zaveza kwiinkulungwane eziliqela. Imvelaphi ezi zinto ukujonga njani umthetho woqoqosho kuqoqosho emarikeni.

migomo enzulu

ngaba kubonakala kungekho emakethe ukwenza inzuzo ngaphandle intando yabantu. oosomashishini izama ababangela inkampani zabo ukuvelisa iimveliso kunye neenkonzo uzisondeze kumboleki, yenye yeentsika lubalulekileyo loqoqosho free. Noko ke, bekungayi kuba nako ukuphuhlisa ishishini namnye usomashishini, ukuba uthe waba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobumnini zazingafumaneki, kwakunye neendlela zokuvelisa. Kuyinto ezi ziganeko kusinceda siqonde indlela umthetho woqoqosho kuqoqosho emarikeni.

Supply nemfuno kuphakamisa ixabiso kwempahla. Ngamanye inkqubo yezoqoqosho (izicwangciso) ukuba imisela urhulumente. Kulo mzekelo, igunya ilawulwa kuphela izimvo zabo malunga ukuchaneka izigqibo zakhe. Market ezimeleyo evela kurhulumente, ngoko ke amaxabiso ayo abekwe ngokukhululekileyo kuyo.

Umnotho apho kungekho kukarhulumente imiqobo, kodwa kumele balawulwe ngumthetho. Okokuqala, lo mgaqo inxulumene oko kwasekwayo unxulumano phakathi kwamashishini kunye nabantu (ngamanye amagama ezikhoyo, ezoqoqosho).

ukhuphiswano

Eyona osemqoka rhwebo ukhuphiswano. It is a umzabalazo phakathi abadlali ezahlukeneyo usiqeqeshela okusilungeleyo, imveliso, abathengi kunye njalo njalo. D. Imiqathango kukhuphiswano yabo ibe ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iingcali ukuchonga ukhuphiswano ogqibeleleyo. Kunokwenzeka, ukuba imarike kukho inani elikhulu kwiinkampani, akukho namnye ongayi balawule ngokwemigaqo abaphikisi babo. Njengomgaqo, imeko enjengaleyo ushishino oluqhelekileyo olutsha. Iimpawu kukhuphiswano ofezekileyo inani mda-nxaxheba emarikeni, kwakunye ixabiso rate free.

Kodwa imeko lemakethi zingaphinda zitshintshe. Ukongeza egqibeleleyo, mhlawumbi ukhuphiswano abangafezekanga. Kwezi meko, omnye nabalimi nefuthe emarikeni kakubi kontanga yayo. Ukuze wenze oku, kukho iindlela ngeendlela (ukucwangcisa amaxabiso inkunkuma, ukudalwa nemiqobo yokungena kumhlaba wokukora kushishino njalo. D.). Le rhwebo kungakhokelela ukuyilwa abadibeneyo xa elinye ulawula yonke ingxenye yayo. Kulo mzekelo, ixabiso nomgangatho kweempahla okanye neenkonzo lilawulwe licala elinye kuphela.

Umthetho lonikezelo kunye nemfuno

Ngowe-1890, i-yezoqoqosho IsiNgesi Alfred Marshall, basebenzisane ingakumbi imithetho yezoqoqosho rhwebo. imfundiso yakhe olona ingcamango ubudlelwane phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuno. Ezi zikhombisi ezimbini iimpawu ibaluleke gqitha kuyo nayiphi rhwebo.

Umgaqo zilandelayo umthetho. Okuya kusiba phantsi kwexabiso imveliso, kokukhona ofuna abathengi kunye nabavelisi unikele asezantsi. Imeko reverse yinyaniso. Njengoko umthetho, ixabiso umiselwe kwindawo lizama, nto leyo ibe lula imithetho yezoqoqosho kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho. Njani le migaqo? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo kufuneka kuqala bajonge ngqo yintoni le mithi.

Eli binzana uqulunqe kwinkulungwane XIX. Imfuno ucela ukuthenga abanomdla okanye eyona ukufumana iimpahla ezithile ukuze afumane imali. Olu phawu lubonisa iimpawu ezimbini ezibalulekileyo lwabathengi - umnqweno wakhe ukuba athenge into kwaye ukukwazi ukuhlawula iindleko ezinqwenelekayo.

luthambe ebango

Uphawu ebalulekileyo luthambe imfuneko. Eli gama libhekisela umthengi ukusabela kutshintsho amaxabiso emveliso. Ukuze ukufumanisa kukho izinga okhethekileyo, nto leyo iphenjelelwa imithetho yezoqoqosho kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho. effect wabo ukuba umthengi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba imveliso kukhuphiswano. Masithi ukuba ixabiso omnye umfuziselo kumatshini landa. Ukuba umthengi uyazi ukuba angathenga imoto zitshiphu efanayo, ukukhetha kwakhe iyakuba elahlekayo esiphelweni.

Inkqubo lwemalike kukuba ukhuphiswano ayikho buyanceda ukukhulisa amanani, ukuba zabo iindleko abachasi yorhwebo kuya kuba ngaphantsi. Lo ubudlelwane ulawula inkqubo yenkampani imithetho engcono ngempumelelo ngakumbi antitrust. Oku kuchatshazelwa imithetho yezoqoqosho Injongo kuqoqosho emarikeni.

Le luthambe yesinyanzeliso okukwazi leyo kakhulu yenyuka kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo ngenxa phambili zobugcisa. Ubukho kwi-intanethi yaye simahla lokufikelela kulo lonke ulwazi Ukuvumela abasebenzisi ngokukhawuleza ukufumanisa ukuba imo amaxabiso efanayo lempahla ezahlukeneyo kwiinkampani. Lo ngumzekelo enkulu indlela asebenza kuqoqosho lemakethi imithetho wezoqoqosho.

UMthetho Engel kaThixo

Umntu ngamnye ukhetha ukuthenga zabo esuka kwimivuzo yabo. Kwiqula-ntle iba nefuthe ngqo ekubeni yintoni ukuthenga abathengi. Ngenkulungwane XIX, olu lwalamano iye uphando yi-Ernst Engel - Scientist waseJamani, owaba umseki iithiyori zenzululwazi ebalulekileyo.

The Economist waphawula ukuba kunye nokuchuma kwe ngumthengi ethile, ukhetho zabo kutshintsha impahla. Engel wacebisa (yaye kamva ukungqinisiseka ingcamango) ukuba ingeniso ngaphantsi umntu, kokukhona okuchitha ukutya. Akukho nto ayimangalisi kwinto yokuba abantu abahluphekileyo ungenayo imali, umzekelo, ukuhamba rhoqo.

Noko ke, isazinzulu isiJamani ngokwenkcazo yakhe igxininiswe into yokuba, kunye nokwandiswa iindleko kumaqela ahlukeneyo yempahla akubi ukukhula kuyinciphise. imithetho yezoqoqosho kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho kunye neziphumo zazo zigqitywa Ebubanzini isipaji umthengi lowo. Ukuba ihlwempu uchitha ngumvuzo isiqingatha ukutya, indoda esisityebi uya kuchitha intsalela yabo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kodwa hayi izinto ezongezelelweyo amandla.

theory lombane

Kwinkulungwane XX ukuba uvukile kakhulu ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho kumazwe eliphezulu. Kwakukho billion ekuthiwa-segolide. Ngoko wabiza abahlali bakumazwe asele nempumelelo. Kuluntu apho kungekho ngxaki ukusinda okanye iimeko zokuphila ungakhululekanga, abantu badla kudliwe ngaphezulu. Le ndlela iye zezoqoqosho abanomdla. Ngaloo ndlela ke imfundiso umbane.

Yintoni na? Intsingiselo yawo iphambili mfundiso kwinkolelo yokuba wonke umntu ufuna ukuba udle kakhulu (ukuthenga bonke abatsha). shopping Daily, ezivenkileni, njl - .. Zonke ezi miqondiso nxaxheba nemakethe. Kulo mbono, ukusetyenziswa uthathwa ngumba ophambili ekuqinisekiseni impumelelo kuqoqosho.

uMthetho Pareto

Kubalulekile ukuba naluphi koqoqosho ingxaki walo mbutho olufanelekileyo nawuphi na umsebenzi kwimveliso. Zombini karhulumente kunye namashishini senze ukhetho: indlela yokwabiwa kwemithombo yobutyebi babo ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kwishishini okanye inkampani. Kukho umthetho jikelele ye Pareto, othi-20% yemigudu unika 80% eziphumo, ize i-80% yemigudu elinikiweyo%-20 kuphela iziphumo.

Kuthetha ntoni oku kuthetha ku umkhuba? Wonke umnini kufuneka imisele ukuba izisebenzisa njani inkampani yakho ubuncinane izinto ezibalulekileyo wanika isiphumo eliphezulu kunokwenzeka. Le ngxaki wemfezeko kwezoqoqosho.

Kubo nobuninzi imalike zinto kuphela bambalwa zinzima. Leyo izenzo ezichanekileyo ngamnye kunokukhokelela iziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Ngelo xesha, abaninzi izigqibo ezimbi kwaye ninike inzuzo. Pareto uMthetho kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwi kumashishini kunye noosomashishini. Iinkampani abaphumeleleyo zisebenza kuphela ngezigaba ezithile kwimarike apho banakho ukufumana inzuzo abaninzi nomzamo ubuncinane.

Theory zintathu akunakwenzeka

Kwihlabathi mihla urhulumente akakwazi ukufezekisa iziphumo eziliqela ezingquzulanayo malunga nemithetho zoqoqosho imisela. Indlela ukusebenza kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho imithetho yezoqoqosho namhlanje? Kukho hypothesis malunga emnye ekuthiwa-akunakwenzeka. Ihlala yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba sifikelele kwizinga wotshintshiselwano esisigxina ngexesha elinye, ikomkhulu inkululeko inkululeko yemali-mboleko.

Le ngcamango yaphakanyiswa yi kaNobel nakwezoqoqosho uRobert Mundell ngo-1999. Lo mthetho loqoqosho ukunyanzela urhulumente ukuba akhethe ikhondo elithile-nkqubo yayo ukunika ezithile iingenelo kwimarike ngenxa enye.

umthetho inani

izinto ezininzi ukujonga indlela imithetho yezoqoqosho abambele rhwebo. Abanye babo ukusebenzisana ngqo kunye nabanye. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo nokuchaza ukuba imithetho imarike umthetho ixabiso kunye namaxabiso nomthetho. Uyatsho ukuba imveliso Abathengiswa ixabiso elivumelana isixa yabasebenzi kutyalwa kuyo.

Uninzi iimveliso yemisebenzi yoqoqosho eziveliswa abenzi eziliqela. Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokwaneleyo abasebenzi imali macala onke, kufuneka yokutshintshana elingana. Phambi kokuba uthathe inxaxheba kuyo, umenzi kufuneka uqale umnikelo imveliso oko kubalulekile ukuba uluntu kwaye uyalithanda ngokwemfuno. Le yinto ebalulekileyo, ngaphandle apho kuya kubakho inzuzo. Ukongeza, nayiphi na inkampani kufuneka ukuba nazo zizivandlakanye iindleko zalo. Ukuze bafumane ingeniso, umenzi kufuneka ugcine iindleko zakho kwinqanaba akukho ngaphezu kokuba kuyimfuneko ekuhlaleni. Nantsi indlela yokusebenzisa imithetho yezoqoqosho kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho.

Umthetho market kuvuselele

Kweli hlabathi kukho imithetho yezoqoqosho ezahlukeneyo kuqoqosho emarikeni. Njani le migangatho ezingqingqwa rhoqo le nkqubo? Uqoqosho imakethi ahluka ukusuka yesiqhelo, akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela apho ulwalathiso isuke ngomso. urhwebo Free kunye noshishino usike ezininzi izinto ezichaphazela ixabiso.

Ngokusekelwe kwezi data, iingcali eziye zavela umthetho kuvuselele emarikeni. Oku kuza ngexesha xa umthamo yonikezelo kunye nemfuno kufaniswa. Eyona Umlawuli kulo mtshato yimali. Supply kunye imfuno ivumela zezoqoqosho ukujonga izibonelelo ezininzi njani kwaye iimveliso eziyimfuneko kuqoqosho ngokubanzi. Xa na lizama kwimarike, phezu ngesandla zombini nabavelisi kunye nabathengi.

Kule meko, abathengi zenziwa impahla kuphela kangangoko banako ukunciphisa. Akukho iimeko kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba ukusebenza kwemithetho wezoqoqosho kuqoqosho emarikeni. Phambi kwalo mba, umenzi akanyanzelekanga ukuba balahle kwempahla kwemfuneko ebizwa ilahleko bakhe. lizama Market ivumela umnikazi imveliso okanye inkonzo ukuba nempumelelo nokuphuhlisa ishishini labo, okulungileyo kuqoqosho.

bendlela market

Kuqoqosho imakethe kuneengxaki zako ngqo. Loo inkqubo ngeke sikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bonke ukulingana kwezentlalo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi le meko kunye nokwabiwa yengeniso. Imarike yenzelwe ukuze omnye ngokuyimfuneko zinemali enye ngexesha elinye abe lihlwempu.

kuqoqosho ezifana ayisoloko ukunika umsebenzi bonke abemi. Xa iimeko zemarike umntu ngamnye kufuneka ukuzinakekela. I-UN Kuqikelelwa ukuba kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo, umsantsa ophakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu ikhule ngaphezu kabini. Lo mkhuba kukuthi ndaba ukugxekwa abaxhasi leftist iimbono kunye nongxowankulu ababandezeli.