Gerald Ford: imigaqo-nkqubo yangaphakathi nangaphandle (ngokufutshane), biography, iifoto

Ukufunda imbali i-USA, nawuphi na umfundi ingqalelo uya kuphawula ukuba ubuncinane ucwaningo umongameli we uGerald Ford. Kodwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, eli xesha ebomini amagunya amagorha iye mhlawumbi ezinkulu kakhulu.

Iimpawu xesha lekhefu phantsi uMongameli Forde

Eneneni, ukwanda kulwaphulo-mthetho kunye crisis komnotho ngezikhondo eluntwini. Ukwanda kwenani labantu bephelelwa kokuthenjwa abasemagunyeni kudana eluntwini American. I-Vietnam War nesiphelo sayo, lwaludume urhulumente US, aggravates le meko.

Ngaphandle koku, uMongameli Ford unako, ngenxa umlinganiswa ezolileyo elungeleleneyo, ekuvuseleleni karhulumente kwi-ofisi kaMongameli kunye nokomeleza ithemba lekamva elingcono. Ngexesha gameli kwakhe, ngowe-1975, yena wenza moya joint eSoviet-American yenkqubo "Soyuz-Apollo" kunye ukumisa baxhomekeka. Amalungiselelo siganeko yaqala phantsi Nixon. Ukongeza, ngexesha elifanayo eUnited States ibhiyozele iminyaka 200th le Declaration American of Independence.

Noko ke, akuzange kube ngokwaneleyo ukuphakamisa iwonga le Republican Party, phantsi yi-Watergate, ezithintele Gerald Ford ukuba abe ngumengameli ikota yesibini.

Gerald Ford: A Biography kwexesha of esakhula

Gerald Rudolph Ford, uMongameli ezingamashumi-wesibhozo eUnited States, ababekhonza ukususela 1973 ukuya 1976, wazalwa July 14, 1913. Esi siganeko senzeke e Omaha, Nebraska. Boy ogama Leslie Lynch King. Emva kwexesha elifutshane usapho sichithakele. UMama yentloko elizayo -Ofisi Khan, uDorothy ukumkani watshata okwesibini. Eli xesha ke onyuliweyo umrhwebi Gerald Rudolph Ford, ekuqaleni ukusuka kwidolophu lwakhe eGrand Springs. Ngenxa yoko, uLeslie Lynch uKumkani, kanye guququ, enkosi ngutata wakhe, e uGerald Rudolph Ford.

Esengumntwana, Gerald lalicinga intlola, kwiqela elinegunya lombutho, waya phezulu kwaye ufumane isikhundla liphezulu, Eagle omnyeComment. Ikomiti elivisayo football esikolweni ngoko mfana waba umthetheli. Ukudlala ibhola, akazange anikezele kwaye kwisithuba yokufunda kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan.

Emva kokuphumelela kule mater Alma ngo-1935, lo mfana waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe e Yale University School of Law. iziqu - 1941.

Biography UGerald Ford phambi kwakhe kufika ezinkulu nkqubo

Emva kokuba US zokungenela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, Gerald Ford waya ekhethekileyo kwizifundo, apho njengomlawuli ofundisa elungiselela namajoni.

Ngowe-1943, Ford Mfundisi umsebenzi liphelile, kwaye oko kuxhomekeke inkonzo 1946 kwenziwa kwi yenethiwekhi moya "Monterey." Le nqanawa, lo gama i-Pacific Ocean, inxaxheba kwimisebenzi asemkhosini nxamnye Japanese Imperial Navy.

Esiza stock, Gerald Ford wabuyela emzini wakhe Palm Srings, apho waqalisa ukusebenza njengegqwetha. Emva koko wagqiba kwelokuba uza inxaxheba kwezopolitiko.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kubomi yezopolitiko eli lizwe kwixesha phambi kokufika kwi-Ofisi Khan

Ndifike 1948. candidacy Ford ukuba onyulwe yi-Republican Party kwiNdlu Abameli US Congress. Ngenxa uloyiso kolu lonyulo waza waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe kwezopolitiko. Ford waye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunyulwa kule ndawo iminyaka emininzi, de kwangowe-1973.

Behleli kwiNdlu yaBameli, sezopolitiko inxaxheba kuphando ukugwintwa block kaMongameli Kennedy ngo-1963. Warren Commission eganiweyo kwezoshishino, kunye Ford lwalulilungu yayo esebenzayo. Noko ke, okhethekileyo umxakatho, lo msebenzi akukhange, ngenxa yeziphumo zophando, iziphumo ingxelo kwabasemagunyeni ngawo iKhomishini kunye US noluntu, unangoku phantsi elibukhali amadlala.

Kuba ukuphelela, iimpawu Ford-wezopolitiko wathi wamelana ekunyukeni of the Vietnam War yi eUnited States, nomxhasi kunye nomhlobo sikaMongameli Nixon.

Ukufikelela kwi-lenga amandla

Ngowe-1973, ngenxa ngehlazo irhafu, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukurhoxa uzibulele Agnew, owathi ke usekela-mongameli. Ukusebenzisa ulungiso-siseko efanelekileyo, uMongameli Nixon wamisela ezihlangwini Gerald Ford kaThixo Agnew.

Emva konyaka aqhekeka edume Watergate kwihlazo, Nixon isongelwa kuthathelwe. Oku kukhokelele ekubeni umhlala ngokuzithandela White House. Ngoko ke, ngaphandle unyulo kunye ngeenkongolo, uSekela Mongameli Gerald Ford, ngokutsho-siseko, waba ngumongameli US ukuthatha ngokusesikweni isithuba ngo-1974, 9 Agasti. Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka ibali lethu kuba yinto efanelekileyo ukubonisa oko. Ngoko ke, simazi: Gerald Ford (eliboniswe ngezantsi).

angaphandle

Ngokuphathelele kule ndawo umsebenzi, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba uMongameli uGerald Ford ushiye uphawu yayo kwimbali ngamazwe. Neqhubekayo-nkqubo détente niqale ngowayesakuba nguMongameli Nixon, Ford kuhlawulwa utyelelo eSoviet Union, eqhubayo eqalwe ngo-1971 ukuya yomsebenzi neentlobano zokwazana wamaKomanisi China, sele lisigqibile Vietnam War.

Noko ke, kwakukho engemihle mathuba. Ngoko ke, ngokudlulisela Congress, njengoko kwayala nguMongameli Ford waqhuba umsebenzi ekhethekileyo Cambodia. Bavalelwa iinqanawa Cambodian US urhwebo enqanaweni kunye labasebenzi oomatiloshe 39 wabuyela ekhaya lisekhona, kodwa wambulala US uMarines (abantu 41), laqhushumbiswa emoyeni kwisixeko Khambodiya of Sihanoukville. Ngowe-1975, kwakhona emfihlekweni evela Congress, Ford egunyazisiweyo ukuncedisa imikhosi anti-urhulumente ngexesha yamakhaya imfazwe e-Angola. Sangaphandle nkqubo Gerald Ford, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba iinkalo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo bafanelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. It - détente kunye neVietnam. Okulandelayo, makhe sithethe ngakumbi.

Defusing ngezikhondo zamehlo

Ngo-1975, uMongameli Ford wenza utyelelo USSR, apho e Vladivostok zifeziwe kunye Jikelele UNobhala CPSU Central Committee li Brezhnev kuxoxwa kule ntlanganiso kunye nobume ubudlelane phakathi USSR - eUnited States, kunye jikelele nemiba, yaye iindlela zokunciphisa isisongelo jikelele imfazwe yenyukliya. Phakathi ingxaki lokugqibela isonjululwe imibuzo lilinganiselwa ingalo zobuchule ekhubekisayo.

Ngelo xesha Ford wasayina Helsinki Izivumelwano kwi Ukhuseleko neNtsebenziswano.

Noko ke, phezu kweli candelo-Democrats congressmen ukuze bakhusele iinzame kaMongameli. Congress wadlula Jackson-Vanik isilungiso kwisivumelwano urhwebo phakathi USSR ne-United States of 1972, wabopha ukuzaliseka kwale mvumelwano kwi imeko amalungelo eSoviet Union.

Vietnam

A okhethekileyo page e American kwimbali US inxaxheba eVietnam, okanye, njengoko yayibizwa phambili abapolitiki iintatheli, US Vietnam adventure. Ngaphandle abahlala kuzo zonke iinkalo kunye neemeko yalo buhlungu phulo uluntu US, nje ukuba bathi kwiminyaka yolawulo Ford kaThixo oko sele kusaziwa ukuba isizathu sokuba ekuqaleni kuqhuma North Vietnam, njalo njalo. N. YeVietnam lesi manga elenziwa arhente intelligence US. Phantse ihlabathi liphela yokuziphatha okanye ngezimali inkxaso umzabalazo lomzabalazo yabantu Vietnamese ngenxa ukuzimela kunye begazi kweli lizwe. Ngo-1975, abendlu ka-DRV eso sathathwa njengesiphango kweSaigon - elikomkhulu weRiphablikhi yoMzantsi Vietnam, phezu kamongameli ebhotwe indwe banner woloyiso.

AmaMelika bakhutshwe ezindlini zawo kunye Vietnamese, ngubani na kuhlala kwilizwe akhululwe.

Noko ke, ngokuthe ngqo ukubandakanyeka US imikhosi ngokulwa imisebenzi eminyaka ngaphambi, ngo-1973, kunye ngokutyikitya woxolo umnqophiso eParis.

Impembelelo lemfazwe kuluntu waseMelika namandla kangangokuba US owakubhangisayo okunene emkhosini waza bangosulelwa umkhosi. Iqale le yotshintsho isephantsi uMongameli Nixon. Le inductee lokugqibela wawushiya US Army 1974.

Ngokubanzi, njengoluntu, namandla ngenxa yale mfazwe thina bamangaliswa t. N. Vietnam syndrome. Oko kukuthi, uluntu kunye chaza izizathu ngocoselelo lo- elingatsalanga efanayo emfazweni. Imiphumo oku ixesha elide nempembelelo-nkqubo angaphandle kaMongameli US Congress.

Ngelo xesha ke oko kwazeka olawulo US izenzo ngamaxesha phambi ukulahlekisa uluvo loluntu, kokubini apha nakwihlabathi ngokunjalo eMelika.

nkqubo yasekhaya

Kule ndawo, iqela lamanyathelo umongameli abangela ukuba ukukhula yokunganeliseki yabemi '. Ngoko ke, ngo-1974, 8 Septemba, Ford wakhupha umthetho XOLELA ezihlangwini zakhe zonke, bobabini baye kakuhle yaziwa, ahlale ababanjwa, amatyala ngokuchasene lizwe, wenza yi Richard Nixon waba ngumongameli US.

Ngenxa yoko le loxolelo, nangona iyahambelana nemimiselo-siseko, umongameli Gerald Ford ndingenalo ubudlelwane kunye Congress kuphuhliswa. Ukongezelela, kwakukho isininzi ukuba Democrats.

Ngoko ke, Congress avume ukucheba nenkcitho kwi-ntle. Ford ngokwakhe ngexesha iminyaka kolawulo lwakhe, wafuna vitho iindleko ezahlukeneyo ezingama-50. Bona, kweNkongolo bungayelelani nomongameli yaye sivunywe niwabone kwakhona. Ford wahlulwa kunye nomba nesibonelelo irhafu yengeniso. enyanisweni umongameli kwayo kwaba endala, lo gama i-Congress - kuba ubukhulu becala - i benkululeko. Kwaye, echasene ukuma kweNdlu White, le izaphulelo zanikezelwa kubazuzi abanemivuzo ephantsi. Ngaloo ndlela, imigaqo-Gerald Ford ayikwazanga kuphumelela intsokolo kunye Congress.

umnotho

Ngexesha ukulawula of uGerald Ford kwi-ofisi kaMongameli kunye ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe eUnited States ukho iingxaki zoqoqosho olunzulu: kwamaxabiso kunye nentswela ukwenyuka, imveliso na ukuhla. Abasemagunyeni kwanyanzeleka ukunciphisa kakhulu inkcitho karhulumente. Ngezimali nayiphi na inkqubo, hayi ezinxulumene ngendlela enye okanye enye kunye neemfuno ze-ntlanu, enyanisweni wayeka.

End of career kwezopolitiko kunye nokhathalelo yobomi

Nangona inani impumelelo kunye neenzame zonke iinzame ukuba bazi- uGerald Ford, umgaqo basekhaya angaphandle, ngokufutshane apha kweli nqaku, andizange banandiphe udumo ebanzi kuluntu American. Amanyathelo ukunciphisa kwamaxabiso eyathatyathiswa ngokungxamisekileyo, kodwa kwabangela ukunyuka ngqesho kwi-12%, waqalisa ukuhla inkulu kwi US kuqoqosho ukususela Great Depression ka-1929-1933. Ngowe-1974, iqela ezisisigxina Republican - Democrats - waphumelela kunyulo midterm i zombini izindlu Congress. Emva kwafika ithuba lobungangamsha kwabo kugqatso ngumongameli. Enye --yethoba mathathu - ngumongameli US waye umgqatswa ye-Democratic Party.

Gerald Ford walahlekelwa unyulo kamongameli ngumviwa zeqela eyimbangi, Dzhimmi Karteru, wayishiya Ofisi Khan, yaye ixesha elide basebenza kwi-American Enterprise Institute.

Ezili kwi sithuba phezulu lwesakhiwo amandla United States Ford kuphunyeziwe malinge ezimbini ayiphumelelanga ubomi bakhe. Ukuba i ex-mongameli, eneneni washiya kwezopolitiko.

Ngowe-2006, ngoDisemba 26, owayesakuba nguMongameli US Gerald Ford, imigaqo-nkqubo zangaphakathi nangaphandle leyo esele baqalisa ukuba ulibele, wafa, eshiya ngasemva abantwana abane. Kakade ke, lo umkhondo kakhulu appreciable kwimbali.