Imisebenzi yotyalo-mali kwezoqoqosho: inkcazo, iintlobo kunye nemizekelo

Akunakwenzeka ukuthetha ngezemali, ukushishino, ishishini kwaye ungakhankanyi amagama athile. Umzekelo, ukwakha iifomula zorhwebo ezifanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni imisebenzi yemali-mali, indlela abasebenza ngayo kunye nendima abayidlala ngayo ekuphuhliseni yonke imboni.

Ubungakanani, iintlobo kunye nemizekelo

Kwimbono eyaziwa kakhulu yeClénesian, utyalo-mali kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo yonke, imali yokusebenzisa imali iyincenye yexabiso lentengo yabemi, kunye nokuthengwa kwelizwe kunye nokuthengiswa kweempahla kunye neenkonzo. Abachumi bezoqoqosho bacinga ukuba yiyona nto inomdla kwaye inamandla ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwayo kwizinto ezininzi. Ukuba sibheke ngokukodwa ngokutyalo-mali (imisebenzi, iintlobo, ukubaluleka kwazo, iindlela zokwenza isicelo), ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuhamba ngaphaya kwesi sikhokelo sale ngqungquthela.

Kuthetha ntoni ngotyalo-mali ngokubanzi?

Uphando lwengqondo yotyalo-mali lunikezelwa kwimisebenzi yesayensi yeklasikhi, i-Keynesian, i-Marginist Marxist nezinye izikolo. Makhe sihlale kwiinkcukacha ezintathu kwiinkcazo.

Utyalo-mali (ngentsingiselo ebanzi) utyalo-mali kumacandelo oqoqosho, icandelo lezesayensi kunye nezobugcisa, izibonelelo, intlalo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, ekuphuhliseni imveliso kunye nosomashishini.

Utyalo-mali ngqiqo

Ukususela kwimbono yezemali, imisebenzi yokutshala imali iyancitshiswa kutyalo-mali (asethi), ezisetyenziselwa kwinkqubo yemveliso kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho.
Uqoqosho lugxotha utyalo-mali njengeendleko zezifundo ngenjongo yokuqokelelwa kwemali, ukubonelela ukudala imali entsha kunye nokubuyiselwa kweempahla ezidlulileyo. Kule ngecala, umsebenzi oyintloko wotyalo-mali ukuvelisa imali. Ngamanye amazwi, izifundo zoqoqosho lwelizwe zenza inxaxheba yengeniso yabo ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho ukuze ihlawule kwaye ibuyele kubo kwinani elongeziweyo.

Abanini-ntengiso bajonga kwakhona utyalo-mali njengophuhliso lwezoqoqosho ukwenzela ukufumana iimveliso kunye neemali ezingekho mveliso kunye neemali zemali ngokutshintshela impahla okanye imali. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemali-mali kunokunceda ukwandisa i-capital okanye ukuyigcina kwinqanaba langaphambili elaneleyo.

Nangona isabelo seendleko zotyalo-mali kwixabiso lelizwe lilonke, liyabakho kubo ukuba ukuguqulwa komsebenzi kunye nokukhula okulungileyo koqoqosho kuxhomekeka - ezinye izinto zilingana, ukwanda kotyalo-mali kuya kwandisa ukwanda komkhiqizo wekhaya.

Imisebenzi yotyalo-mali kwezoqoqosho

Ukususela kwiingcaciso zotyalo-mali, kuya kubonakala ukuba ezi nkqubo zingenziwa zombini kwinqanaba likarhulumente kunye nelimebe, kodwa ekuhlalutweni kokugqibela konke kuhla ukuphucula intlalontle karhulumente. Ngoko ke, imisebenzi ezalisekisa utyalo-mali yenzelwe ukwanelisa bonke abachaphazelekayo: imizi, amabhanki, amabhizinisi, amaziko asemthethweni neengqungquthela, imibutho, kwicandelo likarhulumente. Masiqakathekise iipropati ezine eziphambili ezenza utyalo-mali libe yintloko ye-macroeconomics:

• Umsebenzi wokuhambisa usichazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukhetha apho utyalo imali okanye i-asethi, umrhwebi okanye urhulumente uncedisa ekuphuhlisweni kwelinye shishini ngaphezu kwelinye. Ngokomzekelo, kubonakala ngathi: nge-electronics kunye neenqwelo zangaphandle, i-domestic ayikwazi ukukhuphisana, kunenzuzo kakhulu kumntu osomashishini ukuba atyala imali kwenye into.
• Ipropathi yolawulo: utyalo-mali lwenziwa emhlabeni wonke kwaye luchaphazela amacandelo anxulumene noqoqosho. Isityalo esitsha siquka ukubeka iindlela, indawo yokuzonwabisa, ukudala imisebenzi emitsha, njl.
• Ukukhuthaza: ukutyalomali kubandakanya ukutshala imali ekuphuculeni. Isayensi, iteknoloji, kunye nezinga lemfundo lilungiswa, kwaye ngenxa yoko, umgangatho wobomi kunye nenhlalakahle yelizwe iphucula.
• Ukubonisa: isakhiwo sotyalo-mali, esondelelene kakhulu neenkqubo zokwakha izakhiwo kunye nokugcina umlinganiselo wenkqubo yezoqoqosho evulekile.

Emva kokuqwalasela iinkalo zemfundiso yokubunjwa kunye nokusebenza kotyalo-mali, makhe sibuyele ekubonakalweni kwazo, ebonisa ngokucacileyo indlela umsebenzi wokusetyenziswa, umsebenzi wotyalo-mali, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho uhambelana.

Inkcazo

Nayiphi na imisebenzi, imathematika okanye yezoqoqosho, kukuxhomekeka kwesiphumo sokugqibela kwizinto eziliqela okanye ezininzi. Imisebenzi yotyalo-mali yimizekelo apho ukuguquguquka okungapheliyo (umphumo wokugqibela) yinkcitho yotyalo-mali, kwaye uguquko oluqhelekileyo lujoliswe ziinjongo zophando.

Ukuba uguquko oluzimeleyo lunye, ke omnye uthiwa "phantsi kwezinye iimeko ezichaziweyo." Ngoko ke, ukuba utyalo-mali unikezelwa ngumsebenzi wemali engenayo, ithetha ukuba izinga lomdla kunye namaxabiso ngeli xesha alizange litshintshe kakhulu.

Iziganeko ezizimeleyo eziphezulu, ukuphakama ukuthembeka komzekelo kunye nokusondela kwiimeko zangempela zoqoqosho. Ukuguqulwa kweenguqu kwiintlobo ezihlukeneyo kunokuhluka kakhulu kwixesha elihlukeneyo, kwaye kube lula ukwenza umsebenzi, abaphandi bakhethe enye okanye ezimbini ezibalulekileyo izinto eziza kuxhomekeka kuzo.

Ulwaphulo-mali lwentengiso kunye nenzala

Ngaphandle kokunyusa, singatsho ukuba ubungakanani botyalo-mali buxhomekeke kwinqanaba lomyinge, ngelixa utshintsho lwezinye iimeko zithatha umsebenzi weziimali-mali ezizimeleyo ezifakwe kumzekelo wendlela yokuzimela, enefom elandelayo:

• I = I-d * r (1), apho
  
  I-iindleko zokutyalomali ngokupheleleyo;
  Ia - iindleko zotyalo-mali zokuzimela;
  D - ulwaphulo-mali lotyalo-mali ukuhla okanye ukwanda kwinqanaba,%;
  R inzala yenzalo yangempela.

Ixabiso lentlawulo yenzalo lichazwe ngokulula. Wonke umntu osomashishini, ngaphambi kokutyalomali kwishishini elingozi (kunye ne-100% yemali engenayo ingozi engekho mgaqo), uqikelele ukuba unako ukufumana imali engakanani kuyo kwaye kufuneka uchithe kangakanani. Ukutyalo-mali olukhulu, iimali zekhaya zasekhaya azifumaneki, kwaye usomashishini uyathunyelwa kwibhanki okanye kwiziko lezemali elingekho ebhanki elifuna ixabiso leenkonzo zalo - ipesenti enye. Ukuphakama kwexabiso lebhanki, ukuhlawula umvuzo womntu woshishino kunye nomlinganiselo wenzuzo kwiindleko. Njengoko uyazi, ukwandisa inzuzo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yinjongo yokugqibela yoshishino.

Eminye imizekelo

Simele siqonde ukuba kukho inamba enkulu yezindlela zokusebenzisa isixhobo esinjalo njengotyalo-mali. Umsebenzi wokufumana umvuzo, umzekelo, wakhiwa ngokuqwalasela le ntsebenzo yezemali. Ukongeza kwimali-mboleko kunye nemali-mboleko engekho ebhankini ekuthengeni izixhobo, uomatshini okanye izixhobo zemali, usomashishini unokusebenzisa imali ephaketheni lakhe. Kwishishini, le nxalenye yeenzuzo ezishiywe emva kokuhlawula irhafu kunye nezinye izicutshulwa ezicwangcisiweyo. Kule meko, ukuguqulwa kwexabiso lokugqibela lentengo-mali kuya kuxhomekeka ngqo kwiinguqu kwimisebenzi yengeniso yokusebenza yeshishini. Inzuzo ikhula kwaye inxalenye yayo-imali-mali iyanda. Ukulahleka kweentlawulo - utyalo-mali linciphisiwe okanye luphelelwe ixesha elingenammiselo. Emva koko umsebenzi wotyalo-mali unefomu ehluke kakhulu kumzekelo wangaphambili, kuba songeza ixabiso lemali engenayo.

Ubungakanani bendawo yokutyalomali ukutyalomali yintaphaneli, ebonisa ukuba utyalo-mali landa okanye luyehla xa iyunithi yengeniso iguquka. Ukuphakama kwexabiso le-multiplier, ngakumbi umrhwebi usenokuba ngumngcipheko. Kwimeko yokuphumelela, utyalo-mali luya kubuya ngobungakanani obukhulu, kwaye xa kwenzeka ilahleko, kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kunye nokufa.

Ukusetyenziswa kunye notyalo-mali

Zonke iingeniso zamashishini ezoqoqosho zihanjiswe kwiingxowa-mali ezimbini: zichithwe kwaye ziqokelelwe. Ingxenye eqokelelweyo, ngamanye amagama, ukulondolozwa, yinzuzo ehlala ngaphakathi kwenkampani kwaye ingenzi lutho ngexesha elithile. Ukugqithiselwa kuya kuhlawula irhafu, amatyala, umvuzo kubasebenzi kunye nezinye iinjongo.

Ukutshala imali kunye nobungozi

Utyalo-mali lugqityiwe kwaye lubuyiselwa kumashishini ngendlela yezinto zokusebenza kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, oko kuthetha ukuba kubalulekile ukuba usomashishini ukuba inxalenye yenkxaso-mali incinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba utyalo-mali kwixesha elibhekiselwe kuyo lingazange liphumelele kakhulu kwaye alizange linikeze ukungena kwemali, ishishini kufuneka libhekiselele kwimithombo yangaphandle yezimali. Kwakhona, ezi iibhanki, amaziko ezezimali, iimarike zezemali ezisesikweni nakungabonakaliyo. Kwakhona umbuzo uvela: musa ukuthatha ingozi okanye ubeka umngcipheko?

Isakhiwo esiphezulu sokusasazwa kwengeniso (inzuzo)

Mhlawumbi enye yemibuzo engayi kuphendulwa ngokungathandabuzeki ngokusebenza, kungekhona ngabao-theorists: iphi indawo yokulingana kunye nokuqokelela? Ngaphandle kwesikhokelo seshishini elinye, umntu akakwazi ukusho ngokungaqhelekanga into engcono, ukuqokelela okanye yokutya, kuba imeko yeemarike, ubuchwepheshe, iinkalo zentlalo nezopolitiko zihlala ziguquka. Ngomso kuya kuzisa ilahleko ezinkulu, izolo zatshitshiswa ngokuchithwa, kunye nakwezinye izinto.

Imathematika, imisebenzi yotyalo-mali ayinikezeli isisombululo sendawo yonke - ibonisa kuphela ukuhamba kwemilinganiselo, ukulahla inani lezinto ezincinci ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Kwintloko, bakhonza njengomzekelo oqhelekileyo, kwaye isigqibo sokugqibela sokutyalomali sithathwa emva kokufunda ngokubanzi kuyo yonke into kunye neemeko zangempela kwezoqoqosho.