Guqula Catherine 2 (ngokufutshane). absoljutizm Bafunde uCatherine 2

Yintoni esiyaziyo Russian uKumkanikazi uCatherine Omkhulu? In memory of inzala badla siphuma izibakala, kancinane ezinxulumene nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. UCatherine yaba fan enkulu kakhulu iibhola wenkundla, iingubo ezitofotofo. Emva kokuba kusoloko kulandelwa umtya abantu abayithandayo. Ubomi weenceke zakhe, xa edibene luthando lwakhe amaqhina, behla kwimbali. Ngelo xesha, Russian uKumkanikazi ke, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ekrelekrele, eqaqambileyo, ubuntu engaqhelekanga kunye ngumququzeleli abanetalente. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba inkqubo yakhe ibhodi karhulumente kwaba ihlelwe okokuqala ukusukela ubukumkani Petra Velikogo. umdla namhlanje umnxeba Great Catherine iinguqu 2. uchazele ngokufutshane, Noko ke, kunqabile ukuba uphumelele. Ngokubanzi, yonke utshintsho zayo zezopolitiko abonela ithiyori esiqhelekileyo, ekuthiwa absolutism ukukhanyiselwa. Oku kwinkulungwane XVIII, iye zithandwa kakhulu. kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi zoluntu nezentlalo wachukumisa Catherine iinguqu 2. Uluhlu "utshintshwano kweli lizwe", ngezantsi, ibonisa oku ngokucacileyo.

Lwabantwana kunye nemfundo Princess Fike

Nozipho Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst - ngoko bahlabe igama elipheleleyo uKumkanikazi elizayo Russian. Yena wazalwa entwasahlobo ka-1729 kwidolophu encinane German ekuthiwa Stettin (ngoku kwintsimi of Poland). uyise kwinkonzo Prussia ukumkani. Yaba mntundini ungento. Ngaxa lithile, yaba umphathi wokuqala regimental, mphathi kunye irhuluneli kamva lomzi zakowabo. Nonina ukumkanikazi elizayo wasembewini yookumkani. Yena waye enkulu-anti ka-Peter III - ngumyeni elizayo intombi yakhe. Sofia, okanye njengoko babize izizalwane, Fike, Wabufunda ekhaya. Wafunda isiFrentshi, Italian, IsiNgesi, geography, imbali, ezakwalizwi, yangqungqa yaye kudlalwa umculo. Le ntombazana waba nesimo sengqondo, waba Ndandingonwabanga, waba abahlobo kunye namakhwenkwe. Abazali baba awonwabanga ukuziphatha kwakhe. Fike ntsapho yayingamahlwempu. Kodwa umama wakhe waphupha ukuba buyanceda Intombi yakhe emtshatweni. Kungekudala, amaphupha akhe ngathi ukuba sibe ebomini.

Umtshato kunye yindlalifa kwitrone Russia

Ngowe-1744, Zerbst Princess Fike wamenywa kunye nonina eRashiya kwinkundla yakomkhulu ngenxa umtshato kunye elizayo Russian uMlawuli Peter III, ngubani umzala wakhe wesibini. nyaka elishumi elinesithandathu umtshakazi ubudala kungekudala thaca Elizabeth, nto leyo befuna nokumisa obabo ilungelo yokulandelelana i Romanovs, ndithemba ukuba amthathe ne'er-do-umtshana. Russian uKumkanikazi wayecinga ukuba ezintle undilisekile Sofia ezinokuphazamisa uPetros iintsizi abantwana bakhe kunye njana kunye zokudlala. Xa Fike wabonakala eRashiya, waqala nomnqweno ukufunda ulwimi Russian, ubenza kunye nomthetho Orthodox kaThixo. Umsitho ezicwangciselwe-Agasti 25, 1745. Ngomhla elandulela Sofia lamkela kobuOthodoki wafumana igama Catherine I. Ngosuku lomtshato i ngentsimbi 6 kusasa inkosazana wasiwa kwigumbi ka-Elizabeth, apho ngokunxibisa banikele. umsitho Wedding kwenzeka ebandleni Kazan. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba emva kweminyaka eli-17 apha Life Guard uza isifungo sokuzinikela ku uKumkanikazi wabo omtsha Catherine Alekseevna. Emva komtshato wanikwa ibhola izukileyo isidlo kwinkundla yakomkhulu, apho Fick wanyanzeleka ukuba nomdaniso zoludwe esingenasiphelo iingangamsha abadala. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba betshatile, kwacaca ukuba umyeni omtsha akayi ukuba azalisekise imisebenzi yawo lomtshato. Lonke ixesha uPetros awayichitha imidlalo kunye namajoni itoti kunye ezinde kwikhadibhodi. egumbini labo lomtshato, waphambukela yenja ukuba izinja wokuzingela. Kwacaca ukuba le ignoramus akanako ukubaleka isimo. Ngelo xesha, iRussia kwafuneka iinguqu zangaphakathi. Catherine 2, njengoko enjalo, yayingekabikho. Ewe, kwaye uvale kwinkundla yakomkhulu kulindeleke ukuba indima umfazi umlawuli kunye nomama wabantwana bakhe Fike konke. Kangakanani ukuba bayaphazama.

Ukulawula kwitrone Catherine

I yangoku uKumkanikazi Elizabeth Petrovna lweza suku ngalunye oludlulayo, impilo yakhe ndandibuthathaka kakhulu. A amaqabane ubuhlobo sithsaba engazange asungule. UPetros wayehlala ngokuphandle inkosikazi yakhe waza wathetha malunga nokufuna ukutshata naye. Catherine ngokwakhe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu bathimba kwiminyaka engama-26 camera-ngodaba Sergei Saltykov. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva koko Fike uye wazala unyana, lowo kuthiwa uPawulos. Enkundleni sasihamba amarhe ukuba uyise is lover of uCatherine. Phezu kwayo yonke le nto, uKumkanikazi Elizabeth wavakalisa yesibini ithuba yindlalifa inkwenkwe ukuya etroneni. Ngelo xesha, Russia, xa umfela ne-Austria kunye neFransi ilwa Prussia, apho iphumelele uloyiso omnye emva komnye. Oku emehlweni wonke ngaphandle bobusana nguPetros, owacinga uKumkani Frederick II Prussia nanto buchopho zomkhosi. Kuye kwacaca ukuba xa ukulawula yakhe kwitrone eRashiya ukuba enze uxolo behlazekile kunye Prussia, yokulahlekelwa konke ukuba iye abazifumene ekuhambeni imfazwe. ngokukhawuleza ukuze kwenzeka. Elizabeth wafa koSuku lweKresimesi ngo-1761. Emva koko, uPetros waba umlawuli Russian. Ngo March 1762 lowo wawenza Prussia ehlabathini, nto leyo ebangela ukuba eninzi yokunganeliseki kwi umkhosi Russian. It isigqibo ukusebenzisa nxamnye abalandeli abazalwana Peter III Catherine Orlov, omnye lowo, Gregory, kwaba nesithandwa sakhe noyise umntwana wakhe wokugqibela. I Kazan Church uCatherine wabamba isiko yentambiso, kunye nokuthatha isifungo njengoko uKumkanikazi of All Russia. Eyokuqala bazithoba amajoni ayo. Kwathi Juni 28, 1762. Ngoko akukho mntu abakholelwa ukuba ziya kuba yintoni Politika Ekateriny 2.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga ebukumkanini uKumkanikazi

Kwiveki emva kokuba iziganeko ezichazwe, Julayi 6, uCatherine wafumana ileta evela Orlova ukuba umyeni wakhe uPeter, owathi wabhala shela kwaye elubhacweni Manor Ropsha wafa. Ngokutsho ngawabo, lo ukumkanikazi ngokutsha wenza beDA, nokukhala ukuba inzala yakhe soze ukuxolela. Nakuba kunjalo, eminye imithombo zibonisa ukuba uyazi ukuzama izicwangciso umyeni wakhe, njengoko iintsuku ezi-2 phambi kukubulawa kwakhe kuye wathunyelwa ugqirha Paulsen akakho iziyobisi, beneempahla notyando. Enoba lwalunjani, ilungelo kwetrone uCatherine akukho namnye phikisa. Kwaye namhlanje singakwazi ayilungise up nyaka-34 wobukumkani bakhe. Elichaza ibhodi yayo phakathi mbali karhulumente badla usebenzise ibinzana ezifana "absolutism bakhanyiselwa". Amarhamente le ngcamango bakholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka ibe namandla eyomeleleyo yedwa, nto leyo baya kusebenza ukuze kuxhamle abemi balo bonke. absolutism ukukhanyiselwa of Catherine 2 ichazwa kakhulu ekomelezeni bureaucracy, ase elo lizwe lonke kweenkqubo zolawulo. UKumkanikazi wacinga ukuba indawo enkulu Russia ayo nemozulu embi kubeyimfuneko ukuzalwa nempumelelo apha lobuzwilakhe. Ngokwalo, ungenza ubonise uCatherine iinguqulelo-2.

Uluhlu "utshintshwano kweli lizwe"

Njengoko ubona etafileni, kwezi nguqulelo kubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo absolutism enakhanyiselwa ngayo Catherine 2. Uye wafuna ingqalelo onke amandla karhulumente ezandleni zayo ahlale kweli lizwe zonke iiklasi ezikhethekileyo, yaqalisa imithetho.

"Imiyalelo" xwebhu - ingqikelelo absolutism bakhanyiselwa Catherine 2

UKumkanikazi, Rave malunga iincwadi uMontesquieu kunye nokwamkela imigaqo esisiseko ingcamango yakhe, wazama esibiza ebizwa ngokuba yi-lowiso iKomishoni, Injongo ogama eziphambili - ngokufumana iimfuno zabantu ukuba enze utshintsho oluyimfuneko ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Njengenxalenye lomzimba abangama-600 namasekela yeeklasi ezahlukeneyo. Njengoxwebhu isikhokelo weKomishoni uCatherine sikhutshwe "Imiyalelo", leyo, enyanisweni, isiseko theoretical component absolutism bakhanyiselwa. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba awo phantse ngokupheleleyo imisebenzi uMontesquieu - kunyango ngenzondelelo le ngcamango. Catherine naye wavuma ukuba ehlala apha "kwezinye iindawo kumgca mnye, igama elinye." Ikomishini yathatha iminyaka emithandathu kuphela, yaye emva koko itshitshisiwe. Ngaba lo mzimba kuthiwa phezu ukwenza utshintsho solawulo Catherine 2? Mhlawumbi, yebo. Kodwa mbali namhlanje uyavuma yokuba wonke umsebenzi weKomishoni ijoliswe ekudaleni umfanekiso esihle uKumkanikazi eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe. Yaba lo mzimba wagqiba kwelokuba imbasa yakhe isihloko "Enkulu."

ngokutsha Administrative Catherine 2

Ezi ezintsha ziye ngokusemthethweni Novemba 7, 1775. Changed inkqubo kwisahlulo yolawulo kummandla Russia. Ngaphambili, yena iyunithi emithathu-: kwiphondo, kwiphondo, counties. Kwaye ngoku ke intsimi karhulumente bahlulelana lwerhuluneli kuphela counties. Kwakhokelela governorships eziliqela yaba iRhuluneli-Jikelele. Wavuma ukuba iirhuluneli, kwaye Herald-fiscals kunye refatgei. Imali kwi lwerhuluneli owayephethe Exchequer kunye nenkxaso kwi Chamber of Accounts. Xa intloko kwisiphaluka nganye ema mikhosi. Kwiyuniti yolawulo eyahlukileyo eyedwa umzi, intloko yayo iye ubeke endaweni oomantyi usodolophu.

guqula Catherine samenza 2

Le neoplasm yenziwa uKumkanikazi ka Disemba 15, 1763. Ngokutsho kwakhe, iNdlu Yeengwevu waba nkundla iphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, kuye yahlulwe kumasebe 6:

• I lokuqala - ophethe yonke imicimbi karhulumente kunye nezopolitiko eSt Petersburg;

• yesibini - amatyala enkundla eSt Petersburg;

• I-lesithathu - amayeza, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, imfundo, izithuthi;

• ezine - imicimbi aselwandle nomhlaba;

• Five - kwimicimbi yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko eMoscow;

• ezintandathu - imicimbi ezeeJaji eMoscow.

Reform Ulawulo Catherine 2 apha enzelwa ukwenza iNdlu Yeengwevu sisixhobo ethobelayo amandla yedwa.

lokulungisa umnotho

Ulawulo uKumkanikazi waphawulwa luphuhliso olubanzi loqoqosho lwesizwe. Ushintsho zoqoqosho uCatherine 2 ngayo iibhanki kunye kwisigaba zemali yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, izibonelelo ezitsha yetyala (iimali-mboleko kunye Bank State) waqalisa ukwamkela imali ezivela kuluntu iidipozithi ukugcinwa. yamaphepha zakhutshwa kuqala - imali iphepha. Urhulumente phantsi uCatherine amazwe iimveliso aphesheya kukuninzi, ezifana kwesinyithi, ilaphu ngomkhombe, iinkuni, hemp, isonka. Kunzima ukutsho ukuba unika iinkcukacha entle Catherine iinguqu 2. Chaza ngokufutshane xelela ngayo akubonakali ukuba baphumelele. kwamanye amazwe Bulk okuziinkozo phantsi kolawulo lwalo kukhokelele indlala kwiminyaka 1780 kwimimandla emininzi eRashiya. Amatyala wentshabalalo abaninzi abalimi. Ukwanda ixabiso lesonka. KaNondyebo kaRhulumente lalize. Kodwa ityala angaphandle eRashiya ngaphaya 33 million engange.

Ezintsha kwinkqubo yemfundo

Kodwa asingabo bonke nenguqulelo yezinto uKumkanikazi zibe nemiphumela emibi. Utshintsho kwemfundo Catherine 2 yasungulwa ngo-1760. Yonke baqala ukuvula izikolo, nto leyo ukuya abantwana abasuka kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe imfundo yabafazi. Ngowe-1764 lenzeka ESmolensk Institute for Noble eziNtombini. Ngo-1783 wavula Russian Academy apho wamema oosonzululwazi abaziwayo amazwe. Yintoni olwaboniswa zohlaziyo imfundo Catherine 2? Inyaniso yokuba kumaphondo Wayila imiyalelo zothando yoluntu, nto leyo inoxanduva lokulawula izikolo zikarhulumente, izibhedlele, ayeba ukuba izibhedlele crazy kunye nabagulayo,. E Moscow ne St Petersburg kuye kwavulwa amakhaya abantwana ezitratweni, abafumana nabo bekhulisa kunye nemfundo.

Emafeni Catherine 2

Le ukuguqulwa nangoku impikiswano phakathi mbali. Estates 2 Catherine utshintsho kukugcina kokupapashwa kwayo ngo 1785. ezimbini iileta, enye apho ekugqibeleni balinqabisa amalungelo yezikhulu, kunye namanye amacandelo oluntu ezidolophini kwi eziyi-6. UKumkanikazi wabiza ezi nguquko "isithsaba imisebenzi yabo." "Iileta patent ngabafo" lithetha oku kulandelayo:

• Le klasi ukhutshiwe quartering kweeyunithi wamajoni, ukususela ukohlwaya ngokubetha, ukususela ekuthatheni kwepropati malunga nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho;

• ngabafo fumene ilungelo izibilini emhlabeni, ilungelo lokuba nomhlaba ubunini, ilungelo lokuba babe kumaziko Class;

• aba bantu ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela kusibamba isikhundla xa ingeniso yabo nempahla yaba ngaphantsi kwe $ 100, yaye ndayihluthwa ilungelo lokuvota, ukuba awunayo isikhundla igosa ngayo.

Yintoni na le yotshintsho zasezidolophini Catherine 2? UKumkanikazi wayalela ukuba ayahlule labemi ngokweendidi 6:

• abemi ezisezidolophini (bezindlu);

• abarhwebi 3 guild;

• amagcisa;

• nonresident angaphandle nabathengi;

• abemi abemi (Abarhwebi abazizityebi, zasebhange, abayili, ngabapeyinti, izazinzulu, abaqambi);

• omuzi (ngaphandle izakhiwo).

Ngokubhekiselele kwezi ezintsha sinokuthi Politika Ekateriny 2 apha kuye negalelo ezithile ngokwezinga olomeleleyo umphakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Ngoko ke, indawo yezoqoqosho Inxalenye iingangamsha zimbi. Abaninzi kubo ababa nakungena inkonzo karhulumente, angabi nako ukufumana yimfuneko ukuba impahla yokunxiba kunye nezihlangu. Ngelo xesha inani elifanayo iingangamsha ezinkulu aphantsi iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kunye amakhulu amawaka ngamakhoboka.

Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yenkolo

Ezinye zindawo abachaphazelekayo zohlaziyo urhulumente Catherine 2? Lo mfazi strong-nkani ukuzama ukulawula yonke into karhulumente, kuquka unqulo. Ngowe-1764, uye wakhupha umyalelo, ndayihluthwa emazweni ibandla. Kunye neendawo data amafama aye zidluliselwe kulawulo ethile Association imali. Ngenxa yoko, abefundisi baba kuxhomekeke ubukhosi. Ngokubanzi, uKumkanikazi wazama ukuba balandele umgaqo-nkqubo ukunyamezelana zonqulo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala wobukumkani bakhe bayeka intshutshiso Yamakholwa Old, baye bafumana inkxaso karhulumente, kubuBhuda, Protestantism, kubuYuda.

Catherine 2 njenge kunyango e-worldwork theory yiEnlightenment

nyaka-34 wokulawula uKumkanikazi lizele iziganeko ezininzi ezingqubanayo. absolutism ukukhanyiselwa of Catherine 2, leyo yena wazama ukushumayela phakathi wabanumzana, wabonakalaliswa ngokwayo apho yena wadala "Imiyalelo", yaye kokubizwa zeKomishoni lowiso, kunye nohlaziyo Estate, kwaye kwicandelo yolawulo kummandla Russia, nenguqulo kwicandelo lemfundo. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi nguqulelo kunyiniwe. inkqubo Class, umgaqo ulawulo yedwa, serfdom wahlala ayigungqi. ingqalelo eyodwa inikwa ubudlelwane phakathi Catherine French yiEnlightenment (uVoltaire, Diderot). Yena ndiziphethe imbalelwano esebenzayo kunye nabo, babelane ngezimvo. Bathi ngaye kakhulu kunene. Noko ke, ababhali-mbali mihla bakholelwa ukuba ezi lobudlelwane kuphela uphawu kuxhaswa. UKumkanikazi badla kele "abahlobo" babo.

Iziphumo ebukumkanini Indlovukazi enkulu

lifikile ixesha lokuba elichaza utshintsho Catherine 2 gqaba-gqaba wobukumkani bakhe. It utshintshwano ezininzi zaye zenziwa, maxa wambi ephikisana kakhulu. era uKumkanikazi luphawulwa kubukhoboka likhulu abalimi, sibabandeza amalungelo abo ubuncinane. Xa wakhupha umthetho ngokuvala amafama ukuba ufake isikhalazo nxamnye umnikazi. yenkohlakalo, kwaye ngezixa ingakumbi enkulu. Umzekelo bafaka ukumkanikazi yedwa, ngesisa endowing izalamane kunye uvale eyadini nokwabela zakho kwezithuba eziphambili urhulumente. Akumangalisi ke, emva kweminyaka embalwa wobukumkani bakhe, koovimba lizwe namntu. Yintoni wagcina uphele 2 Catherine utshintsho? Ngokufutshane, umntu athi oku: sinengxaki kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kwaye ukuwa iyonke yenkqubo yemali karhulumente. Enoba oko, yena ithabathe inxaxheba ebomini zikarhulumente ayemthanda waba lweenkobe Russia yakhe.

Sifundile, koko uvela Ukhanye absolutism Catherine 2 ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, amanye amalungiselelo apho lakwazi ukuzisa ebomini.