YaMandulo ukushaya ram: photo

Xa ukhuselo bangaphathwa seentshaba ebeyiyiphahlile loo mizi bamandulo baqalisa ukwakha iindonga, oko waba negalelo ekuveleni kwezixhobo ukubetha, injongo ephambili kwawo - ukwaphula ezi iindonga. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Ukuvela zeegusha

Ekukholelwa ukuba ukushaya yegusha yokuqala ceba iinkosi Carthaginian - Paferasmenom kunye Gerasim. Oku kwenzeka malunga 500 m-BC. e., i Carthaginians yaye balusebenzisa ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni Gadis (Cádiz), isixeko eSpeyin. Njengalo okanye hayi, nokuba inkosi ram nabasunguli yokuqala, akukho bani kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo. Kodwa ke chroniclers yexesha, ezichaza kokurhangqwa Carthage, okhankanywe njenge yegusha ukushaya yasetyenziswa kunye nezinye iinjini zokungqinga.

Izixhobo yokuqala

Indawo yakade ukushaya yegusha ukwaphula iindonga okanye amasango, kamva ngokuba yemvu, ibe iplanga aqhelekileyo wentaba okanye nespruce. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba umpu yayinzima kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba lebhere kwafuneka ukuba babekho, maxa wambi kuba ukusebenza kwalo kwafuneka eziqhelekileyo zisebenzisa ukuya kutsho kumakhulu amajoni.

Konke oku neyilahleko kakhulu ngokubhekiselele lwabasebenzi kunye ubenetloni kakhulu, ngoko kwixesha elizayo waqala ukuphucuka layo. Wokuwiselwa yemvu - yemvu - ekuqaleni oxhonywe isakhelo okhethekileyo, yaye emva koko efakwe kwi ivili. Yisebenzise kwaba lula kakhulu ngaloo ndlela. Ngoku, ukuze ukunikezela isixhobo kwindawo, niluvuthulule uhlaselo, efunekayo abantu ezimbalwa.

Ukuze asebenze ngempumelelo ngakumbi ukuba silwe ekupheleni iinkuni zibambene kwincam yenkcenkce, kunye ufana intloko yegusha leyo. Ngenxa yokuba le mpi log rhoqo njalo kuxokwa - "imvu". Kungenzeka, nithi uhamba: "Kubonakala ngathi igusha kwindawo kwesango elitsha," yena wayecinga inkunzi yegusha, kungekhona isilwanyana lokwenene.

Kodwa akuphelelanga apho lo ukuphucuka. Inyaniso kukuba ngexesha kuhlaselwa iindonga zesixeko phezu kwentloko Ijoni, ulawulo yemvu, amatye eziphaphazelayo, iintolo, wawagalela abilayo amanzi kunye tar ashushu. Ngoko ke, ukukhusela amajoni, kunye kwisakhelo log ivaliwe encotsheni isigubungelo, yaye kamva macala onke wambu namakhaka. Ngoko ke, lo amandla ukubetha, gungqa a ukushaya yegusha, kuvela, ngandlel 'ekhuselweyo ububi ukuwa egalela ezindongeni. yemvu enjalo endlwini ukuba ukufana lwangaphandle izirhubuluzi eyaziwa yaziwa ngokuba "ufudo".

Maxa wambi Ufudo isakhiwo equka imigangatho eziliqela, ngalinye nenkunzi yemvu. Ngaloo ndlela, kuyenzeka ukuba atyhudise udonga kwimigangatho awahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye.

Kodwa lo gun kuyaqondakala enkulu kakhulu kwaye inzima, ngoko sebenzisa kungeyonto ayenza rhoqo.

Sokol - an yamandulo karate ukushaya yegusha

Xa yemvu okokuqala wabonakala eRashiya, akwaziwa ukuba ezithile, kodwa ke ukusukela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XII, ngemithombo ezibhaliweyo ukhankanye lokufakwa isixeko 'umkhonto. " Kokuba kucingelwa ukuba kwakunjalo ngoko, kuloo ndlela imbi, e yeemfazwe zembujiswano, ukuhlaselwa kwaqala ukuba isetyenzisiwe kwityeli lokuqala ukhozi - uhlobo yegusha ukushaya yemvu.

Enyanisweni, ukhetshe akukho ezahlukeneyo isakhiwo salo analogue ezaziwayo. efanayo amaplanga agudileyo ebalelelwe lilanga, lanqunyanyiswa ngamatyathanga okanye iintambo. Noko ke, maxa wambi emthini indawo lombhobho bonke-metal. Hi ndlela leyi, ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo esithi "a kwiteksti," oko wemka kunxulumano ne imbonakalo ngemipu Russian.

Iindlela ukulwa yegusha

Iinkunzi, Kakade ke, ephumelela kakhulu ukubetha, ngoko nxamnye ukusetyenziswa kwayo nayo yenza njengecebo sokubala:

• Ukuze ubuncinane ngandlel nokunciphisa izithonga amaplanga ukusuka iindonga ukuya kwinqanaba incam yayo bazifinyeza ingxowa ezele izinto ezithambileyo, iwulu okanye njengomququ.
• Xa aphume yeyunithi kwentloko, ehamba yemvu wathulula ukungcola, ukubilisa, uvutha tar, neoli, amatye eziphaphazelayo kunye neentolo. Le ezenze wazama phemba izixhobo zokwakha ngamaplanga.
• On kusondela kuwo iindonga zesixeko kunye imisele wemba ezaliswe ngamanzi befakwa phezu elivulekayo icandwe, leyo wavuka phakathi nokuhlasela. amanyathelo abavumelekanga ukuba unikezele, "Ukhozi 'ezindongeni.
• Ukuba kubonakala ukuba yegusha abhekise ezindongeni sixeko siya kunikelwa ngamahashe, ngoko endleleni yabo eya ukuphosa macala kulolwa metal "neencanda" babeza ngozi iimpuphu ezilwanyana, apho akukhuselwanga ngulo a intsimbi yehashe. Le ndlela yokhuseleko, wayeka ukuba ngokupheleleyo ukuhlasela wokuwiselwa yemvu, kusengelwa kakhulu uphuhliso wayo ozakube usaqhutywa, unika ixesha lokutshatyalaliswa Isiphango qela.

ebuntwini

Olunye uhlobo izixhobo yamandulo ebizwa ngokuba "ukonakala". Iinkunzi ngengqiqo yemveli, amele into efana yegusha, kodwa iziphene zayo isakhiwo bengenanto yakwenza. Ngoko wabiza-catapults ezizodwa.

ERashiya, siya kusetyenziswa iintlobo ezimbini yeziphene - lever-ngenkwitshi, nto leyo ezikhankanywe yeziKronike nje ngenkwitshi, kunye crossbows - nompu ekhwele kumatshini okhethekileyo.

Intambo-imikhuba

Uyilo yaba ikholam inkxaso ngenkwitshi, apho imvelaphi inyuselwa khona ukujikajika (entabeni ukuba azisebenzisele leyo sinokujikeleziswa), kwaye eneneni elide kakhulu neravnoplechny lever.

Ekupheleni elide sokunqika ithe nca okusawula (luqhwemesha kwipokotho ukuba iqokobhe), kwaye phezu kwelinye - intambo, apho kwakufuneka ukutsala uqeqesho ngokukodwa le bantu - nangengalo. Oko kukuthi, kwipokotho yenkwitshi kuye iliwa ebizwayo (core), kwaye kwempixano yasuka banduluka ezizibeni. Lever, flying projectile phezulu kweli cala. Ntoni na ngengalo ukujikajika nga phendula, likuvumela ukuba badubula phantse setyhula, ngaphandle ezihambayo isakhiwo yonke.

iibhanti kamva tensioners indawo yi counterweight kunye nenkxaso intsika salandelwa zezakhelo ezimbaxa ngakumbi.

Le gun kakhulu enamandla uxinzelelo catapults ngakumbi. Kudla kuthelekiswa ukwenza mobile ekuvumela ukunyenyisa uluhlu badubula. EYurophu, into enjalo wabizwa ngokuba "trebushe"

Crossbows-imikhuba

Yila ngoM samostrelnogo kamnemeta eyahlukileyo kuyaphi ukusuka ngenkwitshi. Ngaphandle ifana kakhulu ukuya crossbow enkulu, oko kukuthi, kwisiseko somthi esisigxina kugutyulelwe, yaye inxalenye phambi yesaphetha ithe nca.

ukudubula mgaqo into efana crossbow, kodwa endaweni iintolo abonela ilitye groove (kernel). Ukuba niqubude nako ukumthintela imithwalo enzima, kwenziwe lamanqanaba ezininzi iinkuni, yokudibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kweenkuni. Ukongeza, yena papered kunye ezinde ixolo bujikelwe namabhanti. Wesaphetha wenziwa izilwanyana eziphilayo okanye amandla ngentambo hemp.

inkxaso Ukulwa ezimbi

Ekubeni koomatshini uzilahle zithe zafakelwa kumgama kungekho eduze kwe-100 m ukuya iinqaba utshaba, baba phantse ingafikeleleki ukuya yabatoli yotshaba. Noko ke, ukuze akhusele isixhobo yolawulo abatoli, waye wamela ngu imikhuba ezitsolo (uthango) wemba umsele ngeenxa zonke.

Njengoko amaqokobhe ukuba ngenkwitshi-imikhuba zinokusetyenziswa phantse nantoni na, zalishumi phakathi ko-3 ukuya ku-200 kg: amatye, iimbiza, igcwaliswe ngomxube enokutsha, nkqu nezilwanyana ezifileyo. Oko kukuthi, iingxaki nezikhali na.

Kunye crossbows imeko inzima kakhulu. Kubo zazisebenza engundoqo ilitye, ubungakanani 20-35 cm ubukhulu. Ngexesha ngabembi wafumana neentolo (nezitshixo), nto leyo, mhlawumbi, nayo kusetyenziswa ngokudubula. Le Bolt ngentonga yentsimbi usiba otyhidiweyo, malunga-2 kg ubunzima kunye 170 cm ubude. Kukholelwa ukuba loo boom esetyenziselwa ukutsha, oko kukuthi yazala wadubula kunye sisincoko olunokutsha.

Zombini ezi ntlobo ze zixhobo zisetyenziswa kunye, ukuncedisana omnye, apho ukusebenza ukuhlasela landa kakhulu. Amaxesha amaninzi, kodwa ke ubukho yezi zixhobo ezoyikekayo iziphetho isiphumo edabini.