Iifayile - yintoni na. Ukwakheka noSetyenziso

Ukudala umgangatho kunye elithembekile phezu kukho ezahlukeneyo kumafa neempawu izinto. Omnye wabo tar. Yintoni na le nto, yintoni iimpawu oko anazo yaye apho kufanelekileyo, kuyaziwa kakuhle kakhulu kule yokuqala abakhi indawo kunye nabasebenzi indlela. Abantu besizukulwana abadala, okhulele eSoviet Union, ndowukhumbula yintoni ihlafuna gum lwabo lokuqala - tar. Ngaphandle into emnandi ukhandwa ngeposi oyile processing ukuba isakhiwo viscous kwaye wayiveza abamnyama. Sesivuno udaka uvela-8 ukuya ku-45 ekhulwini ngokobunzima ioli.

Iifayile - yintoni

Isiseko sale kwaziswa iimveliso ioli, ngoko ke ukwakhiwa tar ifana kakhulu amaqhezu ioli. Bona amacandelo umyalelo:

- Petroleum resin eyenziwa hydrocarbon kombhalo ezimbaxa nabadlulisela tar viscosity kunye stringiness.

- leTela - eziqinileyo ukwandisa uzinzo thermal.

- acid leTela kunye anhydrides zabo ukuba ukungaguquguquki emnandi kunye acids polinaftenovym ezinxulumeneyo.

- Kwakhona candelo mandatory na isiqulatho tar aphezulu ubumdaka zesinyithi langoku eolini.

iipropati zetar

Bona zixhomekeke ikakhulu iimpawu ioli, kwakunye ubugcisa ezisetyenziswa ekwenziweni kwayo. amaqhezu Nature petroleum abachaphazelekayo kwaye ezinye iimpawu elitshisiweyo, ezifana ukuxinana, indawo yokunyibilika kunye flash coking. A tar engcono ifunyenwe oyile enzima kunye nentlaka imalunga-8% sobunzima bayo.

Ukusetyenziswa tar

Kumasebe ahlukeneyo lendle isicelo. Leyo njengesakhi esibalulekileyo ukwenziwa kwendlela zokwakha itha, aziwayo, mhlawumbi, yonke into. Kodwa ukongezelela, tar iyafuneka kunye nokuveliswa amafutha kweemoto, ioli amafutha kunye neegesi ezinokutsha. Xa lokwakha werabha lo shishino isetyenziswa njengento emollient. Tar ezinomthamo aphezulu nentlaka zinakho hlulwa ibe amafutha emoto ayekwi usebenzisa indlela hydrogenation futhi ng.

Ukuze ususe amacandelo emnandi-asphaltene kunye hydrocarbon polycyclic enuka kamnandi, anesibambiso isalathiso viscosity eliphantsi neqondo eliphezulu coking isicelo lendle deasphalting. Isinyibilikisi, njengokuba umthetho, nguye propane. Kodwa kunye nayo, xa ufuna ukufumana unit hydrocracking ekrwada okanye nokuqhekeka zokuphosa zingasetyenziswa pentane kunye butane. Maxa wambi, a deasphalting isigaba-mbini lwenziwa xa kwinqanaba lokuqala itela onesiphumo yabela component viscous ngakumbi - Dao 2.

Ekuphumezeni indlela isebenza elitshisiweyo eziswayo ekwimo eqinileyo, kwaye sele usebenzise ngqo phambi kokuba ndinobushushu sikwimo engamanzi.

imithombo zamabanga

Ekuvelisweni iisepha,-oyile ukukhanya, paraffins kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuhlanjululwa apho reagent esetyenziswa njenge -sulphuric acid, ukhandwa-mveliso ekuthiwa lendle asidi. Le ngumthombo lesibini exabisekileyo kwindawo gummy mass emnyama equlathe ikakhulu sulphuric acid kunye organic. Ton acid udaka ivumela ukufumana 600 kg zamafutha oyile, 230 kg gypsum 110 kg-60 kg coke okanye hydrocarbon sukube.

Ingozi tars acid ye eziphilayo

Nangona ixabiso layo njenge ekrwada izinto yokuhlanganisa asphalt, yaye omnye weyona miba ibalulekileyo kokubuza isoyikiso kokusingqongileyo, oko ke lendle asidi. Ukuba izinto ngenene ngumthombo ingozi ukuya enezityalo nezilwanyana, kulula ukucinga, ukuba ukhumbule nokubunjwa kwayo - into emnandi kunye sulphuric acid simahla, okuqulathwe anokuba ukuya kwi-70% yabo ubunzima iyonke.

Umngcipheko yindlela yokugcina kunye tars acid. Ngenxa yokuba namhlanje akukho iindlela kakuhle yokurisayikilisha, inkunkuma ibizwa enokulahlwa echibini yokugcina ephethe maxa wambi iindawo mikhulu. Ngenxa yeenkqubo redox ukuba kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo phezu komhlaba yokugcina, isixa esikhulu sulphur dioxide. Emva kweemvula ezinkulu okanye ukunyibilika ezimuncu emthonjeni snow amanzi empompoza evela amachibi ngeembambo, acidifies umhlaba kunye komhlaba.

Konke oku kunefuthe elibi imeko eziphilayo kufuphi indawo yezi amachibi, kakubi kuchaphazela impilo yabantu abahlala kwindawo ezingqongileyo. Izigidi eetoni tars acid warehoused kwi kwichibi yokugcina ivulekile kummandla Russia. Phantse zonke izicokisi kukho inkunkuma enjalo. Enye kuphela ummandla emfono iitoni lwabo ngaphezu kwe-250.

Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma

Xa isakhiwo nophuhliso lwale mihla ukukhula kwemfuno iimveliso ezifana itha, tar, ibhitumene yemastic igada. Ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye inani elandayo abenzi. Abaninzi babo bazama ukusombulula ingxaki tars acid inkunkuma, usebenzisa indlela sulphuric unyango acid, kodwa isekhona waneleyo isikali, t. To. Kuyinto kakhulu yinkqubo enzima. Lufuna izinto acid-enganyangekiyo eninzi, uphuhliso ubuchule ezizodwa kunye neemeko zokugcina. Namhlanje, uphuhlise bugcisa ngokukuko acid inkunkuma lendle.

Phantse zonke iingcali umsebenzi wokwakha kwendlela, tar ngokufanelekileyo ingqalelo impahla ekhethekileyo. remelting lakhe likuvumela ukuba wenze iintlobo iikhompawundi ezithelekisekayo ezisetyenziswe ngempumelelo ekwakhiweni kwendlela. Kunye nokusetyenziswa elitshisiweyo in nophahla kunye nokwakha imisebenzi naseolini amafutha, ii-oyile ethambisayo xa iqatyiwe kwaye izibaso zolwelo ngakumbi nelikhuthaza ixabiso layo.