Z Kravchuk: engobomi, iifoto kunye nezibakala umdla ebomini

Kravchuk Z Makarovich (owazalwa January 10, 1934) is a wezopolitiko Ukrainian kwaye uMongameli wokuqala Ukraine, nto leyo eye ngamandla ukususela ngoDisemba 5, 1991 de emsebenzini wakhe July 19, 1994 kwakhona USihlalo Verkhovna rada kunye namasekela babantu Ukraine, anyulwe yi-Social party -demokraticheskoy of Ukraine (munye).

Okumiselwe Western Ukraine - Z Kravchuk kwilizwe - phakathi kwenkulungwane yokugqibela

Apho waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe, Z Kravchuk? Biography waqala kubuhlanti ezinkulu Zhitin kummandla Rivne kwintsapho yamahlwempu. Emva koko yaba kumazwe Polish. Kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo kumazwe zabo Leni emithathu amandla opholileyo itshintshile. Okokuqala, ngoSeptemba 1939 ngenxa yephulo wenkululeko ka Olubomvu Army kwintshona Ukraine, oko ehlonyelwe Ukrainian SSR. Emva koko, ngoJulayi 1941 ilizwe iminyaka emithathu wayithimba ku Germany. Ekugqibeleni, ekwindla 1944, apha ke amandla eSoviet. Kodwa utyando kuphela ngexesha lasemini nasebusuku nemizana Western Ukrainian zibe phantsi korhulumente kweNational. Kwaye oku ke iminyaka eliqela.

Cinga nje indlela konke loko kwakubonakala kwi umlinganiswa abantu basekuhlaleni, ngokukodwa isizukulwana esitsha? Ukukhula kwiimeko ezinjalo, kwafuneka afunde ukuzimela iingcinga zabo, ukucinga enye into baze bathi omnye, sithembele akukho namnye, akukho nto ukuze nikholwe. Kwaye ngoko ke bakha isizukulwana lonke post-imfazwe ulutsha Western Ukrainian, awayelilungu, kunye Z Kravchuk.

ebuntwaneni

Iziganeko imfazwe kakhulu sichaphazele isiphelo intsapho hero yethu kunye naye. Uyise lenny Makar Kravchuk, owayesakuba igosa ukwaphulwa amahashe ye-Polish Army osebenza Polish kwi bezithanga, wayilwa kwi-Red Army 1944 kwaye, ixesha elifutshane ukwenza ukulwa elithile kulo nyaka mnye, wayibeka intloko yakhe Belarus.

Umama yabuya utshatile kunye njengotata wakhe bakwazi ukukhula Z. Babehlala ubuhlwempu, yena Z Kravchuk wakhumbula ukuba ukuhamba ngeenyawo de ikhephu lokuqala. Noko ke, ukungalali into wobulali kuphela yohlobo ngumongameli elizayo.

iminyaka yokufunda

Emva kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, Z Kravchuk, safudukela kwisixeko aye Rivne Cooperative College. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ndawonye nabanye abafundi, ayiqeshileyo igumbi kungekho eziluncedo. Kwandula ke ngowe-1953, emva kokugqiba kwikholeji iimbeko, ufanelwe ukuba angene ngaphandle uviwo Kiev State University kwi-Faculty of Economics.

Study kwakungekho lula, inkxaso-mali yokufunda waba engange-24 (nangona kunye sasemini enkantini umfundi kuxabisa 50 cents!). Ukuze usinde, ebusuku abafundi baya ubuya kuyithula apho iimoto kunye iintlanzi ekhenkcezisiweyo-mveliso processing intlanzi eduze. Umongameli elizayo, Z Kravchuk, babehlala kwigumbi dormitory abantu 12, kodwa wakwazi ukuba bafunde "ezigqwesileyo" yaye ufumana stipend ukwanda - engange-30 kakade.

Kuphela intlanganiso ebomini

Le yunivesithi Z wadibana umfazi wakhe elizayo. sumchanka Beautiful slim Tonya ekhazimlayo nangoko ಪೇನ್ ipheyini intliziyo yakhe. Baye zininzi izinto esifana ngazo, bobabini wakhula ngaphandle koyise, waphumelela kwikholeji iimbeko waza wangena eyunivesithi ngaphandle uviwo. Tonya wenza okufanayo Z, kwikhondo lokuqala baqalisa ukunyamekela kuye, ekhitshini yomfundi epheka ngenxa ezimbini, yaye Z wazama ukufumana nekofu, naphi na apho kunokwenzeka, esenzela ukuba azalise mali yazo.

Eli lizwe iqalile iinguqu ezinkulu, yaye ethinjiweyo njengomlambo abafundi Kiev. Xa waqala uphuhliso kumazwe enyulu, i-Z kunye Tonya emva kwekhosi lesithathu baya Kostanai oblast of Kazakhstan, apho wayesebenza umqhubi itrektara, nichitha ubusuku kwintente abandayo de kokwindla. Apha Z ebandayo, nzima kangangokuba andabikho zingqondweni kwaye phantse wafa. Tonya wamsindisa, lowo wafumana imoto waza wathabatha ozithandayo esibhedlele, apho wachacha. Emva kokubuyela kwilizwe enyulu Z kunye Tonya babetshatile. Umtshato kubo akunika kwixesha langoku.

umsebenzi wokuqala

Ngowe-1958, Kravchuk Z Makarovich waphumelela KSU yaye yasasazwa e Chernivtsi, apho wafunda uqoqosho kwezopolitiko kwikholeji zemali.

iimeko zokuphila Poor yaye yathathwa yi-Z njengoko ilishwa. Simbeka kwihostele yabafazi, ekunene kwi "kwikona ebomvu". Kuba abo baselula yaye andazi ukuba yintoni na, chaza. Ngoko kumaziko Soviet ekuthiwa ezizodwa (non-zokuhlala) izakhiwo, ihonjiswe kunye neesimboli Soviet (a umhlola of Lenin, kwebhanile (ukuba oko), iziqinisekiso ezahlukeneyo, pennants kunye nezinye iimpawu yokuphila Soviet). Ngenxa ngakumbi ayiyi ndabaleka utshona wabafazi okanye yangasese, utitshala amadodana zonke iintsasa nobusuku ukubaleka ebaleni idolophu kwi indawo yangasese kawonke ukuhlamba, achebe, kwaye babhiyozele ukubaluleka yendalo. Fun? ukuncokola kakuhle nje. Kodwa Z wanyamezela eli kakubi iminyaka emithathu.

party career

Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1960, kukho yezoqoqosho oselula yezopolitiko waphawula eminhlanganweni iqela lasekuhlaleni yaye yadluliselwa House of Education Political umcebisi kunye nomqeqeshi. Oku kwalandelwa transfer kwicandelo le Chernivtsi yoMmandla Committee Communist Party. Apha hero yethu benza umsebenzi iqela iminyaka engaphezu 7, ukuvuka kwisikhundla sokuba abaziintloko zamasebe zommandla ubuxoki ikomiti iqela.

Ecaleni indlela eqhelekileyo eSoviet Union ngumsebenzi party enkulu. Okokuqala kwiminyaka emithathu lezifundo kwesidanga sokuqala Academy of Sciences zeNtlalo phantsi CPSU iKomiti Central, ngoko elinesibhozo iminyaka ekunyukeni kancinane ngenxa ezintlwini Central Committee Communist Party de intloko kwisebe ze ye-Central Committee, ngoko intloko yesebe urhulumente. Kravchuk waba unobhala weKomiti Central kunye amaphepha eendaba Ukrainian ubize ukulondoloza Ukraine kwi-USSR. Kwincopho umsebenzi wakhe party - owawunamalungu Politburo bemka kwaye nesithuba sikanobhala yesibini Communist Party of Ukrainian.

Njengoko Kravchuk waba usihlalo Verkhovna rada

Emva umhlala ngo-1989, comrade Brezhnev Vladimir Shcherbytskyi Ukrainian Communist Party elikhokelwa inzalelwane Poltava Vladimir Iwashko owenza umsebenzi iqela kummandla eKharkiv. Ngowe-1990, Ukraine ukhetho lukaMeyi. Iwashko wonyulwa usekela of Kiev. Ekubeni uninzi zamasekela baba ndawonye, ukuba Kungokwemvelo ukuba nguSihlalo yePalamente ngoJuni 1990, bamonyula intloko beqela, ie, Iwashko. Emva koko, xa umoya xesha, banyula intloko entsha Communist Party of S. Hurenko ukwenzela ukuba intloko epalamente yaye zezepolitiki wayengenguye umntu omnye.

A ibamba Communist Party, wonyulelwa Kravchuk kunye Z Kravchuk. ngobomi bakhe ayikwazanga kakuhle ukuba agcwaliswa ezinye iziganeko ezimangalisayo, ukuba Iwashko loo nyanga akazange enze ubudenge esibulalayo, kudlala indima enkulu ebomini bakhe kunye nekamva hero lethu. Inyaniso kukuba ngelo xesha uMongameli we-USSR uMikhail Gorbachev, kwaye zidityaniswe, kunye nonobhala jikelele we-All-Union Communist Party, ekhangela ukuba ukuphelisa imisebenzi yabo iqela ndlela, enqwenela ukuba abonakale phambi iinkokheli Western (lowo cringed ngokuphandle) kuphela ngendlela karhulumente, hayi wamaKomanisi inkokeli. Ngoko ke weza kwindawo entsha kwi party - lokuqala elifike unobhala jikelele - waza wamema Iwashko lwakhe kunye themba olucacileyo lokuba unobhala jikelele elandelayo ngokuxhomekeke qembu ukupheliswa le kubungangamsha eSoviet Union. Iwashko ngokucacileyo ukuba "prointuichil", ethwala iingozi ezifana nokuqeshwa, wala Verkhovna rada nguSihlalo post waza washiywa kucingwa ukuba eMoscow.

isenzo kwakhe kwabangela amasekela Ndilicukuceze. UNobhala Okokuqala i-Ukrainian Communist Party Hurenko wazisa isithuba esingenamntu unobhala yesibini Central Committee of Communist Party of Ukraine Kravchuk. umzimba wakhe ngokucacileyo ukusilela. Kwelinye icala, ungumsebenzi iqela ayengama ezithembakeleyo pro-yobukomanisi-nye nonke, kwelinye icala - hlanga yasentshona Ukraine, apho, ngokutsho namasekela ze amanashinali, kwakuqinisekisa ukuzimela yayo nkqubo eMoscow ngayo. Kunjalo ngokuzimela karhulumente ka Ukraine ukuba akukho namnye ubethetha ngokuvakalayo.

July 23, 1990 Kravchuk waba usihlalo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet lwe Ukrainian SSR, nto leyo ethetha ukuba intloko nominal weRiphablikhi.

Usihlalo lepalamente - kamongameli

Ngubani ngoku ukhumbula ixesha nzima emva zonke izenzakalo kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo? Emva koko, kunye ukufakwa Gorbachev ngokubonakalayo ngazo ingcamango umnqophiso omtsha umanyano phakathi republic equka eSoviet Union. Abaxhasi le ndlela isebenza kwaye Kravchuk ngokuchaseneyo kwinkokeli wesizwe V. Chornovil, inkokeli intshukumo "Abantu Movement", nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba ekuhleni ukuba uphume Ukraine ukusuka eSoviet Union.

Kwanasemva kokuba nokuhlutha ngamandla kweli lizwe ukususela mdibi ukuvukela ngoAgasti 1991, waqhubeka ucele ukuthotyelwa phantsi abasemagunyeni Central federal. Ngenxa yoko, xa intlanganiso Verkhovna rada ka-Agasti 19 Kravchuk wathi: "Xa Ukraine, imo yonxunguphalo akangenanga. Ngoko, siqhubeka ukwenza imisebenzi yabo yesiqhelo ngendlela efanayo. "

Kwaye kuphela ngoAgasti 24, xa amalungu eKomiti Emergency bezisetyenziswa entolongweni xa uMongameli Soviet uMikhail Gorbachev, ethetha neerhuluneli zeBhunga Ephakamileyo, wahlaziswa esidlangalaleni kubo, Boris Yeltsin eqongeni ekunene kwintlanganiso enye, isalelo ngokuvala Communist Party - kuphela kobukhokeli beBhunga Verkhovna Symbol, elikhokelwa Kravchuk phantsi koxinzelelo uninzi zamasekela baya ukwenza le holo ukuba bavote kwiSibhengezo ulongamo imo Ukraine, eyathi yayamkela.

Kungekudala Ukrainian siseko walungiswa ukwenza isithuba uMongameli wayo. Kravchuk wanikwa amagunya zomongameli, yaye ngaloo ndlela waba jure intloko de facto kunye de karhulumente. Kulo nyaka, Disemba 5, 1991, wabavoti ngokusesikweni abakhethelwe unyulo lokuqala kaMongameli apho woyisa Vyacheslav Chornovil slogans ekongeni kobuhlobo ne-Russia, kunye ukugcinwa kwendlela yesizwe yezoqoqosho single kwisithuba post-eSoviet nguMongameli Ukraine.

Kravchuk umongameli

slogans Ngelishwa namnye kubo lwaziswa phambi konyulo, yena elingayizalisanga. Nangona Kravchuk kwaye utyikitye isivumelwano malunga ukudalwa ico, kodwa wenza yonke into Verkhovna rada akazange enze izilungiso uMniki. karbovanets - NgoJanuwari 1992, kukho imali omtsha Ukrainian iye yaziswa. Oku kwabangela ikhefu yendalo ubuhlobo zoqoqosho kunye namaqabane zamashishini Ukrainian eSoviet Union, ngoko ke ilizwe liyigubungele kwisiphango yokwenene kwamaxabiso kule minyaka mithathu izayo. Ukuba ekupheleni kuka 1991 "SKB uyilo esizisebenzelayo" bakhokelayo injineli imivuzo (Dnepropetrovsk) kwakumalunga 200 engange yiSoviet, ngo-1994 isithuba CMC "Yuzhvetroenergomash" zeengcali oyintloko, kwaba malunga 2 million. Karbovancev malunga amandla yokuthenga enye, oko kukuthi, asondele. ubonelelo ngemali kweli lizwe liye lakhula ngamaxesha ubuncinane 10,000.

Enterprises ivaliwe kakhulu, izitrato izixeko Ukrainian ziye yaba zitrato zokwexeshana apho abantu ababezama ukuba abathengiswa ngelize impahla kunye nezinto zendlu. Ukususela ekhaya emarikeni kunye ubuyele abemi lokuzisa iimpahla e iinqwelo ezinamavili ukuba abantu kufanele christened "kravchuchkami". Lizwe ngokukhawuleza liqengqiwe kungena enzonzobileni. Kule meko, i-elite Ukrainian uye ukunciphisa amandla nguMongameli kunye nePalamente, edlula amagunya olukhulu inkulumbuso, kuquka ilungelo lokuba kukhutshwe imimiselo apho bekukho amandla komthetho. umlungiseleli Ngoko onamandla onke eyakhathaza Z Kuchma. Kakade ke, ukuba phakathi kwakhe kunye uMongameli impixano, nto leyo ekhokelele inkulumbuso yokuqala urhoxile kuka-1993, yaye emva koko, ngenkxaso ye-elite kwimpuma Ukraine, uzenze unyulo umongameli ezingaqhelekanga apho yoyiswa Z Kravchuk. Photo kwethuba lakhe kaMongameli siboniswa apha ngezantsi.

Lo mfanekiso yezopolitiko Z Kravchuk

Kanye kwi show TV kutshanje kwabulawa umbhali Kiev nentatheli Oles Buzina Kravchuk wacela indlela, owayesakuba ideologist oyintloko Communist Party, eyaziwa ngokuba ukulwa yakhe isizwe Ukrainian esinokubangela ukuba uthi namhlanje yena ally zabo zopolitiko nkqu umlandeli. Ngelo Z Makarovich, "sumnyashesya void" waphendula wathi: "Znaєte scho? Dumka lakhe mіnyaє akukho abo embi, abo ufile. Mna andikho abo i musa Lots Okunye ".

Ngokutsho ingqiqo Kravchuk, bonke abangazange ukulahla iinkolelo zabo, bade ngokuhlawula kubo ubomi babo, siziziyatha. Kuyo yonke yakhe yokulwa ubomi kwezopolitiko ngokuqhubekayo alungelelanisa ngayo, ukutshintsha ukuma kwezopolitiko. Ekupheleni kuka-2004, thethwano kunye Yushchenko, wayezixhasa Yanukovych (kuba ngawo, ngasendleleni, umnakekeli kwesihloko Wawongwa Doctor le Kiev-Mohyla Academy), ngoko ke unyulo 2009 waba mcebisi ka Yulia Tymoshenko, oyimbangi efanayo Yanukovych.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, isikhundla sakhe liya ilungelo ngakumbi ezinkulu, ukuthuthela kufutshane izimvo frank Russophobia. Ngoko ke, ixesha lokugqibela waya kangangokuba Ukraine kufuneka zibakhethe Donbass ukuze kuthintelwe ifuthe layo yingozi kwi uhlanga Ukrainian. Le ndlela yaba commissar kwezopolitiko owayesakuba Ukrainian Communist Party, neciko lomlilo, wabiza ukusuka nabathetheli phezulu ukuya Ukusebenzisana yesigaba nobuzalwana sezizwe, kwaye ngoku nkqubo de facto yocalulo ngezizathu zezopolitiko kunye nakuzwelonke.

Kravchuk sengqondo kubantu

Ngokufutshane, iqhawe yethu akayithandi abantu. Oku kusebenza ziingcungcu kwaye abantu abaqhelekileyo. Njengoko ziingcungcu, kuba umzekelo Ukubalisa kakhulu nesi simo wanika Vladimir Litvin, ngubani kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, xa USihlalo Verkhovna rada kubo, kwenye iintetho zakhe Kravchuk kumabonakude kuthiwa "elilodwa lomenzi ihenyukazi oqeqeshiweyo kwezopolitiko."

Uphawu yokuqala Ukrainian Maidan 2004 Umakhulu Paraska Koroljuk amngxolise esidlangalaleni Kravchuk kwaye bazama ukuqinisekisa isimo sabo kuyo inyathelo, ngoko kwanyanzeleka ukuba umhlala kuye phantsi kokhuselo zempilo. Yinxenye ubudlelwane abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Kodwa Z Makarovich iyaqhubeka ukuba darling koonondaba, kuba yinxalenye sele ezininzi ibonisa TV, uyaqhubeka ukuba ahlale kwiiforam Elawulayo emininzi isethi imibutho yezentlalo, ngamanye amazwi - na umbono coterie Ukrainian kwezopolitiko.

Omnye umba umgca ngaphantsi yi ingqalelo kumntu wakhe - oko kukuthi, ngubani i yobuhlanga Kravchuk Z Makarovich? igama lakhe lokwenyani, ngokutsho kwabantu, akukho Kravchuk, kunye Blum, t. E. kuthiwa yena ungumYuda. Kodwa ezi ze data athandabuzekayo kakhulu. igama Real Z Kravchuk, mhlawumbi, lowo apho waziwa ehlabathini lonke.