Imbewu Ulwakhiwo iimbotyi (figure)

iintlobo ezimbini yokuzala bungabonakala ehlabathini yezityalo: maqanda nangokwesini. Uhlobo lokuqala luquka iindlela ezifana ukudluliselwa kolwazi ilifa, njengoko ukwahlulwa iseli ngqo, kwezityalo - liqela iiseli somatic, kwaye andise iiseli ezizodwa haploid - sikuyo. Ifom yesibini, progressive ngakumbi - kodwa ukuzala, ekhokelela ukuyilwa imbewu. Senzeka kumjikelo wobomi gymnosperms kunye nezityalo nezidubula, ebizwa kwakhona angiosperms. Kule phepha siqwalasela isakhiwo olungaphandle iimbotyi imbewu, ufumanise ukuba izimo ezidingekayo ukuze ukukhula kwayo, kwakunye ukuqonda oko nezibonelelo izityalo nako kwimbewu yokuzala.

Yintoni nendlela iimbewu akhiwa?

Bean - inkcubeko thermophilic usapho ezinemidumba zonyaka, iye iintyatyambo imilo uphawu ngokungathi xinyenyana ibhabhathane okanye ehleli amaphiko lisongiwe. Ngaphakathi intyantyambo kwindawo ethile yalo, ngokuba pistil, lo rudiment imbewu ifihlakeleyo phantsi kwayo sac iqokobhe mbungu. It is a kweqanda diploid kunye nesakhiwo, obizwa ngokuba iseli central. Njalo buchumisa ubudoda ezimbini, kubangele kwaye kukho imbewu iimbotyi. Yeyona intsholongwane, ndingowenzala iikhompawundi organic ukulungiselela ukukhula kunye nophuhliso cotyledons ezimbini, nezigqubuthelo, ngokuba idyasi imbewu.

Zeziphi iimbewu dicotyledons

Zonke izityalo kweentyatyambo kunye cotyledons ezimbini kwakheka ngenxa ukuchumisa iziqhamo imbewu ekubunjweni apho indima ephambili idlalwa zonke iinxalenye intyantyambo: uluthi, Corolla of ezinamagqabi, androecium equka stamens kwaye, kakade, kunye iziqalelo imbewu pistil. imbewu Ulwakhiwo isifundo yeembotyi kwibakala 6 wayeqhelene icandelo biology njengoko Botany. Ine- imilo ellipsoid, ngenxa apho isixa onomtsalane madlozi kudityaniswe kwindawo kumphezulu encinci.

Olu phawu enciphisa zoqhagamshelwano imbewu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Isakhiwo sangaphandle imbewu yembotyi ifuze nkqubo ephambili organ excretory ngayo izilwanyana. Kukho inkcazelo kwi komzimba womuntu - izintso sembotyi-ezimile. Ngaphakathi, icala phakathi phaya kupensi yi - indawo yembewu yeembotyi encamathele beziya iziqhamo owomileyo, bean apha. Ngenxa yoko igama usapho sisityalo - imidumba. It has ngaphezulu kwama-12 amawaka. Species. Uninzi lwamalungu ayo - iifomu herbaceous, kodwa kukwakho amatyholo kunye nemithi. Phakathi imidumba ukubiza irekhodi umxholo leeprothini ezixabisekileyo zemifuno: kuba soy, ertyisi, neembotyi, neentlumaya.

isakhiwo Seed nentsingiselo yazo

Siza kuqhubekeka nokukhangela isakhiwo iimbotyi imbewu. Mzobo ungezantsi, ibonisa ubukho iinxalenye okhankanywe ngaphambili, ezizezi ingubo imbewu, cotyledons amabini kunye umbungu ibekwe therebetween.

Njengoko kuchaziwe, ukuba isahlulo ongaphandle - uyazicebula imbewu - yinto yemvelaphi imbewu yintsholongwane sheets (integuments). Iqhuba umsebenzi ukukhuselwa desiccation, amaqondo ezigqithisileyo kunye neminye imiba elibi abiotic. Kakade ke, ubume iphambili bungu imbewu. Kutheni oku kunjalo, makhe sibone kwicandelo elilandelayo.

umbungu dicot

Njengoko khumbula, xa inkqubo ifakwe kabini izityalo ezingundoqo kuphela eneentyatyambo, beqanda aqhamileyo - le elilodwa - kusenzeka kumiswa multicellular. Ibizwa ndiseyimbumba kwaye inamacandelo amathathu: osandul ingcambu, udiza plumule. Nikelani ingqalelo isakhiwo lwangaphakathi yembewu yeembotyi. Scheme ibekwe kubonisa ukuba umbungu ngokukhuselekileyo efihliweyo phakathi cotyledons, asinto nje ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa isakhiwo ebuthathaka kwaye bengakhuselekanga. Okulandelayo, siza kuphendula umbuzo, yintoni na imisebenzi ezendeleyo ngeekhomponenti asisiseko mbungu.

iingcambu osandul

Imali elikhulu izityalo belizwe elo ephuhliswe kakuhle iingcambu: engundoqo, kwicala okanye paranasal. Ingca, amatyholo kunye neentlobo nomthi ukwenza iintlobo ezimbini kwezakhiwo phantsi komhlaba ekuthiwa engundoqo kunye botanically iingcambu ezinezikhondo. Kwathi kanti, ukuba liqalise ngophuhliso inxalenye enye - ingcambu osandul. Ukuqala ukwahlula kwayo iseli yezityalo amalungu yeyona isibaluli ngu ezichaza indlela isiqalo ezifana ukuntshula kwembewu. Iimbotyi, iitumato, ertyisi kunye nezinye ubushushu-uthando novelwano ukuze izityalo amanzi amaninzi ifuna badibanise eyiyeyona zizinto ezahlukeneyo kokusingqongileyo, ukuze le nkqubo eyakhokelela ukuvela izityalo abatsha omtsha.

Cotyledons kunye nendima yabo ukuphila isithombo

Ukuze mbewu intshula efunekayo iikhompawundi reserve sezondlo: iswekile, acid, amafutha. Xa dicots ke amaninzi cotyledons. Ekuqaleni umbungu ekuntshuleni izinto eziphilayo ngemali ngendlela zichithakala nje, eyona ekhoyo ukuze nokwenziwa ngokuthi iiseli. Xa isithombo cotyledons zezityalo dicotyledonous baqale ukwenza imisebenzi komhlaba yokuqala, amagqabi ebizwa ngokuba yi-osandul. Kunjalo, ukuba akwazi ukuphumeza yefotosinthesis nokubonelela isityalo oselula zonke izinto zeplastiki kuyimfuneko.

Yintoni na ke ukuntshula kwembewu?

Le yinkqubo komzimba esekelwe kwi indlela utshintsho ukusuka kwixesha abagxothwa xa ubomi imbewu iindawo umbungu Inqanaba lokukhula esebenzayo: iingcambu siyenza kunye namagqabi. Ngenxa yoko, isithombo kuqala livela, uze kusenziwa isityalo esitsha. Olunjani a zokuntshulisa imbewu yembotyi? Amafoto thaca ngezantsi ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba lokuqala uqala ukuphuhlisa ingcambu osandul, udiza koko wenza ngaphezu amagqabi Cotyledon komhlaba. Emva kwexesha ezinye kwindawo olukhulayo kwe esikhondweni, equlathe ilaphu apical zemfundo - meristem - ve ntiyiso ishiya izityalo sembotyi.

Ithuba lokuphumula

Emva emuncu, nezaziwa neembotyi, iimbewu imbotyi ukusukela emyezweni, singakwazi ukuba sikhule ngokukhawuleza. Hayi kuphela iimbotyi, kodwa ezinye amaqela, ezifana iitumato, eggplants, kwaneekomkomere, kufuneka ixesha ukufumana iimbewu zabo ziye post-kokuvuna ukuphuma amathupha. Lubonakala kakhulu kukuba ngeli xesha iiseli lwegciwane ukutya wenziwe kwinqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu. Uphefumla imbewu Oku kwenziwe, isiqulatho amanzi ngaphantsi kwe wesithandathu ubunzima iyonke.

Ngenxa yoko - imbewu ukuhluma amandla ubuncinane zaneleyo sokudluliselwa izinto eziphilayo cotyledons ngendlela emanzini. Zombini zangaphandle nezangaphakathi imbewu isakhiwo iimbotyi engenamnini akukho eyahlukileyo kuleyo lokuphumla kwezityalo xa balungiselelwa ngokudala kumhlaba. Iiyantlukwano zinxulumene kuqala bomyinge wamanzi yokusabela pathways esiseleni nucleus, leyo iphantsi kakhulu ixesha dormancy.

Yintoni efunekayo ukuze ukuntshula umbungu

Xa namahlathi uyakwazi ukwahlula le miqathango ilandelayo ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ukuntshula kwembewu isithombo kokuhluma kwengxabano: Ubukho bamanzi, lobushushu kakuhle, ukufumaneka ioksijini, ukukhanya ngokupheleleyo. Qwalasela ezi zinto ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Indawo yokuqala kuluhlu lwethu yeemeko abiotic amanzi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukudumba iiseli, nto leyo sikhatshwa ngokomeleza ukuphefumla zabo.

Ukufunda isakhiwo yembewu yeembotyi, siye safumanisa ukuba amandla umbungu kunokwenzeka kuphela xa izinto eziphilayo abakhoyo cotyledons, ukuya ifomu isisombululo. Oku kungenxa molekyuli emanzini, ezendeleyo xa parenchyma zazo zokuzigcina. Ngenxa izityalo ubushushu-onothando, iimbotyi liphume elungileyo kumhlaba elangeni-esotha kakuhle. Kodwa ke ukukhanya alichaphazeli amandla ekuntshuleni. Kuba imbewu yokuzalela ngumntu ukusuka kwimo afihlakeleyo ke baphathwa evuselela ezifana phytohormones.

Kwakhona ukuqhuba reception scarification, okt zoomatshini ziphazamise ukuthembakala eluswini, ngaphandle kokonakalisa izakhiwo eziyinxalenye isakhiwo lwangaphakathi imbewu iimbotyi, ingakumbi lweCotyledon lwegciwane. Ngoko ke, zonke ezi zenzo zolimo ukukhawulezisa izityalo inkqubo ekuntshuleni.