Mthetho, Wecala
I-dubulo yezindlu e Moscow (1999)
Enye mathuba ezininzi ezibuhlungu kwimbali mihla Russian ke dubulo yezindlu eMoscow 1999. Amakhulu ubomi babemi eqhelekileyo Russia ibango esi senzo embi abagrogrisi, kodwa imiba emininzi enxulumene ntlekele, zisekhona ayiphendulwanga. Linyanzela phambili inani elikhulu iinguqulelo oko kwenzekayo, ukusuka olusengqiqweni ngokupheleleyo kwakuhle ngokupheleleyo. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni eyabangela esenzeke eMoscow ngo-1999, yaye ngubani na ityala ngenxa yale ntlekele.
iziganeko zangaphambili
Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni eyabangela ezi ziganeko ezimbi, simele sibuyele emva ku-1999. Eziqhumayo Izakhiwo zokuhlala eMoscow zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kunye ngembali yelo xesha.
Lo nyaka yayiphawuleka ngabaninzi inguquko kuphuhliso Russian Federation. Loko Russia kukho iNkulumbuso omtsha, othe kwixesha elizayo waba ngumongameli - Vladimir Putin. Kwathi ngo-Agasti. V. V. Putin ekuqaleni yaba ngumntu ngubani oyena mntu unako ukuyenza, ukuba makathini. Kwangaxeshanye, kwizangqa melo waza waphathwa ngokubakrokrela, njengegosa owayesakuba KGB. Esenzeke e Moscow (1999) kunye Putin, ngesandla ngokukhanya ziintatheli baya kuthi emva koko ngokuphindaphindiweyo abakhankanywe kumajelo eendaba, kwaye unxibelelwano phakathi kwesiganeko idlulileyo, kwaye Vladimir Vladimirovich ixesha ngalinye liya kuba ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, lo matshini ke eendaba, ukuba kumangaliswa. Kodwa digress cwaka.
Esinye isiganeko ebalulekileyo kakhulu 1999 kut- yongquzulwano ngezixhobo kwi North eCaucasus, owathi emva kokusayina ngo-1996 kwezi zivumelwano Khasavyurt waba kwinqanaba zibambene. Kodwa nyanga ka-Agasti, kwiintsuku ezimbini phambi kokuba wamiselwa Putin iNkulumbuso, iqela enamandla of Fighters Chechen ikhokelwa Shamil Basayev kunye Khattab ahlasela Dagestan. imikhosi Russian ziye ukumelana ngempumelelo waza wasifudusela iintshukumo zomkhosi ngqo kwi kummandla Chechnya. Athotywa ngokusesikweni indlela yesibini Chechen imfazwe. Esi siganeko, ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, ukumqumbisa udubulo yezindlu eMoscow. 1999 kwaphawulwa isiganeko, ezizezi Ukumka Boris Yeltsin ukuya ngumongameli ngenxa yezizathu zempilo kunye nokudluliselwa Vladimir Putin kwigunya elifanelekileyo. Ke kaloku kwathi ekupheleni konyaka, oko kukuthi, emva kokuba kwizenzo kwabanqolobi.
Ngoko ke, linembali ngaphezulu, siye ngqo nenkcazelo indlela izenzakalo ebuhlungu Septemba 1999.
Eyokuqala abagrogrisi
I-dubulo yezindlu e Moscow 1999 hayi uhlaselo lokuqala abagrogrisi kuthotho ngeziganeko ezifanayo ebizinyikimisa iRussia ngoSeptemba 1999. Intlekele yokuqala yenzeka kwidolophu encinane Dagestani of Buynaksk.
Ngo September 4, malunga nesakhiwo enemigangatho emihlanu apho wawuhlala emkhosini Russian, oko yasha yi ukuqhushumba imoto. Ngenxa abagrogrisi wababulala abantu 64, apho phantse wesithathu abantwana, kunye nabantu-146 bafumana ukwenzakala ezahlukahlukeneyo ubungnqongqo. Endlwini batshatyalaliswa zokungena ezimbini.
Kodwa esi senzo ubugrogrisi, njengoko kanti, ngaphambi kuphela zibuhlungu nangakumbi iziganeko ezenzeka ngenyanga enye eMoscow.
I-dubulo on Guryanov Street
Iraq Iapatmenti eMoscow ngo-1999 wavula uhlaselo Guryanov Street, owenzeka kwiintsuku ezine emva kokuba iziganeko e Buynaksk, oko kukuthi, ezinzulwini zobusuku ngoSeptemba 8.
Eli xesha, ezilithoba-hit. Kuba seconds ezimbini phambi kokuba zobusuku dubulo bevuthela kuyo, leyo labasebenzi 350 kg TNT. Kwathi ngenxa detonation neziqhushumbisi, ezityalwe kumgangatho osezantsi. emnyango zombini zendlu zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, ngokuphawulekayo ezonakeleyo isakhiwo neeflethi ezikufutshane. Kamva sachithwa ngokupheleleyo iinkonzo ukulungiswa, njengoko zimele yingozi abahlali kunye nabantu esitratweni. Xa isayithi ye zombini izindlu kamva wakha izakhiwo ezitsha eziphakamileyo.
Ngenxa kukuqhushumba eli xesha, abantu abali-106 babulawa yaye 690 balimala.
Ukwanda Kashirskoye
Ngelo xesha, Iraq ezintsha yokuhlala e Moscow (1999) kwenzeka ngomhla we-13 Septemba. Guryanov akazange na isitalato kuphela kwikomkhulu, uye waba abagrogrisi. A dubulo entsha yenzeka kwisakhiwo sebali ezisibhozo-on the Kashirskoye.
Ngeli xesha, hayi amasango ngamnye ubunzima, aze yatshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo yonke indlu. Oku kungenxa yokuba i sakhiwo owenziwe ngezitena. Ngokubulala abantu 124, nabanye abasixhenxe balimala.
Inani labantu eyinkunzi lonke elo lizwe ziye wavusa ukuhlasela indlu eMoscow (1999). Kashirskoye iqaphele nani liphezulu lamaxhoba iziganeko ezifanayo eRashiya, nangona amandla iziqhushumbisi nganto nelo libekwe kade endlwini kwi Guryanov Street yaye malunga ne-300 kg TNT. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, amaxhoba esona sizathu ngakumbi kwindawo umthamo eliphantsi kwakungo iimpawu zobugcisa izakhiwo yokwakha.
Enye kuhlasela ngoSeptemba 16, kwesinye isixeko Russian - Volgodonsk. Wathabatha naye ubomi babantu elinesibhozo. Nangona le ntlekele kwenzeka ayikho Moscow, oko iingxwaba-chain ungadubula ebizinyikimisa iRussia ngoSeptemba 1999. Isiganeko e Volgodonsk ivale umqokozo ngabagrogrisi enza xesha phantsi ingqalelo.
imiphumela
Zonke Russia kunye nehlabathi iziphithiphithi ukuhlasela indlu eMoscow (1999). Imiphumo baba kakhulu buhlungu. Ngenxa yoko, zawahlasela abagrogrisi elikomkhulu (hayi kuquka ezinye izixeko), wababulala abantu 230, enye 697 bonzakala kumanqanaba angafaniyo ubungnqongqo.
- Str. Guryanov, 19;
- Str. Guryanov, 17;
- Kashirskoye sh. 6.
impendulo abasemagunyeni 'Yayingengomendu. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba dubulo yokuqala kwenzeka izindlu e Moscow (1999), yasungulwa uphando ngokusesikweni ngesiganeko-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Ukongeza, omnye imiphumo abagrogrisi zingathathwa kusebenze izenzo ze-arhente zonyanzeliso lomthetho Russian kwi North eCaucasus, ejolise nxamnye Chechen nabavukeli Dagestani kunye abanqolobi.
Ezibangela kuqhuma
Kukuqhushumba izindlu eMoscow ngo-1999 kunye ekuqaleni kumaphephandaba kunye nabameli abasemagunyeni kwindawo yokuqala ezinxulumene ne imfazwe basha North eCaucasus. Kamva uphando ukuqinisekisile loo nguqulelo.
Nkqu abagrogrisi nga ngokukhethekileyo ifihliwe. Ngapha koko, umzekelo, isebenza ukuqinisekisa ingxelo eyenziwe Septemba 14 inkokeli intshukumo Islamist "Ansar al-elifuna," apho wathetha kahle abagrogrisi, azibopha kunye impindezelo eCaucasus ukuhlasela Russian e kweChechnya Dagestan. Kwangaxeshanye, lo warlord ngokupheleleyo Shamil Basayev, umgrogrisi eyaziwayo ngamazwe wathi ubumsulwa bakhe kwezi ziganeko wamagazi. Yaye nantsi enye inkokeli eziyingozi Khattab nje phambi kokuba kwenziwe ingxelo eya kulwa nje kuphela-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho Russian, kodwa bonke abantu.
uphenyo
Ngokusesikweni, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, nto leyo yayinenjongo ukuphanda dubulo yezindlu e Moscow (1999) yavulwa ngoSeptemba 9, oko kukuthi, usuku emva ntlekele kwi Guryanov Street. Sele ngenyanga enye, wabeka umda abarhanelwa, abaninzi kubo ngoko nangoko entolongweni.
Ngexesha lophando lwe isixa esikhulu ubungqina ibala abarhanelwa wafunyanwa. Ukongeza, uphando lubonise iqela lamanyathelo zolwaphulo-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho, uyawavala amehlo akhe kuba isicengo kwi ukugcinwa okusemthethweni, nto leyo iza kunceda ukuthintela le ntlekele. Kodwa, Kakade, akwabakho ingcamango iinjongo sokugqibela abagrogrisi, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, banikwe ulwalathiso jikelele imisebenzi yabo mthetho, wafumana izigwebo entolongweni.
ezifunyanisiweyo kuphando
Ngoko ke, siye kundoqo. Owaphule laseMelika eMoscow ngo-1999? Ngokutsho uphando, kwaba ngokucacileyo inyathelo acwangcisiweyo, nto leyo eye abathengi kunye belifa ngqo.
Uphenyo luveze ukuba umbutho ngamazwe abanqolobi "Islamic Institute" Caucasus "," elikhokelwa Khattab kunye Abu Umar na isakhiwo, leyo exhaswe ngezimali ukuba ukuhlasela lwezakhiwo sokuhlala eMoscow (1999). Le umthetho wogrogriso ezenziwa ngqo amalungu eqela ziyingozi i "Karachai jamaat".
Ichaphazela zedatha zikotshiwe izicwangciso kuhlasela ngayo ngokucacileyo. ngaphezu kwenyanga enye ukulungiselela kubo. Ukwenzela ukulungiselela ukuba ukutsala ingqalelo, nokuba inkampani dummy "LLC" Brand-2 "", nto leyo waqeshisa ndawo sele ezibhaliswe ezindlwini, apho kwacetywa ukuvelisa udubulo. Isibakala sokuba emva kokuba isenzo sokuqala abagrogrisi eMoscow arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho akaphumelela ukukhusela owesibini, bengazi lutho ingozi kunokwenzeka, kwakhona i ebonisa indlela kakhulu abaququzeleli kunye abasebenza kulo msebenzi. Ndandicinga ukuba bonke phezulu ukuya zochuku, abafowunelwa esekwe nabantu abaye sanyanzeleka angangena ababehamba ngayo ulwaphulo-mthetho, nkqu bengazi into izenzo zabo zingabangela. Ngelo xesha, injongo ephambili umsebenzi wogrogriso kugcinwa kuyimfihlo ngamehlo abomvu, nto leyo kakhulu engaqhelekanga zemibutho eziyingozi ezifana "Karachai jamaat".
isohlwayo
Inkoliso yabo umbutho nako kuthwalelwa phandle umntu laseMelika eMoscow (1999), i-FSB kunye nezinye ii-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho wakwazi ukuseka. Isikakhulu ke e North kwizizwe (Karachays, Dagestanians et al.), Ke Arabhu. Abanye babo bavalelwa arhente zonyanzeliso lomthetho Russian kunye nabanye - abantu ababanjiweyo phesheya uze extradited eRashiya, abanye - babulawa ngexesha lokusebenza ezizodwa yeenkonzo ezizodwa, owesine - abaye bafa kwezinye iimeko. It wakwazi ukuphepha isohlwayo iiyunithi kuphela, kodwa kuyanyanzeleka ukuba hide rhoqo ngenxa yokoyika ukuba ndiyafumana, ingalo yomthetho.
Abantu ababandakanyekayo ngqo kwi laseMelika eMoscow na Dekkushev A., H. Abha, Krymshamkhalov Yu, D. Saitakov, R. Ahmyarov A. Gochijaev. Bonke bephela, ngaphandle yokugqibela omnye, ngomzuzu babulawa okanye utsala isigwebo sobomi entolongweni. Achimez Gochijaev, lowo inxaxheba kweliso ngqo lombutho zawahlasela, okwangoku kukho abafunwa ngamazwe. Ngokutsho iingxelo engaqinisekiswanga, yena kungokunje uzimele eTurkey, nangona inkcazelo enokuthenjwa kwakhe nkqu ngo-2002. Ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba Achimez Gochiyayev bengasaphili.
Kara ukubanjwa bona abo kuthiwe abathengi ngqo izenzo kwabanqolobi. Ngoko ke, inkokeli abagrogrisi Khattab lwapheliswa ziinkonzo zokhuseleko Russian ngo-2002, kwaye ukuhlangula ngokuthi wakhe Abu Umar - ngo-2001. Bobabini baba Arabhu yobuhlanga yaye yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo lombutho ekulweni Chechen separatists, Russian Federation. Khattab and Abu Umar kokufa awongwa yinkundla Russia netyala eyalela kuhlasela olwaqhubeka eMoscow ngo-1999.
Ngokubanzi, iNkundla yaqinisekisa ngeziphumo zophando kunye nabanye inxaxheba kwabantu kunye nemibutho ukuba izenzo zabagrogrisi kangangokuba yashukumisa elikomkhulu kunye neminye imizi Russian Federation ekupheleni kule nkulungwane yeminyaka. Okwangoku, phezu abagrogrisi ka-1999 ukukhonza isigwebo ubomi Yusuf Krymshamhalov Adam Dekkushev.
Phakathi kwabo kulibazisa zange ukusebenza, kodwa basilela ukuphelisa iinkonzo zokhuseleko Russian okanye nezinye ii-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka ngokuba Ravil Ahmyarova, Denis Saytakova, Hakim Abaev. amagosa asebupoliseni Georgian wabulawa Timur Batchaev, ngubani waye eyintloko otyholwa kwimeko eziqhumayo Volgodonsk. Ngelo xesha linye enforcers umthetho Georgian akwazi ukumbamba yaye kamva Yusuf Krymshamkhalov extradited eRashiya ukuba isigwebo ubomi bakhe.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho umbandela-mthetho imbeko ndamvelelayo abenzi esenzeke eMoscow (1999) ukuba urhulumente Russian kunye Putin VV kunye namanye amagosa ngandlela zonke negalelo ngeenkqubo kunye nokuba kwavusa umsebenzi yophando ukuchonga yaye ambambe abenzi bobubi. Urhulumente uyaqonda ukuba xi nga hi chavelela abagrogrisi, abantu bayeke nje ngayo kuyo, ukuziva ukuzikhusela isisongelo lukhuni. Kuyinto umbutho ecacileyo ngexesha izenzo yophando kunye nokwamkelwa amanyathelo ukhutshwe yi ukuba kuthinjwe mthetho wadlala indima enkulu kakhulu into yokuba abantu Russian baqalisa ukunxulumana norhulumente yabo na indlela onako ukunyanzelisa umthetho kulo lonke ilizwe ngokwenene ukusebenza.
Ukukhunjulwa abagrogrisi
Ukukhunjulwa abagrogrisi olwaqhubeka eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko ezininzi Russian ngo-1999, kusekho Iyandonwabisa abantu. Kakade ke, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abafuna ukuphinda ezi ziganeko liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, ukongeza, abantu abaninzi bayoyika ukuba oku kungaphinde kwenzeke kwakhona kwixesha elizayo, ngoko asimele silibale elidluleyo. amaxhoba amsulwa zawahlasela, wazithwala ubomi kuqhuma, bafanelwe ukukhunjulwa ngabo eRashiya.
Sele 2000 kwisayithi ye abagrogrisi kwi Guryanov Street wakha uphawu lenkumbulo. Ukongeza, i-memory abo bafayo nyaka baqalisa ukwakha ibandla ndlwana. Ukwakhiwa sagqitywa ngowe-2004. Kuye zixhaswa ngemali yeminikelo ezivela omabini abemi abaqhelekileyo kunye namacandelo oshishino.
Thina kulityalwa kwaye amaxhoba udubulo kwi Kashira Highway. Memorial Park, elingcwele, inkumbulo yabo, sabekwa kufuphi nesiza udubulo.
Meaning of eziqhumayo eMoscow
impendulo enkulu kakhulu kawonke waba izakhiwo udubulo eMoscow (1999). Iifoto ukusuka kwindawo ntlekele yabhabha phezu yonke imijelo yomabonakude ephambili kunye namaphephandaba. Njengoko abamangalelwa kweli tyala lolwaphulo kwakukho nabameli bezizwe North abaseAfrika (ubukhulu becala Karachai kunye Dagestani), njengoko kulindelekile, Ukujala abemi Russian wawusalathiswa kubo.
Ukongeza, kokuhlaselwa negalelo engaqondi okanye engazi yokuba uninzi lwabemi Russian ayexhasa impi esebenzayo eCaucasus nxamnye namabutho kunye abagrogrisi, kwakunye nkqubo karhulumente. Abasemagunyeni Russian bafumene inkxaso ezininzi zoluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka eUnited States. Ukuba kude kube ngoko, uthi abaninzi baqonda kwemfazwe Chechnya njengokuba umzabalazo wenkululeko yabantu Chechen, emva kokuhlaselwa abagrogrisi eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko sabavukeli Russia North Caucasus baye unxulunyaniswa ubugrogrisi ngamazwe.
Ngelo xesha ke kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba dubulo kunokubangela i ngovukelo kunye, umzekelo, ukweyisela abantu ukungaphumeleli abasemagunyeni 'ukuze awukhusele oofunz ezaziza lakhelwe ngakumbi le meko. Ukuba abaququzeleli dubulo, kwakunye kutyhilwa yoko, abaziintloko namabutho North abaseAfrika, kanye oku ukuba ibalwe, kwakunye ukuba oyike labemi.
Enoba yayiyintoni na, kodwa ke emva kokuhlaselwa iRashiya iye idluliselwa lusanda esebenzayo wokulwa ubunqolobi ebaxiweyo kwi North eCaucasus. Kunye nezenzo-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho Russian abaye baphumelela kakhulu. Oku ukuba ngo-2009 ukuya ukuvakalisa ekugqityweni ngokunempumelelo yokusebenza counterterrorist le.
Nangona kuye kwafunyanwa ezisemthethweni uphando okugweba abantu abathatha ekulungelelaniseni kuhlaselo, uninzi neenkcukacha zeli tyala kusekho imfihlelo kwaye baphakamise imibuzo, njengoko zipapashwa phakathi abemi abaqhelekileyo. Ukuqhekeka zonke iimfihlelo kukho ezi ziganeko ezibuhlungu? Enokwenzeka, ukuba kuyenzeka, ayikho kwixa elizayo. Kodwa ke, nangona enoba oko, kufuneka sikhumbule amaxhoba abaye baba bathinjwa ukuya kwezepolitiki.
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