Imilinganiselo 1 isizukulwana computer. Uphuhliso ubuchwepheshe be-computer kunye nesizukulwana computer

Computerization - into leyo waphawula ngoku, mhlawumbi, kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini. amazinga zayo mihle. Kunika umdla umkhondo iimeko apho okuyiphatha phandle ngokwembali. Ngaba kunokuthiwa computerization - isiphumo kophuhliso kweenkqubo iikhompyutha kunye nokukhululwa software kobuchwepheshe kubo? Ngawaphi amanqanaba zembali nophuhliso lobugcisa iikhompyutha?

Loo nto phambi iikhompyutha?

Kunika umdla ukufumanisa ukuba uhlobo izixhobo ziye ngokwembali andulela computer. Ngoko ke, ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-17, i-nzulu edume French uPascal kwemoto, bakholwa ukuba umatshini yokuqala ukudibanisa, esebenze ngokusekelwe ngoomatshini. Xa wamazwe British kwenkulungwane ye-19 ekuqaleni Babbage wasungula injini yokuqala analytical. Emva kwamashumi ambalwa, injineli American udale Hollerith tabulator - umatshini yombane, ngalo kwenzeka ukubala-manani. inkqubela Kamva kweelebhu eziphambili ehlabathini ngendlela yokudala izixhobo ukuba kufutshane iikhompyutha ngengqiqo mihla, eli waqhubeka.

I computer yokuqala

Enye computer yokuqala yehlabathi yaqanjwa omnye ngumphandi American W. Bush ngo-1930. Imbali ye computer, kukho izixhobo epheleleyo digital, izazinzulu ezininzi uphumayo-1944, xa waseMelika ikhompyutha unjingalwazi Ayknem yenzelwe "Marko 1". Enyanisweni, yaba isixhobo yelo kwisizukulwana computer 1. Ziziphi iimpawu zayo, ungakwazi chaza? Okokuqala, mhlawumbi, imilinganiso design. Imilinganiselo 1 Generation iikhompyutha evelele. Umzekelo, "Mark-1" yaba ubude-15 eemitha, ukuphakama -. Malunga ne-2.5 m umthamo ikhompyutha yokuqala digital, ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje, wayethozamile kangako, kodwa indima yayo kwimbali ushishino ubuchwepheshe be-computer ayikwazi nemikhuba. Ngowe-1946, emkhosini US owakhe ikhompyutha "ENIAC". Imilinganiselo 1 computer isizukulwana umzekelo kwelicebo kubonakale ochukumisa ngakumbi. Ikhompyutha "ENIAC" waba ubude nama-30 m kwaye emalunga neetoni ezingama-30.

Sinomdla, Kakade ke, hayi kuphela ubungakanani elinye kwisizukulwana iikhompyutha, kodwa ezinye iimpawu zohlobo ezahlukeneyo bomashini. Cinga ngazo kwakunye imbali elandelayo iikhompyutha.

Iimpawu isizukulwana 1 computer

ikhompyutha esebenza 1 ngokusekelwe kwisizukulwana kweetyhubhu ovela ku - isixhobo esebenzela ngokuguqula umsinga amasuntswana ahamba ukusuka cathode ukuya anode. Umgaqo ezisisiseko ohambelana intshukumo - wokunciphisa thermionic. Ukususela ekuqaleni, iikhompyutha ezakhiwe ngazo kumgaqo imiyalelo logic ekusasazweni 0 no 1. Le nkqubo uphunyezwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Njani isebenza njengecandelo ophambili PC ukusebenzisa isibane? elula kakhulu. Wawelela yaqalwa kwi ombane isibane, umzekelo 2 V. I-output - ngaphantsi, ezifana 1 V. Imeko yokuqala mayibhalwe isibane 1, okwesibini - njengoko 0. I indibanisela yale meko ezisekelwe ezininzi amashumi amawaka izibane ezimile ikhowudi umatshini.

computers Tube, oko kukuthi, abo bamanywe ngezizukulwana bani unokwenza malunga nama-20 amawaka. Imisebenzi ngomzuzu. A lot okanye kakhulu? Thelekisa inani iiPC yanamhlanje - izigidi lwemisebenzi ngomzuzu. Kodwa ke ingxaki esisiseko kuloo minyaka, kuquka kwinkalo emkhosini, isizukulwana yokuqala lweempawu zeekhompyutha kakhulu kuvunyelwa ukuba enze.

Iikhompyutha elolu hlobo zimpawu ukuthembeka eliphezulu. Nje ngokuba isibane atshiswe rhoqo, kufuneka kutshintshwa. Malunga ubungakanani iikhompyutha ezinkulu, sesitshilo ngasentla. Oku predetermines nobunzima kakhulu kwezothutho wabo, kunye yokusebenzisa indawo yabo sakhiwo. Isizukulwana sokuqala iindleko computer iphezulu kakhulu - bakwazi ukufikelela ukuthenga amashishini kuphela ezinkulu arhente zikarhulumente kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali enkulu. Kwakhona computers ityhubhu zaye ebonakala neendleko eziphezulu zokusebenza - ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Umsebenzi phezu kwabo babefuna ukutsala abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kakhulu kwintlawulo elandelayo yemivuzo yabo enkulu. Umntu owaziyo ubuncinane isixhobo computer, singasathethi ubuchule ukuya kwiprogram ikhompyutha, kwaba Technician ethandwayo yaye kubize.

Okukodwa besizukulwana lokuqala iikhompyutha ukuba aba matshini ebandakanyeka iilwimi ngamnye kweenkqubo. Ukongeza, uluhlu lwemiyalelo computer zazilula ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo - ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo - hayi kusetyenziswa xa usebenzisa uhlobo olufanelekileyo ngekhompyutha. Oku kungenxa nje kuphela ukusebenza wayengaphakamanga computer yakho, kodwa izixhobo zokugcina tech kwakhona kakhulu ephantsi - kaninzi baba amakhadi punch kunye iiteyiphu owahluke ngokwemvelo, ezo neze inokuthelekiseka kwisantya yesiqhelo esiphembelelayo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa bajonga waphawula iinjineli baqalisa ngenkuthalo ukuzivumelanisa - ingakumbi uphuhliso ubuchule ezahlukeneyo esizisebenzelayo ukusebenza ikhowudi lweenkobe. Nangona umsebenzi abaziintsizana sizukulwana lokuqala iikhompyutha, ukwanela nokusebenza zazo ngokwenyusa kancinane.

Computer Generation 2

World computer emva kokuba izinto ekhankanywe uye waqhubeka ngokukhawuleza. Ukuveliswa "Mark-1", "ENIAC" kunye nezinye iinqwelo - kwaba kanye ekuqaleni. 2 ngezizukulwana computer ukuvela 60s ekuqaleni. osemqoka zazo eziphambili - bona endaweni transistors izibane abazisebenzisa. Ngenxa yoko, umatshini kwemveliso landa. Ukongeza, siye sikhumbule ukuba ubukhulu omnye iikhompyutha sizukulwane umxhelo. Oomatshini for transistors, yena, zehla kakhulu. wabonisa njani sobala inzuzo zothethathethwano ubume lweteknoloji izisombululo iikhompyutha? Kwanele ukuba bathi transistor 1 yakwazi endaweni izibane emhlabeni 40. Ukuphuculwa nabo eendaba. Ifowuni isizukulwana wesibini iikhompyutha wawubandakanya ukusetyenziswa idiski zemagneti, uvale isakhiwo kunye ingqiqo kwifowuni, leyo eziqhelekileyo umsebenzisi mihla.

Ngokwecandelo inxaxheba kushishino computer software umhlaba wathabatha inyathelo phambili, enkosi izakhono zohlobo umatshini zabo. Ulwimi, ukubayinxalenye kudidi ekwinqanaba eliphezulu. Program ziye abaguquleli - indlela apho ubuchule ezichaphazelekayo ziguqulelwa ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngayo imiyalelo kumatshini computer. Kananjalo siye saphumeza imigaqo ye ngemizekelo ezithile software yekhompyutha. Saqala ukuvela isicelo zethala leencwadi, iinkqubo zokuhlola ezahlukeneyo, ebe i AMAGQABAZA ▸ wokusebenza mihla.

Noko ke, nangona ezinye iinzame ukumanya software algorithms yothethathethwano koomatshini ezahlukeneyo, iikhompyutha ezahlukeneyo luphawulwa ukuhambisana elilinganiselweyo. Ukuhlanganisa kubo, ngoko ukuthetha, ibe womnatha elilodwa ekwakheni ngokusekelwe kwindlela yayo inkcazelo yequmrhu kwakunzima gqitha.

Computer Generation 3

Story izizukulwana 3 iikhompyutha iqala koomatshini, ukwakhiwa eyaqala kusetyenziswa kwiziphaluka ehlangeneyo, ngasinye apho, njengoko kanti, onokuzisebenzisa endaweni malunga 1000 transistors. Ukusebenza kweekhompyutha likhule kakhulu. Ngoku ungakwazi ukusebenza ekhompyutheni ezininzi algorithms software ngaxeshanye. Yintoni .GOKO? Le crystal of lesilicon, leyo ine indawo malunga-10 ubude macala onke. mm. Ngokwemiqathango yokusebenza, kuqikelelwa, enyanisweni, omnye IC lilingana kwikhompyutha "ENIAC". Phakathi edume iikhompyutha 3 isizukulwana-- computer oluphuhliswe IBM - umatshini System 360.

Computer olu hlobo ziye ephawuleka iqondo elikhulu kakhulu ukuzisebenzela kweesoftwe ngaphezu isixhobo, siye saxubusha ngasentla, kuquka lawo aspect software. Kwi computer-isizukulwana yokuqala 3 Iinkqubo ezipheleleyo operating sele ziphunyezwe, ekwaziyo ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi ngaxesha linye. Izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo iintsimbi baye baqala kugqithiselwa umaleko software.

COMPUTER ezizukulwaneni 4

Kwiminyaka 70 ke omkhulu iziphaluka ekuthiwa-integrated sezifakiwe imveliso mass. Luhlobo olunjani iimpawu onokubonwa? Kuqala kwinto zonke, lowo olungqamana nokupasa kwazo malunga 1000 iziphaluka eziqhelekileyo ezihlanganisiweyo. Ngenxa yoko, i-computer sino ukukwazi ukuvelisa ifowuni, ubukhulu kunye nokusebenza efana naleyo thina owoyamaniswe kuyo namhlanje.

Ngokuphucula imveliso imigca efektri kwimveliso omkhulu iziphaluka ezihlangeneyo kunye namanye amacandelo computer ezingundoqo, iikhompyutha ngcembe yaba enganeno. Ukuba computer isizukulwana yokuqala neyesibini (kwi-50 kunye 60s) zazifumaneka, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, ikakhulu kuphela kumashishini amakhulu kunye nezakhelo zikarhulumente, i-1970 computer ziye ngenkuthalo ukuthenga abemi abaqhelekileyo.

izinto computerization

Computerization sele kwizimanga abaninzi, ingakumbi nokufika-internet kule 80s emva kwexesha. amazinga bayo zingafanelekanga eguquguqukayo ngaphezu ixabiso baba izixhobo ngokuhla - ngobukhulu. Ngenxa yoko, i-PC yokuqala, ngeendlela ezininzi, kunye nesakhiwo zeteknoloji ezifana nezo eziqhelekileyo kuthi namhlanje, wabonakala phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-70 kunye 80 zokuqala. Phakathi kwezo zixhobo - IBM PC, nto leyo eyaba kwase le umgangatho wecomputing kakhulu namhlanje. baye baba nowethu esikufutshane naloo PC iveliswa ngokukhutheleyo yi Apple. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo - ekwahluleni IBM wokuvuleleka ngokusondela kweqonga Apple. Ukususela imbono ye-software and hardware isakhiwo umahluko phakathi kweentlobo PC encinane ngokubanzi. Isakhiwo IBM-iqonga iqulathe amacandelo engundoqo enjengale ilandelayo kumqhubekekisi, RAM, hard drive, ividiyo kunye ikhadi lesandi, motherboard. Noko ke, ukuze kufakwe ngabanye - nje enye, nemveliso ngakumbi.

Zesizukulwana sangoku iikhompyutha

reserve kwezobugcisa, nto leyo yasekwa iinjineli kwi 70s, iye ebonakalayo ukuze uphuhliso ngakumbi iingcali computer ukanti abahlalutyi echazwe uthatha indawo ngaphakathi kwisizukulwana efanayo 4. Oko ke iiPC isiphelo eliphezulu-mihla iqhutywe, ngokubanzi, imigaqo efanayo njengoko isixhobo kwiminyaka engama-40 eyadlulayo. Kwezinye iinkalo, efana, umzekelo, ubukhulu ikhompyutha, iikhompyutha mihla ngokuqinisekileyo ibone kakhulu ngakumbi ithekhinoloji phambili. Xa ifowuni yakho ubungakanani encinane kwincwadi kufanelekile amandla computing kude esingadlulanga abo, umzekelo, kwi computer yokuqala ukusuka Apple ukuya 70s.

imiqondo ukuqhubeka

Kodwa ngokwengqiqo PC ukuba sisebenzise namhlanje, esetyenziswa yi izikimu ndinguvulindlela kwi computer kwizizukulwana-4. Akukho nkqubo ecacileyo, esizokwenza ukuba bathi, kangako ethetha, i-laptop IBM PC kuqala iMac mihla - ikhompyutha na kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo. Performance yohluka kakhulu, kodwa ingqiqo jikelele enye.

Ngokwesiseko kweqonga ezinikezelwa yi-IBM, yaphunyezwa abaninzi namhlanje desktops, laptops, AIO. Ngokweempawu ezininzi, kwaye kananjalo iifowuni - Smartphones kunye tablets - ziyangqinelana IBM-eqongeni, owayebonakele kwi 70s. Ngenxa yoko, ngasinye kuzo, njengoko kwi PC, kukho iprosesa, isixhobo inkumbulo, yokugcina - analog ze-hard disk.

Kunzima nokuba bathi ngokwesiseko iqondo intuthuzelo usebenzisa iikhompyutha, xa sithelekisa kwizizukulwana zokuqala 4 eziintlobo PC neepatheni mihla. ulawulo kwimpahla yentsimbi ye computer Basic - keyboard, mouse - sigcine, anditshintshanga kule minyaka. Kwakukho, Kakade ke, nazo zonke iintlobo touch izikrini, imiboniso proximity kunye nezinye izisombululo ezingaqhelekanga. Kodwa asingabo bonke abasebenzisi akangowakhe ngokwaneleyo HIV.

Ukuphuculwa, kakade, kunye nezisombululo software - indlela yokusebenza (ezizukulwaneni zokuqala 4 iikhompyutha baba iisampuli, elawulwa ukususela kwiinkqubo zokusebenza umgca wemiyalelo namhlanje ziquka ujongano olusebenzayo ujongano lomsebenzisi), iintlobo isicelo software. Iindidi zokuqala iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo 70s zazilula kakhulu kwisakhiwo.

Namhlanje, kuba izixhobo ezinamandla ze ekufezekiseni imisebenzi zemveliso. Ukuba sithetha imidlalo, umahluko nayo obonakalayo. Kule 70s yayi arcade nje, namhlanje ukuvumela ukwenza ukuntywiliselwa umdla kungena kwindawo ebonakalayo. Noko ke, imidlalo zidalwe, indlela yokusebenza kunye software isicelo kwi ubuchule efanayo njengoko izisombululo olungqamelanayo kwi kwiminyaka yokuqala isizukulwana 4 uphuhliso ikhompyutha, ngokufuthi malunga neelwimi ezifanayo kweenkqubo.

Ukuthelekiswa kwizizukulwana computer

Zama ukuba nomfanekiso iimpawu lokuthelekisa isizukulwana computer. kunokwenziwa njani oku? Kuyinto elula ukhetho - a lokuthelekisa itheyibhile isizukulwana computer. Kokuba zimelwe kwisakhiwo, luphawu kubonakalisa iqhosha computer - imveliso kunye nesiseko zeteknoloji, ngokusekelwe apho izibalo yenziwa.

Ezi mpawu lokuthelekisa isizukulwana computer. Sibona indlela ngokukhawuleza nokuphuhlisa ubugcisa computer. Computer kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo - Imizekelo kakuhle ukuvela Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo ekuvelisweni iingqiqo ezininzi ezintsha kunye nobunjineli ophezulu zobugcisa - kokubini kwinqanaba icandelo yentsimbi, ngokunjalo software.

Kwelinye icala, sinokugqiba ukuba computerization - into leyo eye yavela ngokuthe ngcembe, kunye nokwanda correlative wokupasa PC, ukuba ukusetyenziswa lula yaye kuxabise kancinane. Kodwa kukho uluvo, apho inkqubo ekuthethwa luphawulwa amaxesha ka-2, isantya xa ngokwenene ayagqabadul, kwaye ke emva kokuba imbonakalo computer izizukulwana-4, kwaye emva inguqu Internet ibe uthungelwano lwehlabathi. Ezi zinto zimbini, yaba, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, abaqhubi ezingundoqo computerization.