Evolution - i simanga? izinto zazivelela. Le Ukudaleka komntu kunye noluntu

Ke kaloku, njengokuba kuloo ndawo endaweni, ukuthetha izinto zazivelela. Kodwa - igama lwezenzululwazi, kwaye sebenzisa oko kuhle. inkolelo ethandwayo kakhulu ukuba amaxhwayela - kuba inkqubela. Oko kukuthi, yile meko ukuqonda uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili nantoni phambili, ukususela kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo; ukusuka okubi ukuya phambili. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kukho nasekusungulweni ingcamango "ukuthotywa", nto leyo Isemantiki kwisilayidi kwakudala. Ekuqaleni, lo gama isetyenziswe ngokunxulumene nophuhliso iintlobo. Ngoku, ke, ububanzi bayo abandayo. Uyakwazi ukuthetha malunga ngendaleko oluntu, amalungelo oluntu kunye neminye imiqathango, ebhekisela ngcembe, isantya uphuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa zabo. Kuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo ukucinga ukuba ibinzana elithi yavela Charlz Darvin. Eneneni, kwincwadi yakhe "On the Origin of Species," nto nje izihlandlo ezimbalwa wasebenzisa igama elithi "indaleko", apho wayedla embryologists. Yintoni ngokwenene ukuthini igama elithi "indaleko"? Kodwa nantsi eyona nyaniso.

Imvelaphi igama elithi

Ngokwenene, igama kwisiLatini "evolutio" bubonakala "ukuthunyelwa." Kunokuthiwa kwemvelo - inguquko izinto eziphilayo namandla kwexesha. Isibakala sokuba bonke ubomi uguquguquka, ndiyaqikelela nkqu kumaxesha amandulo, zobulumko eMileto School. Umzekelo, Anaximander ngokufanelekileyo babekholelwa ukuba izilwanyana baba zasemanzini kuqala ze emva koko kuphela wenza ichweba. Kwakhona Empedocles isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba, ukuze basinde kwindalo, kuphela zifaneleke ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo yomntu ngamnye. Le nkolo zibalaseleyo zehlabathi kangangeenkulungwane abaninzi baye bayeka naziphi nkqu abanawo ukuba izilwanyana kunye nezityalo nga azivelele. Ayekholelwa yaye bathi ekuqaleni uThixo wadala zonke izinto zibonakale ndlela ekuyiyo ngoku. Njengoko uMdali womhlaba ugqibelele, akazange abe ukwenza iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana kusafuneka eziphucule kuzo. Kwaye umntu, uAdam, Wadala sele ibakala Homo sapiens. Ilizwi lokuqala obulula ukuba iintlobo nga azivelele nokuvelisa abanye, aviwa kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI. Ngo-1751 i naturalist French Maupertuis wabhala ukuba eziphilayo nga ilungiswe ngenxa ukugeleza phezu izizukulwana ezininzi izakhi. Kunye Erazm Darvin (umkhulu Charles) ukubeka phambili ingcamango yokuba zonke izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu bavela silwanyana enye.

Kwemvelo kanye embryology

Okokuqala baqalisa ukuthetha le nto oogqirha abahlola uphuhliso siswini yosana olungekazalwa. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo umbungu inqubo yokukhula kunye nokusekwa uhamba kwizigaba eziliqela. Ukusuka iqanda elula ayaqhama luba ulungele-to-self-ibubomi kumzimba. Kwaye kule kuphuhliso umbungu udlula iqonga bokuba iigilizi. Kuba okokuqala kule kota kuchazwe lubonakala S. kwebhonethi ngo-1762. Xa isicelo ndiseyimbumba, kwindaleko - kakuhle ngamanqanaba ngamanqanaba kwaye, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, utshintsho yendalo ukusuka kwelinye inqanaba lophuhliso ukuya kwenye.

igalelo zikaDarwin

-Nzulu British enkulu naturalist mbalwa ngaphambili wasebenzisa elide isicelo ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Eneneni, ukuba umbungu umntwana kwi kwinqanaba elithile yophuhliso iye iigilizi, ngoko kutheni simele sicinge ukuba nje udlula phezu kwiinyanga zokuqala ezilithoba indlela aya lonke uluntu ukuba kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo? Xa umsebenzi wakhe "The Origin of Species," Darwin wabonisa ukuba ezisebenza ukuvela izinto ezintsha, kunye iipropati ilifa kunye parameters yomzimba kuhlala ayaziwa. Le Isazinzulu wazama siwacacise kwi "theory pangenesis Ixesha." iimeko zendalo ukudala entsimini zivunywa. Basindiswa kuphela abo bantu abaye bakwazi ukuqhelana kokusingqongileyo. Kwakhona adlulisele abalasele iimpawu zazo (new) inzala, ngoxa abantu unelishwa zisifa. Kubonakala ukuba kwemvelo - yinkqubo yendalo apho izinto eziphilayo ngokukhethwa yendalo nokuziqhelanisa ukuba iminqweno ukutshintsha lokuziguqula. Ngoko ke, lo nzulu wakhokela kuluntu lwezenzululwazi isigqibo malunga ngemvelaphi yomntu kwihlabathi isilwanyana. Kufuneka ke ukuba oku kuye kwabangela impikiswano eshushu, nto leyo engazange ayeke nangoku.

Igalelo Hugo De Vries

Le yezityalo Dutch owayehlala Ekuveleni XIX kunye XX iinkulungwane, lwaqaliswa revolution yenzululwazi, ibinzana elithi "wezakhi". Yena mbalwa le ngcamango yokuzivelela zikaDarwin eya kuthi yongezwe yayo zemfuza ixesha yokusebenza. hypothesis yakhe wazibonakalisa umzekelo primrose zasendle Lamarck. Ukuba kwemvelo kaDarwin - a slow, eqhubela phambili, baba ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye kuphuhliso, ngoko uHugo De Vries utshintsho kwenzeka ngesiquphe, ngenxa yemfuza 'kuyingenelo ". Ezi utshintshwano ukunika inkxaso ukuba ukuyilwa uhlobo olutsha (ezichaza iyantlukwano wendalo), okanye ukuba kukho utshintsho lweentlobo. Uhlobo olululo kwezi utshintshwano kwi eziphilayo abantu ubanike ekuchithekeni saltationism lethiyori (ukusuka lesiLatini elithi Salto - jump). Kwiminyaka 20-30 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izazinzulu nimoyisile umsantsa phakathi imfundiso zikaDarwin ngayo inkqubela phambili kunye notshintsho ngokukhawuleza Vries yaye ukongeza impumelelo zabo izigqibo kwi ufuzo Mendel wadala imfundiso entsha. It linokuchazwa njengoko njini yendaleko mihla.

Kakuhle eli Umba

Ngenxa yoko, nathi sinokuqiniseka ukuba zazivelela - nophuhliso. Kutheni kufuneka sibe igama lesiLatini lisusiwe, kufuneka ukwalatha uphuculo, uphuculo, inkqubela. Ukubuya umva zakhiwo ubuqili, "yokukhwabusha" nobudlelwane noluntu kuthiwa ukuthotywa, ukuhla. Ngokuphathelele iintlobo, loo ukuhlehla obulalayo kuye. Oku kukhokelela yokutshabalala yayo. Kwesayensi uyazi amawaka imizekelo "isiphelo abafileyo" nasekusungulweni ehlabathini. Kwaye ngokuphathelele ebantwini? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngaphambili kummandla Yakutia mihla kwakukho yimpucuko ehambele phambili Deering Yuryakh. Abo imizekelo parameter nganye ibonakala ngokunxulumene nomthetho okanye ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho ekuhlaleni elinikiweyo. Inkululeko yokuthetha okanye uyadelela lilonke kwamalungelo oluntu kwi-State uthetha yokutshabalala kwakhe angasebenzi.

Yintoni ekufuneka siyenze ukuze abantu eziphilayo zazivelela

Kwaye ke, yintoni na amandla uqhuba eyenza esiphilayo inokuzitshintsha kwaye ukudala uhlobo olutsha isidalwa? Siyazi na uhlobo, umzekelo, ezinye neentlanzi eziye kutshintshe kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ekuphuculweni olululo lweentlobo kwenzeka, kuyimfuneko ukuba thaca izinto zazivelela. Oku kakhulu ukhuphiswano intraspecific, nto leyo ekhokelela ukhetho zendalo, kunye kokushenxa yemfuza. Ukuba bakhona na indawo evumayo, abantu abaninzi bazalwa, zingaphi ingaphila phezu ngasemva kwe kwisiseko, yaye enye ixesha ingadibani kwezinye izilwanyana zohlobo lwazo, le kweejini kufuneka ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi efanayo. Kule hlobo akukho mfuneko ukuqhelana, inokuzitshintsha kwaye azivelele. Kodwa ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo utshintshe, okanye kukho nokulatyuza wenzala, kukho ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabantu - esinye sezizathu utshintsho imbonakalo. Eyona enamandla kwaye zamkelwa wathatha ukutya kubazalwana bawo, kwaye ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yenkxwaleko yabo, shiya kweejini yabo inzala. A Imbali yosapho - yenye zazivelela factor - useka utshintsho "elungileyo", ukuguquka, njengoko uphawu eziphilayo.

Abantu - phezulu kophuhliso?

kwemvelo, okanye ngendaleko womntu - yinkqubo ende kwaye imfihlakalo apho kwakukho Homo sapiens. Wema waphuma phakathi kwezinye izinto ezibumnturha malunga nezigidi ezibini kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Kwenzeka ntoni ngelo xesha eAfrika, ukuba iinkawu banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye ehlathini aye Savannah, ukuba bagqwese sihamba ngemilenze, izixhobo, ukuba ndizinyathele umlilo? kwemvelo wathabatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kakhulu kunokuba izilwanyana. Ukuba utshintsho kutshanje ukuba ziziqhelanise bume yendalo, abantu baye bakopa iindlela ukutshintsha iimeko zehlabathi ukuba ilingane iimfuno zabo. Kwi indlela yophuhliso wayeyindoda eyamkelekileyo "isiphelo ufile 'yakhe yophuhliso. Umzekelo, Homo erectus okanye Neanderthal.

Ingaba ikhona indawo ngendaleko ekuhlaleni?

Lo mqondo naye ngokuthi malunga iingqondo izazinzulu. Ingakumbi xa kuziwa inkqubela kunye maxesha. Ngaba kunokuthiwa ukuba amaxhwayela - yinkqubo loluntu? Ngokuphathelele inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, sitsho ngengqiniseko ukuba kukho enye. Abantu bafunda malunga nemithetho yeli hlabathi. Baya anga ubugcisa amatsha kunye nokusebenzisa ukuba ukudala izixhobo ezingcono. Kodwa umzekelo kwempucuko arhabaxa kangaka. Ngapha koko, uluntu - uhlobo Macro-ephilayo. Kwakhona inokuzitshintsha, azivelele. Ukuba ivulekile 'implosion yemfuza omtsha "- iza kuphuhlisa. Ukuba ukhetha indlela self-wedwa, oku bagwetyelwe ekwehleni. kwemvelo Social kubonakala nje kuphela kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa kuphuhliso lwamaziko kunye nomthetho.

Revolution and Evolution

Olu lwalamano kade, inkqubela kunye spasmodic, utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kuluntu babe kwezentlalo abanomdla elide kunye izazinzulu ezopolitiko. Ethetha ngendaleko yoluntu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iinguqulelo ezininzi ezinkulu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kukho utshintsho olukhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi ukuvukelwa zinto ngaphandle kwegazi. Kuba oku urhulumente kufuneka ibe umnqweno ukuya kutshintsho. Ukuba nabalawulayo ufuna kuphela ukuba ahlale abathintela ephikisayo ngamandla, uqhushumbo kwezentlalo kunqandwa.