I-AMD Athlon II X2 250 Inkqubo: Iimpawu kunye noPhezulu

Ngethuba lokukhululwa ngo-2009, i-AMD Athlon II X2 250 yayingumgangatho wenkqubo yabaphambili. Iimpawu zale mveliso ye-semiconductor yaqinisekiswa kwakhona. Ukususela ngelo xesha, sele lide lide, kwaye le chip isele iyenze kwimveliso yezinga lokungena. Iinkcukacha, ubuchule kunye nokubaluleka kwesi si cwangciso kuya kuxoxwa ngazo ngokuhlaziywa kwethu.

Icandelo leemakethe zeprojekithi, ejoliswe kule chipu ye-semiconductor

Ngexesha lokuqala kweevenkile, i-AMD Athlon II X2 250 idibene ne-CPU izixazululo zokugqibela. Iziganeko ze-CPU zika-2009 zahanjiswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo kwiiklasi:

1. Iisombululo kwii-PC zeeofisi zibandakanya kuphela i-compute modyuli, inememori ye-cache yezinga lesi-2 kumlinganiselo omncinci kunye nesantya esisezantsi.
2. Iinqununu zenkqubo yee-middle class zixhotywe nge-CPU ezi-2, kwaye ziye zahamba ngezinga eliphezulu. Isakhiwo sememori efanayo ye-cache kule meko asizange senze utshintsho olukhulu kwaye sasinqanaba eli-2. Kodwa ubukhulu be-cache kule meko banda. Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqanaba izinga eliphezulu lokusebenza lithe lafunyanwa, kodwa iinkqubo ezinjalo zeekhompyutha zibiza iindleko ezininzi. Kwakule nxalenye yeemakethe zekhompyutheni ukuba iqhawe lale nto liyimpahla.
3. Iisombululo zeprojekthi zeekhompyutheni ezivelisa kakhulu zigqityiwe ngeesomodyuli ezine zekhompyutha. Kwakhona, abanye babo babe ne-3-level cache. Kodwa ukuvama kwexesha kwancitshiswa, kodwa ezi zinto zingentla zibonelele ngokugqithiseleyo kwinqanaba le ntsebenzo.
4. Ngoku oku kusasa kushintshile ngokuphawulekayo. Ii-PC zengeniso zokungena zixhotywe nge-chips ezinezixhobo ezimbini zeekhompyutha, kodwa ii-CPU zodwa zinyamalale kwibala lembali. Ngoko ke, ukuya kuthi, i-Athlon II X2 iye yafudukela ngokufanelekileyo kwisigaba se-processor device devices. I-PC ekwizinga eliphakathi kufuneka ixhomekeke kwi-CPU kunye ne-4 yokuqokelela amaqoqo, kunye neqonga le-premium kufuneka lisuselwe kwi-8.

Gcwalisa nge CPU

Njengamacebo amaninzi asebenzayo anamhlanje, le chip yenziwa ngeenguqulelo ezimbini: i-TRAY elula kunye ne-BOX ephezulu. Kwimeko yokuqala, ngaphezu kwenkqubo ye-CPU, ukufakwa kufaka kufaka iifowuni kunye neencwadi zokucwangcisa, ikhadi lewaranti kunye nesitika ngeprojeythi yeprojekthi yecandelo leyunithi yenkqubo. Oku kukhethwa ngokukodwa kwiinkampani ezinkulu ezizodwa ekuhlanganiseni iibhloko zeekhompyutha. Njengomthetho, bathenga iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokupholisa i-CPU, ekugqibeleni kwandisa ukuthembeka kweekhompyutha. Ingqungquthela yesibili yesethi epheleleyo ihanjiswe kwibhokisi ebomvu ebomvu kwaye yongezwa ngeenkqubo zokupholisa rhoqo kunye nokudibanisa kwamafutha.

Umxhasi wepropati yokufaka umzekelo weCPU

Inkqubo ye-AMD Athlon II X2 250 yayijoliswe ekuqaleni ekufakwe kwisiseko se- AM3. Inombolo yabafowunelwa kule nkalo yenkqubo yengu-941 kwicala lebhodi le-motherboard kunye ne-938 kwi-CPU pad. Uluhlu oluphambili lwalesi sikhombisi ukusuka kwababengaphambi kwayo AM2 kunye ne-AM2 + kukuba kule ngxaki kuphela izilwanyana ze-DDR3 zingasetyenziswa njenge-RAM, kwaye ii-AMD zangaphambili zamashishini zisebenza kuphela nge-DDR2 standard. Kodwa, kwakhona, umlawuli we-RAM we-RAM yefowuni yavumela ukuba isebenze ngaphandle kweengxaki zombini kunye nohlobo lokuqala lweememori, kunye neyesibini. Ngenxa yoko, le chip ingafakwa kuphela kwi-motherboard ye-AM3, kodwa i-AM2 + okanye i-AM3 +. Into efunekayo ukuba yenziwe xa kusetyenziswe i-motherboard ngokusekelwe kwi-AM2 + kukuhlaziya i-BIOS kwaye ufumane inkxaso yeendlela ezintsha ze-CPU ngenxa yoko.

Ubugcisa bokuvelisa i-silicon crystal

Ngokweyona nkqubo yamuva kunye neyona ndlela iphambili kwezobuchwepheshe, i-crystal crystal yenziwe ngu-AMD Athlon II X2 250. Iziganeko zayo zibonise ukuba zihambelana nemigangatho yenkqubo yezobuchwepheshe kwi-45 nm. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngokumalunga nemvelaphi ye-14 nm yangoku le nombolo ibonakala ubuncinane kakhulu, kodwa ngelo xesha ibona lingcono. I-teknoloji esetyenziselwa ukuphambanisa iindibano ze-pn ibizwa ngokuba yi-SOI (ukusuka kwisiNgesi inhlanganisela yeSilicon On Insulator, okanye, ngokwembono yethu, i-silicon kwidielektri). Ngendlela efanayo, izizukulwana ezidlulileyo zee-semiconductor chips ezivela kulo mvelisi nazo zenziwe. Ngenxa yoko, ukususela kwinqanaba lembono, akukho ziingxaki ezibalulekileyo kunye namazwana kunye ne-AMD Athlon II X2 250. Inkqubo yolu mzekelo kule plan yafumana yonke into efanelekileyo kakhulu eyayiyenziwe ngaphambili. Ummandla we-crystal crystal kule meko yayingu-117.5 mm ^{2 kuphela} .

Inkqubo yememori yekhowudi yeCCU kunye nezixhobo zayo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwangaphambili, onke ama-CPU ase-middle-class ngonyaka we-2009 ayexhotywe ngokunyanisekileyo nge-2-level cache. I-AMD Athlon II X2 250 yayingeyona nto ngaphandle kwaloo nto. Iziganeko zayo zobugcisa zibonisa ukuba kwinqanaba lokuqala kwakukho i-256 Kb. Baye bahlula kwiingxenye ezilinganayo ze-128 KB, ezazibophelelwe kwinxalenye ethile yeprojekti kwaye zazingakwazi ukusebenzisana kuphela. Ngalinye lala ma-halves kwi-128 KB lakwahlukana ngamacandelo amabini. Ingxenye yazo (leyo ngu-64 KB) isetyenziselwe ukugcinwa kwedatha, kunye nesiqingatha somyalelo wekhowudi yeprogram. Ngokufanayo, imemori yokugcina umgca kwinqanaba 2 liye lahlelwa. Umthamo wayo uwonke u-2 MB, owahlula kwisiqingatha phakathi kwezixhobo zekhompyutheni ze-CPU. Oko kukuthi, nganye ingundoqo kwisigaba sesibini ingasebenzisa i-1 MB ngezidingo zayo. Ukuhlukana okuqhubekayo kwemiyalelo kunye nedatha yokugcinwa kweli phepha akuzange kunikezelwe.

I-RAM kunye neempawu zayo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, iprojekthi ye-AMD Athlon II X2 250 Yayixhotywe ngumlawuli womemori onobumbeneyo. Inokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo zombini kunye neepomodyuli ze-RAM zeDDR2 (imimori ephezulu yeememori ngexesha lokuqalisa ukuthengisa kwe-CPU) kunye ne-DDR3 (ukulungiswa kwememori ehlaziywe, okwangoku kwaqala ukubonakala kwiithala zeentengiso). Ngokwezicatshulwa, i-1066 MHz yimizuzu yokukhumbula imemori ye-AMD Athlon ^TM II X2 250. Umprosesa wale modeli unokusebenza ngeemodyuli ezisezantsi, kwaye i-frequency RAM iyanciphisa ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye izinga lokusebenza kwenkqubo yekhompyutheni liya kuba ngaphantsi. Ungasetha kwakhona imivalo yesantya. Kodwa i-frequency yabo yokusebenza iya kufikelela kwi-1066 MHz.

Iphakheji yomoya. Iingcebiso zokulungiselela iPCU enjalo kunye nenkqubo yokupholisa

Ayikho imbi nangemvelaphi yezixhobo zeprosesoranti zangoku, iiparitha ze-thermal kunye neqondo lokushisa ze-AMD Athlon ^TM II X2 250. Iimpawu zalo ngolu hlobo zilandelayo: Iiphakheji zethempile zale mveliso ye-silicon ngu-65 W kunye nobushushu obuninzi obuvumelekileyo ngu-74 ⁰ C.. Iphakheji yafezekiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngokukwakhiwa kwekristal ye-semiconductor yale CPU, kunye nokusebenzisa inkqubo ephezulu yezobuchwepheshe ngelo xesha. Le nxalenye yokugqibela yanciphisa kakhulu ububanzi beqondo lokushisa, okwangoku kuluhlu lwama-35-57 ⁰ C. Nangona emva kokugqithisa, xa kuqhuba ikhowudi yeprogram eyinkimbinkimbi, ukushisa okuphezulu kwe-chip akuzange kudlulele kuma-65 ^° C. Ezi zixabiso zivumelekile xa Ukupholisa inkqubo ephambili isebenzisa ukupholisa okupheleleyo. Ukuba siyifaka indawo yenkqubo ephucukileyo yokushisa okushisayo komveliso wesithathu, ixabiso elikhankanywe ngaphambili liyakwehla ngo-5-10 ⁰ С.

Ijubane lewashi le-CPU

Ijubane lokushiya i-AMD Athlon II X2 250 yi-3.00 GHz. Eli xabiso lingafumaneka kalula kwiinkcazo zeesisombululo se-semiconductor. I-multiplier isetyenzisiwe kwaye ilingana no-15. Kodwa ubukhulu benkqubo yebhasi kwimodi yokukhetha ixabiso le-200 MHz. Ukuba sandisa i-15 nge-200 MHz, sithola i-3 000 MHz, okanye i-3.0 GHz. Ubuchwephesha bokulawulwa kobunzima be-CPU ngokuxhomekeka kwinqanaba lokutshisa, ukulungiswa kwesofthiwe yokusebenza ngokukodwa okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kabini kunye nenqanaba lobunzima bekhowudi yeprogram kwimeko apho. Ngenxa yoko, le CPU isebenza kuphela kwixabiso linye lexabiso, eliyi-3.0 GHz.

Iinkalo zobungcali ze-silicon crystal

Ngolwimi lwabaqeqeshi bekhompuyutha le chip ibizwa ngokuba yi-DUALCORE. I-AMD Athlon II X2 250, njengoko kulula ukuyicingela kwigama layo, iquka kuphela ii-cores ezi-2 zeenkomfa. I-Technologies ezifana ne-NT kwi-Intel, eya kuvumela kwizinga lesofthiwe ukuba iphindwe kabili inani leemigqaliselo enengqiqo yokucwangciswa kwekhowudi, ayikho kwiinkqubo ze-AMD kuze kube namhlanje. Ngoko ke, inkqubo yokusebenza kule ngxaki iya kubona kuphela into esemgangathweni, oko kukuthi, imicu emi-2 kuphela. Igama lekhowudi lala ma kernels ngu-REGOR. Le chip ingasebenza zombini kwimodi ye-32-bit yekhompyutha kunye ne-64-bit mode.

Ukugqithisa

Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwangaphambili, ukuphindaphinda kwe-clock kusekwe kwi-AMD Athlon II X2 250. Ngoko ke ukugqithisa kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokunyusa ixabiso lexesha lebhodi lebhodi lebhodi. Kwimodi evamile, le parameter ngu-200 MHz. Ngokudibene nomgangatho opholileyo, eli xabiso linokwandiswa libe ngu-235-237 MHz kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuvama kwe-CPU 3525-3555 MHz. Njengepesenti, sithola ukwanda kwe-17.5-18.5%. Ngenxa yokuba le proxy -middle-range processor , kwaye ayilungiselelwe ukugqithisa, isele isebenza kakuhle. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuphucula ixabiso elifumanekayo. Ukwenza oku, endaweni yokupholisa rhoqo, ukuthengwa kweqela lesithathu lokupholisa. Kule meko, ukwandisa imvama yebhasi ye-bhasi ingaba sele ifike kwi-247-250 MHz. I-chip ngokwayo iya kusele isebenza kuma-3705-3750 MHz. Kwipesenti oku kunyuka kuya kulingana no-23.5-25%. Indlela yokugqithisa i-CPU kule meko ilandelayo:

• Inyunithi yenkqubo ye-PC kufuneka icwangciswe ngokukodwa. Oku kukuguqulwa kokuphuculwa kwebhodi lebhodi le-RAM, kunye ne-RAM ephezulu, kunye nezindlu eziphezulu ezihamba kakuhle.

• Yonke isofthiwe ngaphambi kokugqithisa kufuneka ihlaziywe, nto leyo eyimfuneko yokusebenza ngokuzinzile kwe-AMD Athlon II X2 250. Umqhubi kunye nesofthiwe yesicelo ehlola inkqubo yekhompyutha kuqala.

• Ukuqhubela phambili, kwi-BIOS, sishiya ii-frequencies zazo zonke izixhobo zekhompyutheni yomuntu, ngaphandle kwebhasi yenkqubo, esiqala ngayo ukunyuka kancane. Emva kolawulo olulodwa, senza uvavanyo lwexinzelelo lwePC ngoncedo lweenkqubo ezizodwa zokuzinza umsebenzi. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba ufikeleleko oluninzi olunokwenzeka, siyakwandisa umbane kwi-CPU. Emva koko uphinde ukwandise imvama. Umbane ophezulu ovumelekileyo wale projekthi ngu-1.425V. Yimalunga nale xabiso kwaye kufuneka uyeke ukunyuka kwamaxesha amaninzi. Kwaye oku kukubaluleka okuphezulu kwile parameter.

Ixabiso lentengo

Ekuqaleni, umenzi we-AMD Athlon ^TM II X2 250 walinganiselwa kwi-90. Kwaye ngelo xesha ixabiso le-crystal semiconductor ngokupheleleyo kwaye lihambelana ngokupheleleyo nelo likwazi. Kodwa ngoku sele sele edibaneni ka-2016, kwaye i-CPU enjalo kwilizwe elitsha linokuthengwa kwi-stock kwixabiso elincinane kakhulu eli-$ 25 (malunga nama-ruble ayi-1500). Kwaye ungathenga i-chip esetyenziselwa i-ruble yama-800-900. Ukuba sicinga le projekthi njengesiseko seyunithi yexabiso yexabiso lexabiso lexabiso, oko kuya kuba yinto efanelekileyo, edibanisa iindleko zedemokhrasi kunye nokusebenza okufanelekileyo.

Iimpendulo zabanikazi. Izixhobo ze-CPU

I-AMD kunye nokukhululwa kwintsapho ephumelelayo ye-midlon-midlalo ye-Athlon chips ngo-2009 yabothusa ababini nabachasi bayo. Isisombululo esona sivuno kule ndlela yokulinganisa kwakuyi-processor ye-AMD Athlon II X2 250. Iimpawu zale crystal ye-semiconductor ngelo xesha zahlaba umxhelo, kodwa enye into yokuba le CPU sele isethengiswe ngempumelelo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-5 njengesiqinisekiso esongezelelweyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngeli xesha lixesha, le chip ihlile kwi-niche yemveliso ephakathi phakathi kwinqanaba lesisombululo sezinga lokungena. Iinjongo eziphambili zale projekthi ezivela kwi-AMD, ezithathwa ngabanikazi bazo ekuhlaziyweni, zibandakanya:

• Izinga elifanelekileyo lokusebenza.

• Umbutho ogqwesileyo wememori yokugcina imemori, owenza umsebenzi ophezulu xa kuthelekiswa nemveliso ekhuphisanayo.

• Ubungakanani obuninzi obunqabileyo, zombini kwi-CPU kunye nomphindiseli ovinjiweyo.

• Iindleko ezinokungazinzi.

• Iqondo elifanelekileyo lokusebenza kwamandla.

Impendulo yodwa yale projekti yixesha elingenakuphumelela lokukhululwa. Le CPU ibonakale kuthengiswa ngokulindeleka kokuqala kokuthengisa kwiplani yekhompyutheni ehlaziyiweyo esuka kwi-Intel LGA 1156, apho engasayi kubukeka eqinisekile. Izinto ezintle ngakumbi kule CPU zijongwa njenge-LGA775.

Iziphumo

Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-AMD Athlon II X2 250 yaba yimveliso ephumelelayo kwintsapho ye-CPU ye- AM3. Ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwayo, ngaphandle kweengxaki, iimpawu zayo zenze ukuba zikwazi ukujamelana nokuncintisana ngqo ngokusekelwe kwisiseko se-LGA775. Kwabini ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso kunye nokusebenza kwamandla. Enye into eqinisekisileyo impumelelo yalo mproseshini kukuba ithengisa ngempumelelo namhlanje. Kuphela ngoku uhambele ukusuka kwicala eliphakathi-CPU kwinxalenye yeemveliso zezinga lokungena. Ukuba bonke abaproseshi be- AMD baphumelele njengeqhawe lokuhlaziywa, ke imarike yeemveliso zeproprocessor ingaba neemeko ezahlukileyo kwixesha. Kwaye ke impumelelo yale CPU, kunoko, ingozi kunokuhlala rhoqo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, sifuna ukuba i-AMD ingqwalasele impumelelo yale projekthi kwaye iyisebenzise kwisakhelo seqonga elitsha le-AM4, ekufuneka lifakwe ekupheleni konyaka we-2016. Ngexesha elifanayo, impumelelo yesi sikhewu isenokutshintsha ngokutsha imeko yangoku kwimarike yekhompyutha. Ukuba oko kwenzeka, i-Intel iya kunyanzelwa ukuba iphendule ngokwaneleyo ukunyuka kwe-AMD (ukuya kumaxabiso amancinci kwiimodeli ezikhoyo zeCPU, umzekelo). Kukho nawuphi na, ukuncintisana okunjalo okunempilo kufanele ukuphumelele umthengi kwaye ufumane ikhompyutha evelisa ngakumbi ngemali encinci. Kodwa konke kuyingcamango. Ngokwenza oko, impendulo yesi sifiso kubaninzi babasebenzisi inganika ixesha kuphela. Ngelo xesha, akuzange kuthathe ixesha elide ukulinda: malunga neenyanga ezintandathu.