Esperanto - yintoni na? Ulimi lwezizwe Esperanto

Mhlawumbi wonke ubuncinane kanye weva Esperanto - ulwimi jikelele eyenzelwe ukuba emisaveni hinkwayo. Kwaye nangona ihlabathi abantu abaninzi bathetha Chinese, le fyabo Polish oogqirha imbali yabo kunye nethemba. Apho Esperanto kuye kwenzeka, yintoni na le ezintsha kwi Ezolimi abalisebenzisayo - ufunde, yaye siya kuphendula yonke le mibuzo.

Ithemba nokuqondana

Mhlawumbi, ekubeni ukwakhiwa kwiNqaba yaseBhabheli abantu luhlangabezana iingxaki ezinxulumene kukunqongophala nokuqonda intetho yabanye abantu.

Esperanto yenzelwe ukuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu amazwe neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1887 nguGqirha Lyudvikom Lazarem Zamenhof (1859-1917 gg.). Wasebenzisa elabo "uGqirha Esperanto", gama elo elithetha "Lowo uthemba". Kwaye kukho igama indalo yakhe, yena ngenyameko eziphuhliswe kwiminyaka. Ulwimi ngamazwe Esperanto ukuba isetyenziswe njengendawo cala ngexesha incoko phakathi kwabantu abo bangazazanga ulwimi ngalunye zomnye.

Ngisho iflegi yayo. Kubonakala ngathi le nto:

ulwimi ezingezizo Esperanto kulula kakhulu ukuba bafunde ngaphezu yolwimi yesizwe oqhelekileyo nje ukuba bavela ngokwemvelo. design yayo iimeko kunye gca.

Isigama

Asikokubaxa yakuthetha Esperanto, ukuba kukho hodgepodge lweelwimi eziphambili zaseYurophu. UGqr Zamenhof wathabatha njengesiseko amagama yokwenene kakhulu indalo yakhe. Malunga ne-75% entetho isuka kwisiLatini iilwimi Romance (ingakumbi French), 20% German (German kunye IsiNgesi), kunye namanye amabinzana ezithathwe iilwimi Slavic (Russian kunye Polish) kunye Greek (ikakhulu esayensi). Luphawu kusetyenziswa amagama aqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke, abantu abathetha Russian, nokuba ngaphandle uqeqesho uyakwazi ukufunda 40% bokubhaliweyo Esperanto.

Ulwimi semvelo phonetic ngokubhala, t. E., Igama ngalinye libizwa kanye njengoko kubhaliwe lipelwe. Akukho oonobumba unpronounceable okanye ngaphandle, nto leyo lula kakhulu ukufunda kunye nokusetyenziswa.

Indlela abantu abaninzi bathetha Esperanto?

Lo ngumbuzo eqhelekileyo kakhulu, kodwa ke eneneni akukho bani owaziyo impendulo ngqo. Indlela kuphela ngokuthembekileyo ukufumanisa inani labantu abathetha Esperanto - it provedesti ubalo wonke, nto leyo, Kakade ke, kunzima.

Noko ke, uNjingalwazi Sidney Culbert weYunivesithi Washington (Seattle, USA) wenza isifundo lupheleleyo kwi ukusetyenziswa kwale ulwimi. Aqhube udliwano-ndlebe kunye abathetha Esperanto yentlaninge amazwe ehlabathini lonke. Ngokusekelwe kolu phando, uNjingalwazi Culbert wagqiba ukuba isetyenziswa yi malunga nezigidi ezibini abantu. Oku kubeka phezu nangokomyinge iilwimi ezifana Lithuanian kunye isiHebhere.

Ngamanye amaxesha nenani lezithethi Esperanto ukubaxa okanye, icala, ukunciphisa, amanani asukela 100,000 ukuya kwizigidi-8.

Athandwa eRussia

Esperanto iye abalandeli bangi. Ngaba uyazi ukuba iRussia kukho isitalato in Esperanto? Kazan yaba sisixeko sokuqala kwelalisakuba Russian uBukhosi, apho club lunikezelwa isifundo kunye nokusasazwa ulwimi uyaziwa. Kuye kwasungulwa eziliqela silwe-zizifundiswa, abo okunoneleyo nengcamango lukaGqirha Zamenhof waza ukuyikhuthaza. Ngoko ke oonjingalwazi kunye abafundi University of Kazan wavula club encinane 1906, ezingenakulinganiswa elide ukuphila kule minyaka yawo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kodwa intshukumo saqalwa emva kweMfazwe Civil, kwakukho nkqu lephephandaba Esperanto. Ulwimi sele kuthandwa njengoko ingqiqo engaguquki Communist Party ubiza wahlaba umtyangapho wekhwelo lokumanywa kwabantu ezahlukeneyo egameni revolution yehlabathi. Ngoko ke, ngo-1930, esitratweni apho yaba club Esperanto, wafumana igama elitsha - Esperanto. Noko ke, ngo-1947 kwakhona sathiywa imbeko oziphethe. Ngelo xesha nokubandakanyeka efanayo ekufundeni ulwimi kuye kwaba yingozi, yaye ukususela ngoko kwayo liye lehla kakhulu. Esperantists kodwa akazange anikezele yaye ngo-1988 esitratweni wafumana igama layo bangaphambili.

All in zonke, eRashiya kukho malunga 1,000 abantetho isisiXhosa. Kwelinye icala, mncinane, kodwa kwelinye icala, xa sicinga ukuba ulwimi ifundwa abathanda kuphela kwiiklabhu, akukho nto umfanekiso omncinane.

zincwadi

Zamagama isekelwe Latin. Iqulethe zincwadi 28. Ekubeni ngamnye kubo ekwafanekisa isandi, ngoko ke, nayo, 28, ezizezi, 21 ezingoonombini izikhamiso 5 semivowels-2.

Ngoonobumba Esperanto eziqhelekileyo kuthi evela kwisiLatini, maxa wambi kuza ababini sibhalwe "yindlu" (lo maki omfusa ukusuka phezulu). Ngoko Dr. Zamenhof laqalisa izandi ezintsha ezaziyimfuneko ukuze kulwimi lakhe.

Igrama ukwakhiwa isindululo

Apha kwakhona, uyavuma lo mgaqo uphambili Esperanto - lula kunye nokucacisa. Le ulwimi kungabikho kuzala, kwaye umyalelo amagama isivakalisi ngokwesigqibo esicalanye. Kukho iimeko ezimbini kuphela, izihlandlo ezithathu, ezintathu nesimilo izenzi. Kukho inkqubo olunzulu izimaphambili kunye nezimamva, enokusetyenziselwa ukwenza amagama amaninzi amatsha liphuma kwingcambu enye.

Umyalelo elithi bhetyebhetye kuvumela abameli ezahlukeneyo iintsapho zolwimi ukusebenzisa izakhiwo kunye nazo kakhulu eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukuthetha kwi Esperanto eqondakalayo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngokwegrama echanekileyo.

ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo

ulwazi olutsha aziyi ndikhanyele, kodwa yiloo nto iingenelo ezithile ungafumana ukufunda Esperanto:

• Le lulwimi efanelekileyo lwesibini ezinokuthi bafunda ngokukhawuleza nangokulula.
• Ukuba babhalele qhu abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.
• Ingasetyenziswa ukubona ihlabathi. Kukho uluhlu ezithethi Esperanto, ezamahala ukulungele kubamba ezinye izithethi ekhayeni lakho okanye iiflethi.
• ukuqonda International. Esperanto inceda phula phantsi imiqobo yolwimi phakathi kwamazwe.
• Ithuba ukuba abantu abasuka kwamanye amazwe ukuya kwiindibano, okanye xa izithethi Esperanto, abolunye uhlanga beza ukunihambela. Kwakhona yindlela elungileyo ukuhlangabezana amanye umdla.

• equity International. Ukuba usebenzisa umntu ulwimi wesizwe omnye kufuneka wenze umgudu ukuze ukufunda ulwimi ezingaqhelekanga ngokwam, yaye umntu esebenzisa ulwazi kuphela ukusuka ekuzalweni. Esperanto - njengenyathelo omnye komnye, ngenxa yokuba omabini la madoda ngokufuna ukufunda kwaye wenze unxibelelwano kunokwenzeka.
• Iinguqulelo kwimizobo zoncwadi. imisebenzi emininzi ziye zaguqulelwa Esperanto, abanye babo kusenokungabi kufumaneka ngolwimi lweenkobe Esperantist.

ukushiyeka

Iminyaka engaphezu kwama-100, ulwimi zixhaphakileyo ngumntu abonakala iifeni bagxeki. Bethetha Esperanto, yinto nje enye oyidingayo kuhlekwe ye ixesha yeVictorian, njengoko phrenology kunye kwemimoya. Ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho layo, ayizange ibe ulwimi ehlabathini. Ngaphezu koko, abantu alubonisi nentshiseko ukuba ingcamango.

Bagxeki siphikisane Esperanto, oko kungelula, kodwa ulwimi kunzima ukufunda. igrama waso ezininzi lwemithetho ekungathethwayo, nokubhala iileta kunzima kwi keyboard mihla. Abameli abavela kumazwe awohlukeneyo gqolo ukuzama ukwenza izilungiso zalo ukuphucula kuyo. Oku kukhokelela ukuya kwiingxabano kunye umahluko kwizinto zemfundo. Kwakhona ngemibuzo euphony yayo.

Kodwa abalandeli ulwimi bathi ukuba kwihlabathi lonke babethetha ulwimi olunye, iminyaka eli-100 ubudala - yinto encinane kakhulu, kwaye banikwa inani yangoku lezithethi zomthonyama, Esperanto nekusasa layo.