Ziyintoni ukukhuselwa komzimba?

Ngengqiqo jikelele okukwazi oonozakuzaku - ilungelo ukuba ningayithambeli izigqibo onegunya omnye karhulumente, ii-arhente zayo kunye nabameli. Enyanisweni, oku kubizwa ngokuba lixesha, okanye imeko apho par in parem non habet panel (lat. "Ngokulinganayo namandla ngokulinganayo phezu").

Ingcamango neempawu okukwazi kwamazwe

Kubo bonke abemi abangaphandle kurhulumente, oonozakuzaku ukuma ngenxa yemeko zabo zomthetho. Xa owokugqibela, njengoko umthetho, baqonde iseti oqhelekileyo amalungelo, amalungelo kunye neemfanelo malunga kwilizwe ohlala kulo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba iinzuzo - ukuba ngeengenelo ziyanikezelwa kuyo ngumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuphumeza kakuhle yeenjongo zomsebenzi. Enye yazo ixabisa ukubalaselisa nokukhululeka ezahlukeneyo zomthetho, ezithi ichazwa ilungelo elikhethekileyo abameli bozakuzo abekho phantsi kwezinye imithetho jikelele.

okukwazi eyakhiwe inemisebenzi eziliqela ezahlula kwezinye amalungelo:

1. Ngaba ukuvela "inkuthazo ezimbi" - enyanisweni, le akhululwe izibophelelo (iirhafu, inkqubo njalo njalo.) Okanye uxanduva.

2. Injongo yale ilungelo kukuqinisekisa ukuba noxanduva kunye nemisebenzi ngamazwe. Oko lisebenza kuphela akhethekileyo kunye nokukhululeka alizokunikwa kuxhamle ngayo loo mntu.

3. ngokoMthetho nabantu sifo ozakuzo, ichazwe ngokucacileyo kwi siseko kunye nemithetho, kwakunye nemimiselo yomthetho ngamazwe. In Russia banalo amapolisa ozakuzo kunye nabameli, uMongameli, amalungu lamaphulo ezizodwa kunye nomelo nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngoko ke, amalungelo yemeko bezozakuzo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela 2: okukwazi (inkululeko into) kunye nezibonelelo ezisemthethweni, ingqiqo apho lu dityanisiwe kwezono ezithile, amalungelo pre-kwinjongp, ozikhethayo, wayengomnye ngaphezu kwezinye izifundo eziyingenelo kuluntu luphela.

Umthetho phezu amalungelo State

okukwazi eyakhiwe njengecandelo osemthethweni ikhona ixesha elide. Naxa eRoma yamandulo, abathunywa utshaba States inviolable njengoko ziye kuthathwa ukuze sikhuselwe woothixo.

Kangangethuba elide ukuma oonozakuzaku emiselwe enye kuphela amasiko nezithethe, njengoko akazange ayisekho naziphi na izixhobo ngamazwe kule miba. Eli lilinge lokuqala kwi kwanokubhalwa esesikweni kwenziwa kuphela ngo-1928, xa Havana (Latin America) lamkela Convention on amagosa Amanxusa.

Kamva, ngowe-1961, eye yayamkela le Convention Vienna on yokuZakuzelana, leyo unanamhla kuhlala sixhobo zezivumelwano esisiseko entsimini yobudlelwane bezizwe. Okwangoku ebandakanyekileyo amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini, kuquka naseRashiya.

Ukongeza i-Convention wathi, okukwazi ozakuzo phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe esekelwe izivumelwano zilandelayo nezivumelwano:

• I-Vienna Convention on Consular Relations ka-1963.
• Convention on the naMalungelo awodwa weZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-1946.
• I-Convention on the naMalungelo awodwa-arhente ezikhethekileyo, 1947.
• Convention on the Status Legal, naMalungelo awodwa of Imibutho Economic Intergovernmental ngo-1980.

Ukongeza, States banelungelo okukwazi ozakuzo ngokuchasene naziphi na izenzo evumela ukuba ucacise le meko ngokungqinelana ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini. okukwazi bokuphathisana umthetho lolwaphulo-i-Russian Federation, iinkqubo yoluntu kunye nezolawulo ezichazwe ngqo kwi izenzo eyabekwa ezilawula la macandelo.

Types of nokuxolelwa kwamazwe

Amalungelo ezinikwa oonozakuzaku hayi inzuzo buqu okanye ukuphuculwa, yaye ukwenzela ukudala iimeko ezithandwa umsebenzi kwelinye ilizwe. Amazwe kunye ofisi nabameli babe nokukhululeka efanayo kunye nomkhosi elizweni amele yimeko yabo.

Ngokungqinelana nemigangatho ye-Vienna Convention of 1961 kunye nezivumelwano kugqitywe ngamazwe, zonke nokukhululeka bozakuzo lungohlulwa lube maqela alandelayo:

• Le amalungelo yozakuzo - amazwe futhi consulates.
• nokukhululeka zobuqu of oonozakuzaku kunye namalungu eentsapho zabo.
• Amalungelo amalungu lamaphulo ezizodwa kunye namagqiza likaxakeka.
• Nokukhululeka kwamalungu international (interstate, ngaphakathi) nemibutho.

Kukho kwakhona ukuhlelwa ngokungqinelana ubungaka- sifo zozakuzo: inkqubo civil, yolwaphulo (omzimba in kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho), amasiko, irhafu (karhulumente) nezolawulo.

Nokukhululeka yozakuzo

Ngokutsho Vienna Convention 1961, okukwazi ozakuzo ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

1. inviolability yesakhiwo.

The State abafumana na, ngenxa amagosa alo kunye nobuchule nabasemagunyeni (amapolisa, umlilo, abaphathi, amagosa njalo njalo.) Ngaba kunyanzelekile ukuba ukunika ukhuselo ngempumelelo ukumelwa ongunozakuzaku isakhiwo kunye nomhlaba ngeenxa zonke kuyo. A okukwazi efanayo kwandiselwa zokuhlala zabucala of oonozakuzaku.

2. omzimba kwempahla kunye nezithuthi.

Enyanisweni, akukho impahla ayikwazi kubanjwa, babanjwa okanye wacinga. Noko ke, ukuba isithuthi lumelo lolwaphulo-mthetho, oko zilibaziseke. Iintshukumo-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho ngelo xesha kufuneka ibhekiswe hayi ngokuchasene isithuthi nanxamnye ngumntu omnye.

3. Privacy imbalelwano kunye noovimba.

imeyile eyakhiwe - lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lonxibelelwano ithi ummeli. Kuyinto inviolable kakhulu, mayingabi sakhululwa umda ngokobunzima okanye inani lezihlalo. 1961 Vienna Convention ibhekisa unikezelo ngeposi kunye neposi beskurernuyu xa umyalezo uthunyelwa kwaloo ngqwayi-moya okanye inqanawa.

4. Tax (karhulumente) nezifo.

Iintengiselwano zezimali baqhubeka nemisebenzi yokhuseleko yayo yangaphakathi, hayi ngokuxhomekeke kuyo nayiphi na imirhumo neentlawulo.

5. amalungelo Custom.

Sibhekiswe mission umthwalo sezozakuzo abawuthobeli irhafu kunye nemisebenzi (ngaphandle yokugcina), kodwa uphendlo uya ngezizathu jikelele.

nokukhululeka zobuqu kwabasebenzi kwamazwe

Mission kwabasebenzi zingahlulwa ngokweendidi 3: Amanxusa, yolawulo kunye nokugcinwa. Bonke bephela zibe ngumqulu elithile usebenzisa indlela amalungelo zilandelayo:

1. inviolability Personal.

Abasebenzi yozakuzo kunye namalungu eentsapho zabo akhuselwe ukwamkelwa nguRhulumente. Nakuphi na ukuhlaselwa okanye ukuhlukunyezwa engamkelekanga zabo. Umzekelo, i-Code Criminal kwiSiqendu 360 libonelela isohlwayo seminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwesi-7 ngenxa kukuhlaselwa abameli kumazwe angaphandle besonwabela ukhuselo ozakuzo.

2. Le inviolability ekhaya (yokuhlala yabucala).

Iindawo zokuhlala abantu oonozakuzaku kunye namalungu eentsapho zabo (indlu, ndlu) ukuba ukhuseleko nokhuselo wokusetsha nokuhlutha izinto, kunye penetrations.

3. Le omzimba ukusuka kolawulo lolwaphulomthetho, yoluntu zolawulo, ukukhuselwa ukunyanzelisa iintshukumo.

Ngokumalunga ezinolawulo lwembambano lolawulo ukususwa 3 okunokwenzeka:

• Amabango malunga zokubonisana sobuqu kunye kwilifa nentsapho yakhe.
• Amabango amacala amafa (Wills umngeni, kubandakanywe ezihlangwini njalo njalo.).
• Ukumangalelana ngemiba eyahlukeneyo lomsebenzi yorhwebo, apho oonozakuzaku okanye amalungu eentsapho zabo ezibandakanyelwa inzuzo.

4. Lo ngumsebenzi amasiko inviolability yemithwalo.

izinto zobuqu of oonozakuzaku zingayokuhlolwa kuphela phambi kwabo waza wakrokrela kakhulu ubukho izinto ezithintelweyo ukuba kwamanye amazwe. Ukuba, emva kokuba kuhlolwa andafumana ukunyhashwa, umnini-yomthwalo unelungelo lokufaka igosa loqhankqalazo.

Kwihlabathi mihla olu hlobo sifo abashiya phakathi komthetho olawulayo, njengoko ilizwe, ngokusekelwe amanyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngenqwelomoya ekulweni ubunqolobi, oonozakuzaku ulinganiswa nabanye abakhweli-moya emkhosini.

5. Ukukhululwa kwiinkonzo zobuqu.

The State efumana ukuze sinyanzele kumalungu kunye neentsapho zabo nezibophelelo zakho (emkhosini, ukhuselo, billeting emkhosini, iirikhwizishini, njalo njalo).

6. Inkululeko intshukumo ngaphakathi kummandla ukwamkelwa kaRhulumente.

Abantu nangayiphi na indlela enxulumene amapolisa ozakuzo, unelungelo ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo ngaphakathi host lizwe, ngaphandle kweendawo ukuba abavumelekanga ukuba batyelele basemzini ngumthetho okanye isimo yonqulo.

okukwazi lobuqu Pheleleyo kuba oonozakuzaku kunye nabameli abasebenzi kwezolawulo nobugcisa, kwakunye ngokuhlala kunye namalungu osapho nabo. Noko ke, ukuba basebenzise ilungelo labo, abanako kuphela kwimeko musa ukuba uhlanga le efumana kaRhulumente okanye musa Ahlale kulo ngonaphakade.

Abalindi kokusingqongileyo inye thembela kuphela yokuxolelwa kwabazali iirhafu kunye nemisebenzi zerhafu ngokunxulumene inkonzo wafumana ingeniso.

Nokukhululeka zesithunywa ezizodwa

Ukongeza "rhoqo" amaziko ozakuzo kwamanye amazwe, kukho ukwakheka okwethutyana - mission (Commission group) ingabhekiswa omnye ilizwe kwenye ukuze kuqwalaselwe nayiphi na imiba okanye ukwenza imisebenzi ethile.

I-Convention on lamaphulo Special, esamkelwa ngowe-1969, esi sixhobo bamazwe kulo mba usinika ingqiqo imfundo bezozakuzo okwexeshana onke amaqela, kubandakanywa neentloko karhulumente, urhulumente, abalungiseleli angaphandle kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu abaya p ishishini likarhulumente yakhe . Aba bantu echazwe ngexesha uhambo babe ngumsebenzi ngokupheleleyo kolawulo zonke iintlobo.

Amagunya ukuthunywa okukhethekile, ubude balo kunye nokwakheka emiselwe umsebenzi wayo kwaye zikholisa kuvunyelwene phakathi kwamazwe ochaphazelekayo kwiintlanganiso.

amalungu omzimba ongunozakuzaku lamaphulo ezizodwa okwethutyana kwaye ime xa abuyela kwilizwe uqinisekiso. Ngoxa amanye amagunya amalungu amaqela okwethutyana ezi cishe nokukhululeka efanayo kunye namalungelo njengabaqeshwa "umphelo" amaziko.

Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo kwi Convention 1969, imiqathango ethile ilungelo labo lukhuselekile. Ngokukodwa, abameli host lizwe banelungelo lokufikelela unimpeded phantsi ugrogriso yomlilo okanye enye intlekele kumasango ukuthunywa okukhethekile. akufunwa Resolution intloko iqela okanye umsebenzi ochaphazelekayo ozakuzo. Oku lo umda kukhokelele ukwala USSR, yaye kamva Russia ukuqinisa le Convention.

Omzimba imibutho ngamazwe

Ngokubanzi, olu hlobo sifo inokuchazwa isethi amalungelo akhethekileyo kunye amalungelo yi ngumbutho ngamazwe / koorhulumente kunye nabasebenzi (kwakunye nabameli lwamalungu oburhulumente kunye naye), ngokuxhomekeka ukuze akwazi ukuwasebenzisa ngokufezekileyo nezizimeleyo kwemisebenzi yomthetho.

Malunga imfuneko okukwazi ongunozakuzaku yokulisebenzisa imisebenzi echazwe kwiSiqendu 104 no-105 we-UN Charter, ngokunjalo kumaxwebhu usemthethweni neminye imibutho ezamkelwa, ezifana UNESCO, WHO, IMF, Council of Europe, zePACE kunye nabanye.

Umda kunye nesiqulatho sifo tekisi zichazwe kwiindibano ezikhethekileyo, izivumelwano neemvumelwano igqitywa phakathi ngamazwe kwaye ukuyilwa karhulumente. Ukongeza izibonelelo ngokubanzi indibanisela, la maxwebhu ukuchaza iinyhweba nokunye ukuvikeleka abasebenzi: ingqibelelo, ukuxolelwa wolawulo, amalungelo amasiko, ngokuthi baxolelwe kwi entry, zokuhlala, lwemali exchange, kwilizwe, ilungelo abalinganiswa ezizodwa, passport njalo-njalo.

Le omzimba ngabameli Member States kwimibutho ngamazwe

Le omzimba abameli zamazwe Unxulumano interstate kakhulu ngaphezu omzimba kwabasebenzi. Enyanisweni, uyafana Eziphendulela, njengoko isekelwe ilungelo ithi ukumela iimfuno zabo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.

Eyona iqhekeza olungundoqo mthetho Russia, iimpawu alawulayo ukumelwa isigxina umbutho ngamazwe, nomThetho wokuLawula "Kwi Esihlala Mission of the Russian Federation kumbutho jikelele", evunywe ngengqibo nguMongameli Russian Federation on September 29, 1999 № 1316.

Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba abameli bemibutho basebenzise amalungelo abo kuphela kwinqanaba nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ayikwazi abele kwindawo yokuhlala esisigxina lombutho interstate. Kodwa ukuba oku kuyenzeka, izakhiwo zayo amandla banoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba abameli zoMbuso kunye nogunyaziso ukuba neenkomfa ngamalungelo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokukhululeka kufuneka kunandipha ngentembeko.

Nokukhululeka eZizwe eziManyeneyo

UN ngokomthetho lichazwa kuSomqulu wayo nakwi-Convention on the naMalungelo awodwa eZizwe eziManyeneyo, abavunywe yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo 1947.

Convention 1947 usebenza kuwo onke imibutho kwinkqubo UN, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuphela ezinye iinguqu sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye eyamkelweyo ukubonisa ezichaphazela yomsebenzi wabo.

Ngokutsho Inqaku IV weNkomfa, abameli arhente UN kumanqanaba ngamanqanaba (abathunywa, abacebisi, iingcali kunye noomabhalane amagqiza) baneenyhweba ezifanayo, nokukhululeka kunye namaziko njengoko ntofontofo oonozakuzaku.

Kwisivumelwano indawo kwekomkhulu UN kunye neminye imibutho ngamazwe jikelele kwilizwe lakho abameli abasisigxina ilungu nokukhululeka ezifana ozakuzo. Kodwa izivumelwano amanye amazwe, ke bambalwa kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, isivumelwano phakathi UN kunye US, ukongeza ingqwalasela amalungelo akhethekileyo kunye nokukhululeka inika imvume abasemagunyeni US ukuba ukuqalisa inkqubo nxamnye arhente UN ngenjongo ekuziseni ukuba iimfuno yokuphuma eUnited States ngenxa nokuxhatshazwa amalungelo.

uhlobo kakhulu ezithile sifo kukuba kwilungiselelo leCandelo lama-18 weSiqendu V ka 1947 Convention, obonelela ukuba abasebenzi UN kunye arhente yaso eyodwa ayikwazi kusiwa amazwi okanye into ebhaliweyo ngexesha nokuhlala kwakhe njengegosa.

Procedure okukwazi Civil

Nayiphi okukwazi esemthethweni kubandakanya ukususwa Kwiimeko apho njengomthathi-nxaxheba ngqo kubudlelwane zomthetho bebangisana isimo, ukusuka kummandla wolawulo wenkundla naliphi na elinye ilizwe.

okukwazi bokuphathisana ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano ixhomekeke Part 3 Inqaku 401 ka-RF Code of Procedure Civil, nto leyo ithi ukuba abameli evunyiweyo omnye State kuxhomekeke ezinolawulo lwembambano eseentendelezo i-Russian Federation kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida elimiselwe imiqathango izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezivumelwano phakathi Russia kunye namanye amazwe.

Loo nto okukwazi ozakuzo sikhusela oonozakuzaku (kunye neentsapho zabo) karhulumente enye inxaxheba mandatory kwiinkqubo zenkundla kummandla umkhosi lizwe. Ngokuphathelele inkqubo karhulumente kulindeleke ukuba arhente ozakuzo kuya kunyanzeleka ukuba ibe party - .. Ummangalelwa kwiimeko kwimbambano ekhoyo, amangqina, iingcali, njl Ngaphezu koko, ngonozakuzaku linakho ukuzirhoxisa ngumsebenzi wakhe ngalo naliphi na inqanaba lenkqubo.

Omzimba ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano awusebenzi kwimeko apho oonozakuzaku kunye namalungu eentsapho zabo kungena kwinkqubo njengabantu kumabango malunga neepropati yayo, ngomhla ilifa okanye ukuzisa imisebenzi zabo inzuzo.

Ukuba ummeli wozakuzo okanye omnye umntu oxhamla sifo, itsalelwa enkundleni, nguye kwixesha elizayo - kule meko - ungenakuxhomekeka amalungelo yayo.

Procedure okukwazi Criminal

Njengomgaqo, izixhobo ngamazwe ziqulathe ilungiselelo echaza ukuba amagosa bozakuzo bafumana sifo evela kotshutshiso, oko kuthetha ukuba "ukukhululwa ubutyala" yaye "ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle" ukususela imihlaba isohlwayo ngokusemthethweni. Umzekelo, inqaku 11 yeNgqungquthela naMalungelo awodwa ye Shanghai Cooperation Organisation of 17 Juni 2004 zimiliselwe ukuba ummandla yamazwe ilungu nokumanywa amagosa ayo ayikwazi kuthwala uxanduva lwabo ukubonisa, iincwadi kunye nezinye iintshukumo athathwa ngexesha ekwenzeni imisebenzi .

okukwazi bokuphathisana umthetho lolwaphulo kuthetha na nokukhululwa oonozakuzaku bamanye amazwe kunye nabanye abantu amalungelo ezifanayo nobutyala kunye nakwenzeka kanye zokusebenzisa nawuphi na umthetho umthetho lolwaphulo-Russia ngokumalunga amacala ngabo. Oko okukwazi bokuphathisana kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho kuthetha ukuba amapolisa akakwazi ukuqalisa inkqubo yolwaphulo kwizifundo ezifana zibandakanya njengoko kukrokrelwa okanye ummangalelwa. Nayiphi ukuqaliswa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka ugxothwe phantsi komhlathi 2 Icandelo 1 Inqaku la-24 soMthetho i-Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation ngenxa yokunqongophala kobungqina.

okukwazi noonozakuzaku intsingiselo yalo esemthethweni ibaluleke ngokungaqhelekanga, kuba kwiinkalo ezininzi ukufumana ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Abameli amanye amazwe ukuba enze njengoko "ilizwi" abanye oorhulumente, uya kuba inviolable, kwaye ukophulwa kwemithetho basoloko wohlwaywe ngokubhloka ubudlelwane kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokubekwa kwezohlwayo ezahlukeneyo.