Yimiphi imisebenzi ye-carbohydrate kwiseli?

Ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo, umzimba womntu udinga izinto ezisisiseko, apho zonke izicwangciso zeseli, izicubu kunye, ngokubanzi, zonke izakhi zakhiwa. Ezi zidibaniso ezifana:

• Iiprotheni;
• Lipids;
• I-carbohydrates;
• Nucleic acids.

Zonke zibaluleke kakhulu. Akunakwenzeka ukwahlula phakathi kwabo abangaphantsi kwexabiso, kuba ukungabi naluphi na okukhokelela umzimba ukuba usondele ekufeni. Cinga ukuba ziphi izixhobo ezinjenge-carbohydrates, kwaye yiyiphi indima abayidlalayo kwiseli.

Iingcamango eziqhelekileyo ze-carbohydrate

Ukususela kwindawo yokujonga i-chemistry, i-carbohydrate yinkimbinkimbi ye-oxygen equkethe i-organic compounds yayo ebonakaliswe ngu-formula jikelele _n (H ₂ O) _m . Kule meko, ama-indices kufuneka abe alinganayo, okanye ngaphezulu kwezine.

Isiqulatho esipheleleyo se-carbohydrates kwiiseli zezinto eziphilayo azifani. Ngoko, i-vegetative iqulethe malunga nama-80%, ngelixa izilwanyana - kuphela 2-3%. Ngabo ngokwabo, ezi iamolekyu azifumanwanga zize zifumana igama elinjalo. Emva koko, kubonisa nje ukubunjwa kwe-athomu: iathom e-carbon kunye neamolekyu yamanzi, ixhunywe ngendlela ethile.

Imisebenzi yee-carbohydrates kwiseli ifana nezityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Oko bakuyo, siya kuqwalasela ngezantsi. Ukongezelela, ezi zixhobo zihluke kakhulu ngokwazo. Kukho uluhlu olubanzi oludibanisa bonke kwiqela elinye kwaye lihlula ngamasebe ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo nokubunjwa.

Isakhiwo seMichiza kunye neepropati

Iyintoni isakhiwo seamolekyuli yeli klasi? Emva koko, oku kukumisela imisebenzi ye-carbohydrate kwiseli, yiyiphi indima abaza kudlala kuyo. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga imichiza, zonke izinto ezicatshangelwayo yi-aldehyde alcohols. I-molecule yabo iquka iqela le-aldehyde -COOH, kunye namaqela asebenza ngokusela utywala -OH.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zefomula, onokubonisa ngayo isakhiwo se-carbohydrate.

1. I-molecular - ibonakalisa ukubunjwa kobunjani kunye nokwenyuka kwenkomfa, kodwa ayibonisi uxhumano phakathi kwama-athomu kwaye akathethi ngesakhiwo kunye nepropati.
2. Zakhiwo . Epheleleyo okanye echanekileyo, ibonisa umyalelo wokudibanisa iathom kwi-molecule, ngoko kuya kwenzeka ukuqikelela iipropati kuyo.
3. Iifomula zokuqikelela zeFisher. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemigca engqambileyo kunye nemigca, i-intersection ehambelana nenani lee-athomu ze-carbon e-stereocenter. Kule meko, iqela le-aldehyde liboniswa ngokwahlukileyo.
4. Iifom zemivuzo. Kusetshenziselwa ukubhala isiseko seesyhukile, ezilula kunye eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ujonge iifomula ezimbini zokugqibela, unokuqikelela umsebenzi wee-carbohydrates kwiseli. Emva koko, iipropati zabo ziyacaca, kwaye ke indima.

Iimpawu zeekhemikhali ezibonisa ushukela zichazwe ngobuninzi bamaqela ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo. Ngoko, umzekelo, njengama- alcohydric alcohols, i- carbohydrate iyakwazi ukuphendula ngendlela efanelekileyo ngokubhebhetheka (II) i-hydroxide, kwaye njenge-aldehydes, i-oxidize i- gluconic acid ngenxa ye-mirror.

Ukwahlula i-carbohydrates

Ekubeni iimolekyuli ezibhekiselweyo zihlukeneyo, iikhemikhali zenze isigaba esihlangeneyo esidibanisa zonke iifom efana namaqela athile. Ngaloo ndlela, iindidi ezilandelayo zitshukela ziyabonakala.

1. Elula, okanye i-monosaccharides. Qinisekisa enye inxalenye yesakhiwo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona i-pentoses, hexoses, heptoses kunye nabanye. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye iqhelekileyo i-ribose, i-galactose, i-glucose kunye ne-fructose.
2. Eziyinkimbinkimbi . Ukubambisana kwamanqununu amaninzi. Ukuxhatshazwa kwemida - ukusuka kwii-2, i-oligosaccharides-ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-10, i-polysaccharides-engaphezulu kwe-10. Ibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabo: i-sucrose, i-maltose, i-lactose, isitashi, i-cellulose, i-glycogen kunye nabanye.

Imisebenzi yee-carbohydrate kwiseli kwaye emzimbeni ibaluleke kakhulu, ngoko ke zonke iindidi ezidibeneyo zeamolekyu zinexabiso. Ngamnye wabo unendima yayo. Yimiphi le mi sebenzi, esiyicinga ngezantsi.

Imisebenzi ye-carbohydrate kwiseli

Zininzi zazo. Nangona kunjalo, zikhona ezo ezinokuthiwa eziyisiseko, ezicacileyo, kwaye zisekondari. Ukuze uqonde kangcono le ngxaki, kufuneka ubhale uluhlu lwazo zonke ezicwangcisiweyo kwaye ziqondakala. Ngoko siya kufumanisa imisebenzi ye-carbohydrate kwiseli. Itafile engezantsi iza kusinceda.

Kucacile ukuba kunzima ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kwezizinto ezicatshangelwayo, ekubeni zisiseko seenkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Cinga ngeminye yemisebenzi yee-carbohydrate kwiseli ngokubanzi.

Umsebenzi wamandla

Enye yezona zibalulekileyo. Akukho ukutya okudliwa ngumntu unako ukumnika i-kilocalories ezininzi njenge-carbohydrates. Emva koko, igramu ye-1 yezixhobo zihlanganiswe nokukhutshwa kwe-4.1 kcal (38.9 kJ) kunye ne-0.4 amagremu wamanzi. Isiphumo esinjalo sinako ukunika amandla kumsebenzi wendalo yonke.

Ngako oko, ngokuqinisekileyo kunokuthiwa i-carbohydrate kwinqanaba likhonza njengabaxhasi okanye imithombo yamandla, amandla, amandla okuba khona, ukufezekisa naluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi.

Kuye kwagqithwa ixesha elide ukuba ieskese, eziyi-carbohydrates inxalenye enkulu, zinako ukukhawuleza ukubuyisela amandla kunye nokukhuthaza. Oku akusebenzi nje kuphela ekuqeqesheni ngokomzimba, ekusebenziseni umzimba, kodwa nakwimisebenzi yengqondo. Emva koko, xa umntu ecinga ngakumbi, esenza isigqibo, ebonisa, efundisa, njalo njalo, iinkqubo ezininzi ze-biochemical zenzeka kwingqondo yakhe. Kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwazo, sidinga amandla. Ndingafumana phi na? Impendulo ilula: i-carbohydrates, okanye kunoko iimveliso eziqulethe zona, ziya kunika.

Umsebenzi wamandla owenziwa ngamacandelo athatyathwayo akavumelekanga ukuhamba kunye nokucinga. Amandla ayadingeka nakwezinye iinkqubo ezininzi:

• Ukwakha iindawo zesakhiwo zeseli;
• Ukutshintshwa kweGesi;
• Ukutshintshwa kwePlastiki
• Ulwabiwo;
• Ukujikeleza kwegazi kunye njalo.

Zonke iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zifuna umthombo wamandla ukuba zikhona. Oku kunika i-carbohydrates yezinto eziphilayo.

Plastiki

Olunye igama lo msebenzi lwakhiwo, okanye lwakhiwo. Ithetha ngokwayo. I-carbohydrates ithatha inxaxheba ekwakheni i-macromolecules ebalulekileyo emzimbeni, njengale:

• DNA.
• RNA.
• ATP.
• ADF nabanye.

Siyabulela kwiimveliso esizicingayo ukuba i-glycolipids yenziwa - enye yee-molecule ezibalulekileyo zeembrane zeseli. Ukongezelela, udonga lweseli lwezityalo lwakhiwa kwi-cellulose, oko kukuthi, i-polysaccharide. Kwakhona inxalenye ebalulekileyo yemithi.

Ukuba sithetha ngezilwanyana, kwi-arthropods (i-crustaceans, izigulane, iikethi), abaculi, i-chitin- polysaccharide ingena kwi-membrane yeseli . Icandelo elifanayo lifumaneka kwiiseli zamakhowe.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-carbohydrate kwisitenzana isebenza njengezinto zokwakha kwaye ivumela ezininzi izakhiwo ukuba zenze kwaye zidibanise ngokukhululwa kwamandla.

Inventory

Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu. Akuwona onke amandla angena emzimbeni ngokutya atshabalaliswa ngokukhawuleza. Inxalenye ihlala ihlanganiswe kwiamolekyudi ye-carbohydrate kwaye ifakwe kwifom yokugcina izondlo.

Kwizityalo, lo isitashi, okanye i-inulin, i-cellulose kwindonga yeseli. Kubantu nasezilwaneni - i-glycogen, okanye i-fat fat. Oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ukubonelelwa kwamandla kwimeko yokulamba komzimba. Ngoko, umzekelo, ivenkile yevenkile yeegelane kungekhona nje ukufumana amandla ngexesha lokwahlukana kwayo, kodwa, ngokuyinxalenye, ukukhulula inani elifunekayo lamanzi.

Umsebenzi woKhusela

Kanye kunye nalabo bachazwe ngasentla, imisebenzi ye-carbohydrate kwisisele sezinto eziphilayo zikhusela. Oku kubonakala lula ukuba sihlalutya ukubunjwa komgangatho we-resin kunye ne-gum eyenziwe kwindawo yokulimala kwisakhiwo somthi. Ngokwemvelo yabo yemichiza, ezi zi-monosaccharides kunye neziphumo zazo.

Umbane onjalo ovuthiweyo awuvumeli izinto eziphilayo ezivela ngaphandle kwe-pathogenic ukuba zingene ngaphakathi komthi kwaye zilimaze. Ngoko kuvela ukuba umsebenzi okhuselekileyo wee-carbohydrates wenziwa.

Kwakhona umzekelo walo msebenzi ungasebenza njengolu hlobo kwizityalo njengameva kunye nameva. Ezi iiseli ezifile, ezibandakanya kakhulu i-cellulose. Zikhusela isityalo ekudleni izilwanyana.

Umsebenzi oyintloko we-carbohydrate kwiseli

Imisebenzi esiyibhalisile, ngokuqinisekileyo, unokubona ukuba ibaluleke kakhulu. Emva koko, umsebenzi weemveliso nganye eziqulethwe izinto ezicatshangelwayo kukuhlanganisa, ukwahlukana nokunika umzimba amandla okuyimfuneko ebomini.

Ngoko ke, umsebenzi oyintloko we-carbohydrate kwisisele ngumbane. Ngaphandle kobunzima obunamandla, akukho nqubo inokuqhubeka ngokuqhelekileyo, ngaphakathi nangaphandle (ukunyakaza, ukubonakalisa ubuso, njl njl.). Kananjalo ngaphezu kwe-carbohydrate, akukho nto inokunika amandla. Ngoko ke, sikhetha le nxaxheba njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwaye ibalulekileyo.

Imveliso equkethe i-carbohydrate

Kwakhona kwakhona. Imisebenzi ye-carbohydrate kwiseli ilandelayo:

• Amandla;
• Zakhiwo;
• Ukugcina;
• Khusela;
• Ummkeli;
• Ukufakela ukushisa;
• Catalytic nabanye.

Ziziphi ukutya okumele zigqitywe ukuze umzimba ufumane ngokwaneleyo le mihla yonke imihla? Uluhlu oluncinci, apho kuphela ukutya okucebileyo kwe-carbohydrate eqokelelwayo, kuya kusinceda siqonde oku.

1. Izilwanyana ezinobuncwane zizityebi kwisitashi (amazambane, i-artichoke yaseYerusalem kunye nabanye).
2. Izityalo (irayisi, i-pearl ibhali, i-buckwheat, i-millet, i-oats, ingqolowa nabanye).
3. Isonka kunye nayo yonke imveliso yeebhaka.
4. Ingcongolo okanye i- beet ishukela i-disaccharide kwifomu yayo ecocekileyo.
5. Macaroni kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zazo.
6. Ubusi - i-80% inomxube we-glucose kunye ne-fructose.
7. Iifomentshi - nayiphi na i-confectionery eyanandiphayo ukunambitha, imithombo ye-carbohydrates.

Nangona kunjalo, akufanele usebenzise kakubi le mveliso, kuba inokukhokelela ekufakeni i-glycogen ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukukhuluphala, kunye nesifo sikashukela.