Imbali ye-Civil lezoKhuselo. Civil Kokuthethelelwa USSR: imbali yendalo

Xa uhlolisisa ngenyameko ixesha elifutshane kwimbali yabantu, umzekelo, kuphela iminyaka eliwaka mihlanu idlulileyo, kuye kucace ukuba uxolo ehlabathini walawula ewonke afunyenwe ngumviwa kwiinkulungwane ezintathu ubuncinane.

Izoyikiso kubomi babantu

Ishumi elinesihlanu lamawaka basinda imfazwe yoluntu, yaye nganye kuzo kwafa abantu nesibindi nje kuphela (okanye hayi) amajoni, kodwa oqhelekileyo zange isixhobo ezandleni abantwana, abasetyhini nabantu abadala. Ukongeza, ezi ukufa ubukhulu becala random, ngaphandle amatyala kohlanga ngabom. Ngaphandle iimfazwe, kwakukho iinyikima, izikhukula, izifo, nakuzo izibetho indlala ngobuninzi kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi. Emva koko, njengoko uphuhliso esayensi, ubunjineli nethekhinoloji, oko ke lithuba kunye neentlekele ezenziwe ngumntu.

Ndawonye, imiba yingozi xesha kwabulawa abantu 3.5 billion. Emva kokuba ukuvela nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi (ekuqaleni nje imichiza), kwaye kwacaca ukuba impucuko Ngokuthe ngcembe kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuhamba endleleni eboniswe Thomas Malthus, eyikhusela ngempumelelo umhlaba nobuninzi yeyokuzingca kwintshabalalo.

ilizwe ngalinye kudla ukukhusela abantu lawo izinto eziyingozi, yaye lo msebenzi wayo ophambili. Ngo-1932 waqalisa imbali yophuhliso yokhuselo yoluntu kwelizwe lethu. Esi sakhiwo yenzelwe ukunciphisa iziphumo okuhlaselwa amazwe ezinobutshaba kwi-USSR.

Citizen, wena ngobuthi!

Ziimfundiso ukukhuselwa sesichengeni izixhobo zeekhemikhali kubanjwa de-1932. Omnye wabo, negalelo kusinda usozimali ngokufihlakeleyo, ochazwe kwincwadi yakhe edumileyo, "The Golden ithole" Writers I. Ilf kunye Petrov. utshaba mhlawumbi eSoviet Union ngelo xesha onke amazwe nkulu, anazo izixhobo zeekhemikhali ezingafunwayo ezithile, ngoko banxibe iimaskhi bafunda ngokukhawuleza zonke, abantwana kubantu ngeminyaka, yaye benze nabo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka izilwanyana. Kule banesifo, izoyikiso lwangaphandle concretized, ukuba bafumana imilo eziphathekayo ebusweni ngamaNazi. Imbali ukhuseleko yoluntu busuka emva ukuya ku-Oktobha 4, 1932, xa amaNazi eJamani lalingekafiki amandla. Kwakucacile ukuba ingozi engundoqo umphakathi zimela Air Force lutshaba umkhosi, leyo, Kakade ke, xa kuthe emfazwe aya kuqhunyiswe umzi. Imfazwe eSpeyin, eyaqala kwiminyaka emine emva koko, ayiqinisekisa le ikukoyika.

Iqela Pre MoEHE

imisebenzi Civil Defence kwiminyaka yokuqala ngamaqumrhu, ngokuba umoya wokhuselo yasekuhlaleni (MoEHE). Imisebenzi yombutho, kuxhomekeke kule yaBantu Commissariat lezoKhuselo, kuquka uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kwe amanyathelo ayilelwe ukunciphisa umonakalo owenziwe yi-Air Force lutshaba xa kuthe impi. Ulunika abasebenzi kunye nezibonelelo zobugcisa, esi sakhiwo ukwazisa uluntu malunga umoya ekuphangeni, ukuba ayinike iyindawo, ukubonelela ibe ekhuselekileyo, ukuphelisa iziphumo ukuhlaselwa moya yotshaba nokunceda amaxhoba. Amalungu amandla ephakamileyo (SNK), kwaye kwacaca ukuba kuphela iingalo semkhosini le misebenzi ayikwazi kwenziwe ngayo, yaye ukuba ndlongo kwenzeka, i-Red Army iya kuba omnye njongo iphambili - ngokoyiswa yotshaba. Ulondolozo amandla ezoshishino noqoqosho usindise ubomi babantu Soviet kufuneka babe imbangela yesizwe. Ngako oko, ngokwemiqathango yokhuselo bekumele ukusebenzisa zombini iiyunithi zomkhosi MoEHE, subordinated District Umyalelo we-Red Army kunye neeyunithi amavolontiya. Xa amashishini Kwamiswa amaqela ukukhusela yezinto zhilupravlenii nganye esetyenziswa uhlanga abazingcayo yokuzikhusela.

I ngaphantsi kwe NKVD

I enzima kakhulu le meko ngamazwe, ukuba wenziwe ngocoselelo ngakumbi Civil Defense Organisation. Izigidi zabemi Soviet zaye inxaxheba isakhiwo, ngokuba iyunithi yemveliso enkulu nganye okanye namakhulu amahlanu abahlali kwisithili i kwimimandla yasezidolophini okanye emaphandleni accounted for amavolontiya-15. Bafundisa zonke izakhono eziyimfuneko, elibala elibukhali unyango, kwakunye nombutho bolu okhuseleko kunye ukuze uluntu.

Kanye kubaluleke kangakanani umbuzo ngobunkokheli eSoviet Civil yoKhuselo Umbutho, uthetha lukhulu yokuba uRhulumente MoEHE ukususela 1940 phantsi eBantwini-onamandla onke kaThixo Commissariat of Internal Affairs USSR. Iinzame weqela kunye norhulumente kube neziphumo. Ngo-1941, zonke ishishini okanye ifama eSoviet Union, zonke izixeko neengingqi kufuneka isicwangciso ethile yokhuselo loluntu, njengoko ngayo xa kwimeko imfazwe kwafuneka enze. ziye umthambo ezininzi umphakathi apho. Iinkonzo Created emininzi ziyilwe ngentsebenziswano kunye nabasemagunyeni ukunika uncedo lwezonyango ukuya ababuleweyo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwezithuthi, urhwebo kunye nonikezelo ukutya abantu, unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Kungekudala, ezi zakhono usizo kabi ...

impi

Ukususela ngoJuni 1941 ngaphambili yabanjwa kungekuphela kwincam. Angasemva bazama kungabikho nkalo angayiveleliyo ekuzameni ukunika Red Army zonke ozifunayo. umyalelo German uyayiqonda ukubaluleka mveliso nganye, isityalo nganye ukuze woKhuselo USSR. Kwaye uthumela ekuhlaseleni butho, efuna kumbangele imveliso umonakalo.

Imbali wokhuselo yoluntu ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II ifanelwe isifundo eyahlukileyo nje ithuba elilodwa ukulungiselela onke amabutho entlalo ukulwela ilizwe labo. iziqhushumbisi sigade phezu kwezindlu, bungacinywa nabantu babo bonke ubudala, kunye zicinywe yonke umhlali endlwini, kunye namatyala ukwesaba ayembalwa kakhulu, ekupheleleni kwemihla anzima. MoEHE Fighters kungavimbela iingozi ngaphezulu kwama-30,000 kunye neentlekele phezu amashishini kuqoqosho lwesizwe, Nokwethisa kumakhulu amawaka ngeebhombu, bafake imililo 90 amawaka, amashumi amathathu amawaka basinda lwemikhosi yomoya. Le mizamo, ubuqhawe elingana abaninzi, wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo uloyiso eqhelekileyo. Civil Kokuthethelelwa USSR iye yabonisa ukusebenza eliphezulu, ufanelwe uncoma.

I post-imfazwe wokhuselo yombango

izixhobo zenyukliya wabonakala ngo-1945. Kwaye kwangoko izicelo. ESoviet Union ubengayilungiselelanga isisongelo esitsha yaye akazange abe inani eyimfuneko zokufihla into enokumelana ibhombu yenyukliya. uqoqosho lwelizwe ukuba abaneengxaki ezinkulu enxulumene kwakhona amathuba ezoshishino kwezolimo kwaye emva kokuba umonakalo obangelwe umlo kunye umsebenzi inxalenye enkulu ntsimi. Noko ke, ingxaki entsha iye yabangela impendulo. Imbali ye-Civil Kokuthethelelwa minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe baqhubeka izithethe esekwe kwi-30.

Eyona ngxaki ezingxamisekileyo kukukhusela abantu yaqala phakathi kwenkulungwane XX, emva ukwandiswa uluhlu lwezithuthi zonikezelo. izixhobo zenyukliya ngoku bayakwazi ukwenza kuphela ekuhlaseleni, kodwa imijukujelwa, bobabini ezisekelwe umhlaba-neselula. Imbali ye-Civil wezoKhuselo kwi-USSR ngokusemthethweni iqala ngo-1961, kwakunjalo ngoko ukuba inkonzo ufumene eli gama endaweni MoEHE. Uyinike igama kwakhona kwakufanelekile kakhulu ngenxa ukwandiswa imisebenzi kuluhlu isakhiwo. Umbandela 'KUYA "ifundiswa kwizikolo eziziisekondari ezizodwa, izikolo abafundi ukufumana ulwazi oluyimfuneko eklasini for NVP (uqeqesho basic military training). Xa nenani-70 ukusekwa kweeyunithi eziziimobhayili ukwenza imisebenzi ukuze kukhuselwe. In Balashikha ivula isikolo eliqeqesha amagosa ezithwala.

Civil Defence eUnited States

Kule amahlanu, inzululwazi wethu wenze idabi ngokukhawuleza, ngaphambi kwamanye amazwe, ngubani ingqalelo ngokwabo yempucuko. Oku kuboniswa kuphela xa impumelelo imihla USSR, kodwa kwakhona kwindawo wokhuselo. ESoviet Air Force wabonakala jet kunye turboprop Tu-95 kunye Tu-16, nako ukufikelela kokujoliswe zikude ngesantya esiphezulu. Kodwa sixhobo esibi yaba imijukujelwa enjalo weave, kunye neenkokheli yiSoviet kwi umba zokwakha ngexesha wayengekho phantsi kanakana. America walahlekelwa invulnerability yayo Intambo phezu izakhiwo kunye neefama yaya usongo i "mushroom" yenyukliya. History of the United States Civil Defense waqalisa kanye kule bamashumi ngamahlanu, yaye kungekudala ndazifumanela uphawu lwesizwe. Eli lizwe yahlulwe kwizithili ezilishumi, ngamnye kunye States eziliqela. Ngaphezu idolophu kwakhala uqeqesho alamu, Abafundi bafunda ngokukhawuleza ukuzimela phantsi esezidesikeni zawo, ubalekele kwelikhaya. Kwakukho ushishino yonke, leyo uvelisa zefula zixhotyiswe kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso ubomi zonke ukubenza. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe umnqweno "oogxa 'American ukuze bafunde ngokubonakalayo kumava eSoviet, zombini lombutho kunye nobugcisa. Ngexesha ingxaki enomjukujelwa Cuba inani zokufihla eUnited States kugqithiwe ukuba i-USSR, xa impixano, ukuba asindise apho abantu babe ngakumbi, kodwa ke umonakalo owenziwe logwayimbo yenyukliya, kusekho alwamkelekanga ngokupheleleyo.

Israel

Akukho wesibini lizwe, nto leyo eyayiza kuba imbali olukhulu kangaka Civil lezoKhuselo. Ngokufutshane kokuba kuchazwe ngamagama amabini: "ukusindisa bonke". Ngelishwa, oku akusoloko kusebenza, kodwa iqhubeka ukuhlaselwa kummandla State kaSirayeli evuthayo "Scud" imijukujelwa eqhelekileyo "Grad" kunye nezenzo amaninzi abanqolobi kunokubangela inani elikhulu iingxaki zokunxiba, ukuba imiqathango olusebenzayo ejolise zabo ukhuselo. inkonzo GO Efficiency izakuvumela uMphathiswa Civil wezoKhuselo ngo-2012, ukuba nibaphelise malunga eliqikelelwayo inani lamaxhoba phakathi kwabantu xa kuthe imfazwe ngokupheleleyo ne Iran kunye ngeerokethi ngexesha elifanayo ingxelo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, inani kwabafileyo ngaphezu abantu ezingamakhulu amahlanu. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba Matan Vilnai amagama ukubaxa into yokuba i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa okhokelwa ngaye, kodwa into yokuba ukuziphendulela umphakathi kwaSirayeli icwangciswe kakuhle, ezicacileyo. Kulo mzekelo, akukho namnye kweli lizwe kuMbindi Mpuma alukhabi ukusetyenziswa amava eSoviet kunye nokusekwa kwe yonke izibonelelo umphakathi.

In a Russia lwentando yesininzi

Imbali wokhuselo Russian yamakhaya yaqala ngo 1991, ngaxeshanye kunye nokudalwa eziko, urhulumente kunye nokhuseleko imikhosi karhulumente omtsha. Management GO wangena iKomiti State endizibumbeleyo likaxakeka kunye Ukupheliswa Iziphumo Natural Iintlekele (EMERCOM), emva kweminyaka emithathu similise okwaloo Ministry of Iimeko zikaxakeka (MES). wokhuselo Civil sele yinxalenye imisebenzi eyabelwe kwisakhiwo. koluhlu olubanzi lajika.

It iquka ikakhulu ukujongana neentlekele zokusingqongileyo zendalo kunye nomntu ezenziwe kunye neengozi kunye nokuziphatha navreno (ngohlangulo olungxamisekileyo kunye nemisebenzi recovery). Kwakhona, MoE ulungiselela kwizandyondyo okanye ungcoliseko kokugunyaziswa ezizodwa iindawo izahlulo, ucoceko abantu, izixhobo, izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo, imisebenzi pyrotechnic, ubonelelo amanyathelo ukuba kuphunywe ezindaweni eziyingozi kunye imimandla, nokubuyiselwa lonxibelelwano zokuphazamiseka (iindlela, izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya, iintambo zombane kunye nonxibelelwano njalo njalo. ). Kukho namanye amanyathelo nokhuseleko loluntu. nemisebenzi yabo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, iSebe likaxakeka engaqhubi kunye neeyunithi ze omkhosi ye Russian Federation.

Ngo September 2011 kwafika kaMongameli Ndiwise umthetho, njengoko apho iSebe lezoKhuselo wayalela nokudalwa kwiiyunithi zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa emkhosini ukunceda abantu kwiindawo yentlekele.

Okwangoku, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Iimeko Emergency na umbutho enamandla kwinqanaba federal, leyo unayo yayo izixhobo kakhulu mihla. Inkxaso yobugcisa na ezahlukeneyo, inkonzo nokuba moya yayo, ngaphezu kwama amahlanu moya, kuquka ntaka, kukho incinci kunye, inkulu moya exhobele zokucima omkhulu imililo ihlathi kunye nezibhedlele eziphaphazelayo.

Ngawo onke amazwekazi nasekhaya

Imbali yakutshanje ye-Civil woKhuselo of eRashiya rhoqo ihlaziywa kunye namaphepha ezizukileyo. Nabancedi uqeqesho zisebenza kuphela ngaphakathi lizwe kodwa phesheya. Ubulungiseleli Iimeko zikaxakeka moya uwuhlangule uncedo ukuya kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo planethi. Rescue walungisa imithwalo abachatshazelwa iinyikima, iinkanyamba, izikhukula kunye nezinye iintlekele zemvelo. uncedo olukhulu yabonelelwa le nabancedi nabo banayo ngamajoni. Emva emanyumnyezi "Katrina" Isichotho ebangele amchasa ngo-2005, imbali ye-Civil yoKhuselo wafumana emitsha ekhethekileyo. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali abahlanguli Russian wenze kummandla wase-United States, ukunika uncedo kubemi. zimpahla zasiwa kwi US xa wangqungisana "Sandy" (2012), kwaye ngexesha nenkanyamba wambetha Oklahoma (2013).

Kakade ke, amanye amazwe sinokuqiniseka abahlanguli Russian. Kodwa ke kuqala ephambili lweenkqubo yethu yokhuselo loluntu - ukukhusela ubomi kunye nempilo ngabemi bayo. Phakathi imisebenzi eyenziweyo ngexesha engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, kunokwenzeka ukudlulisela kunye nezenzo e Chechnya, kwaye asebenze ukuze kupheliswe isibetho baseTuva, kunye ekulweni ubunqolobi eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko. Kwaye kwakukho kokuwa moya kunye umlilo Ostankino kunye Karmadon Gorge, kunye eziqhumayo engaphantsi. Nezikhukhula e Krymsk kunye East Far. Amakhulu iingcaphephe nya iziphumo ntlekele kwi Sayano-Shushenskaya isikhululo samandla ngamanzi ngo-2009. Namhlanje, convoys noluntu esiya kwimimandla Luhansk kunye IDonetsk.

Bonke kunzima lokubhengeza. Kwaye kuyo yonke indawo phambili - amagosa nokuhlangula, iindlalifa uzuko MoEHE nemikhosi wokhuselo yoluntu.