Inkqubo yophuhliso ubomi on Earth: era, ixesha, imozulu, izinto eziphilayo

Ngamnye kuthi maxa wambi abakhathalele mibuzo kunzima ukuphendula. Ezi ziquka nokuqonda intsingiselo ikhona, isakhiwo yehlabathi kwaye phi. Sikholelwa ukuba wonke nababesithi malunga kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni. AD, esikwaziyo zahluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Kweli nqaku, siza ukuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha, ubomi baqala njani on Earth kwaye kubanjwe ngayo zazivelela yayo.

Hadean

Hadean - eli xesha, xa umhlaba wayengazali. Yonke indawo mlilo, ultraviolet radiation neoksijini ebengekho. Le Ukudaleka eziphilayo emhlabeni waqalisa countdown wayo ukusuka ngelo xesha. Ngenxa impefumlelwano imichiza zigutyungelwe emhlabeni, baqale ukwakha iipropati uphawu eziphilayo emhlabeni. Noko ke, kukho omnye umbono. Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba umhlaba Akwenzeki ayinanto. Ngokutsho kwabo, umhlaba likhona ixesha elininzi kangangoko ukuphila ngayo.

era Katarchean ngangosuku kwiminyaka 5 3 billion eyadlulayo. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba kweli xesha, umhlaba yayingenayo undoqo kunye noqweqwe. An into umdla kukuba ngoxa umhla yathatha iiyure ezi-6 kuphela.

Archean

Ixesha elandelayo emva Katarchean yi archaea (iminyaka 3,5-2,6 billion BC). Kukho izigaba ezine:

• neoarchean;
• mesoarchean;
• paleoarchean;
• Eoarchean.

Kwaba ngexesha magciwane lenyama Archean wazalwa ekuqaleni. Bambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa iidiphozithi sulphur nentsimbi ukuba sivelisa namhlanje, wabonakala kweli xesha. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana amathambo lisiza filamentous, ogama ubudala kunganxulunyaniswa ukuba kwithuba Archean. Ngelo xesha, ukuba zazivelela ubomi on Earth yaqhubeka. Kukho eziphilayo heterotrophic. Kwasekwa emhlabeni.

Proterozoic

Proterozoic - le yenye ithuba elide zazivelela komhlaba. Yahlulahlulwe yaba manqanaba alandelayo:

• era Paleoproterozoic;
• Mesoproterozoic;
• Neoproterozoic.

Eli xesha luphawulwa imbonakalo ye-ozone. Kwakhona ngeli xesha, njengoko mbali bathi, eyakhiwe ngokupheleleyo umthamo kolwandle jikelele. era Paleoproterozoic yayiquka ixesha sideriysky. Ukuba ukuyilwa lisiza anaerobic.

Izazinzulu qaphela ukuba lo glaciation Proterozoic ehlabathini lonke. Wawuqala iminyaka million 300. Le meko luphawulwa Ice Age kunye oko kakhulu kamva. Ngexesha Proterozoic baba eziphilayo multicellular. Phakathi kwabo, iziponji neenkowane. Oko ngeli xesha kwasekwa iidipozithi yentsimbi ekrwada kunye negolide. era Neoproterozoic luphawulwa ukuyilwa amazwekazi ezintsha. Izazinzulu uqaphele ukuba enezityalo nezilwanyana ukuba ezazikho ngelo xesha lonke, asinto ukhokho izityalo mihla kunye nezilwanyana.

Paleozoic

Izazinzulu ukufunda yobudala zejoloji lomhlaba kunye nophuhliso yehlabathi ephilayo elide ngokwaneleyo. Ngokutsho kwabo, i Paleozoic yenye yezona ebalulekileyo xesha lethu ubomi mihla. Ubukho kangangeminyaka malunga 200 million kwaye yahlulwe amacandelo ixesha ezintandathu. Kungenxa kule xesha yophuhliso Umhlaba waqalisa ukwenza zezityalo nezilwanyana. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ixesha izilwanyana Paleozoic ichweba.

era Paleozoic zifundwa izazinzulu ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Phakathi kwabo, A. Sedgwick kunye E. D. Fillips. Babelane xesha ngamaxesha athile.

sezulu Paleozoic

Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye uphando ukuze ufumanise amanqanaba uphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni. AD, njengoko nditshilo ngaphambili, ukuba angahlala elide ngokwaneleyo. Esi sesona sizathu sokuba omnye maxesha kwi iyelenqe ethile somhlaba ngamaxesha ahlukileyo kunokuba ngokupheleleyo isimo esahlukileyo. Ngoko kwakunjalo Paleozoic. Ekuqaleni kwexesha nemozulu sisiba ezifudumeleyo. Zocando lwemida waba na. ipesenti mpilo rhoqo kuyanda. Iqondo lobushushu amanzi degrees 20 Celsius. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ndaqalisa kuvela ucando. Imozulu wavutha kakhulu yaye kufumile.

Ekupheleni kwale Paleozoic, ngenxa ukuyilwa kohlaza, waqalisa photosynthesis esebenzayo. Kwakukho zonation gqitha. Kwasekwa imozulu. Eli nqanaba yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ukuze uphuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. era Paleozoic lwenza ukuba zityebise enezityalo nezilwanyana nazo kulo mhlaba.

Enezityalo nezilwanyana ye Paleozoic yeXesha

Ekuqaleni kwexesha Paleozoic yokuphila buzinze ezingamadama. Xa iminyaka ephakathi, naxa isixa-oxygen lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu, yaqalisa yophuhliso mhlaba. abemi bayo bokuqala izityalo ezininzi apho kuqala wenza zokuziphilisa zabo shallows, uze emva koko wasuka elunxwemeni. Abameli zokuqala nezihluma, eziye kakuhle umhlaba - psilophytes. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba akukho iingcambu. Ngu era Paleozoic iquka ukuyilwa gymnosperms. Kukho kwakhona izityalo umthi-like. Ngokuphathelele inkangeleko phezu nezihluma emhlabeni, ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukuvela kunye nezilwanyana. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba kuqala wavela iifom herbivorous. Sagcina kakhulu ixesha elide inkqubo yophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. AD kunye eziphilayo ekhulisa rhoqo. Abameli yokuqala zezilo - ezingenamqolo kunye izigcawu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwakukho izinambuzane ngamaphiko, amangolwane, molluscs, Dinosaurs, ezirhubuluzayo. Kweli xesha Paleozoic kade, kwakukho utshintsho lwemozulu ebalulekileyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ekutshabalaleni kwezinye iintlobo. Ngokutsho izibalo preliminary, ngokubulala nowama-96% amanzi 70% yabemi balo ilizwe.

Minerals era Paleozoic

Ivela kwixesha Paleozoic ezinxulumene ukuyilwa kwezimbiwa ezininzi. Saqala ukwenza iidipozithi yetyuwa rock. Kufuneka kwakhona kugxininisiswe ukuba ezinye izitya yeoli kuvela kanye ukusuka lolawulo Paleozoic. Saqala ukwenza amalahle iyaxela ezenza 30% amanqaku ewonke. Kwakhona, inxulunyaniswa Paleozoic ixesha mercury Ukwakheka.

era Mesozoic

Kulandela emva Paleozoic, Mesozoic waba. Sagcina malunga 186 yezigidi kwiminyaka. Imbali zejoloji umhlaba wathabatha imvelaphi abo amaninzi ngaphambili. Noko ke, kwaba ixesha Mesozoic yomsebenzi bobabini kwemozulu mvelo. Wabumba imida asisiseko amazwekazi. waqala ukwakha Mountain. Kubekho icandelo Eurasia kunye neMelika. Kukholelwa ukuba xa imozulu Mesozoic kwaba ngani. Noko ke, ekupheleni kwexesha le-Ice Age yaqala, apho watshintsha kakhulu enezityalo nezilwanyana zehlabathi. Kwakukho zivunywa.

Enezityalo nezilwanyana ngexesha Mesozoic

era Mesozoic luphawulwa kukutshabalala kumila. Kugcwele gymnosperms kunye Conifers. angiosperms senziwe. Kwaba ngexesha Mesozoic iqala izilwanyana achumileyo. I aphuhlileyo kakhulu ezirhubuluzayo. Kweli xesha kwakukho iqela elikhulu iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela. Kukho ezirhubuluzayo eziphaphazelayo. ukukhula yabo iyaqhubeka. Ekupheleni ngexesha Mesozoic , abanye abameli nobunzima 50 eekhilogram.

Xa Mesozoic ngcembe ukukhula kwezityalo kweentyatyambo. Ekupheleni kwale snap ebandayo kwenzeka. Oku kunciphisa inani sub-ntlobo zezityalo zaselunxwemeni. Ngokuthe ngcembe ziyafa iidayinaso ezidla kunye ezingenamqolo. Kungenxa yeso sizathu ke iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo apho.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, le ntaka wathabatha imvelaphi yalo Dinosaurs. Ukuvela ezanyisayo bahambisana nomnye subclasses izirhubuluzi.

Cainozoe

Cenozoic - lo xesha esiphila namhlanje. Oku malunga nowama-66 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ekuqaleni kwexesha nangoku ukwahlulwa kwehlabathi. On ngamnye kubo kugcwele kwizityalo zayo, izilwanyana kunye nemozulu.

Cenozoic features inani elikhulu izinambuzane, ezibhabhayo kunye nezilwanyana zasemanzini. Kugcwele izilwanyana kunye angiosperms. Oko ngeli xesha, zonke izinto eziphilayo ekhulisa kakhulu, kwaye inani elikhulu ohlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kukho ukudla okuziinkozo. Ukutshintsha ebaluleke kakhulu - ukuvela Homo sapiens.

kwemvelo. Sikwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso

zingenakuqinisekiswa Ubudala ngqo emhlabeni. Izazinzulu ukuphikisana malunga nale ndaba ixesha elide. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ubudala uMhlaba 6000 injengeminyaka eliwaka, abanye ukuba ngaphezu kwe-6 million. Ndiyakholwa ukuba asinakuze sazi inyaniso. Eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo Cenozoic kwexesha lo ukuvela Homo sapiens. Makhe sihlolisise indlela kanye le nto.

Kukho izimvo ezininzi malunga nokumiselwa uluntu. Izazinzulu ziye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuthelekiswa DNA ezahlukeneyo iiseti. Bagqiba ukuba efana kakhulu emzimbeni womntu abe nyani. Ukungqina lo mbono, ade ase ekupheleni ayinakwenzeka. Ezinye izazinzulu athi abantu kunye neehagu nazo iyafana.

kwemvelo kunokubonwa ngeliso lenyama. Okokuqala, kuba abemi ngayo izinto ezibalulekileyo eziphilayo, kodwa namhlanje - kwezentlalo. Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon, Australopithecus nabanye - konke oku sigaba lophuhliso loluntu, baye batyhubela ookhokho bethu.

Parapithecus - oku linqanam lokuqala kuphuhliso yomntu mihla. Kweli nqanaba, kwakukho ookhokho bethu - inkawu, ezizezi bangafani, iigorila kunye orangutan.

Inqanaba elilandelayo lophuhliso ezo australopithecines. iintsalela Okokuqala kwafunyanwa eAfrika. Ngokutsho data preliminary, iminyaka yabo malunga nezigidi-3 iminyaka. Izazinzulu ziye wafunda yokufumana, wafika kwisigqibo sokuba australopithecines iyafana kumntu mihla. Abameli ukwanda kakhulu ezincinane, malunga ne-130 cm. ubunzima Australopithecinae waba 25-40 kg. Guns, mhlawumbi, zange asebenzise, ngenxa yokuba abazange zifunyenwe.

Homo elifana Australopithecus, kodwa, ngokungafaniyo kubo, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zamandulo. Izandla zakhe neminwe zasungulwa ngakumbi. Kukholelwa ukuba Homo - ukwalathisa kukhokho wethu.

pithecanthrope

Inqanaba elilandelayo kwemvelo Pithecanthropus - erectus Homo. isidumbu sakhe zokuqala kwafunyanwa kwisiqithi Java. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, Pithecanthropus owayehlala kummandla Umhlaba malunga nesigidi esinye kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Kamva, indoda uhlala erectus kwafunyanwa kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sinokugqiba ukuba Pithecanthropus kumiwa onke amazwekazi. Erectus umzimba womntu kakhulu ezahlukene ukusuka mihla. Noko ke, kukho iyantlukwano engephi. Pithecanthropus waba ibunzi eliphantsi kunye iintshiyi kakuhle echazwe. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba umntu wathi tye ndiziphethe esebenzayo. Nkawu-amadoda ngabazingeli kunye wavelisa izixhobo ezilula. Babehlala ngamaqela. Ngoko yaba lula Pithecanthropus ukuzingela bazikhusele nxamnye notshaba. NakwelaseTshayina kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba nabo wayesazi ukuba usebenzise indlela umlilo. Pithecanthropus yabonakala nekhono lokuhlaziya kunye nentetho.

Neanderthal

Bamandulo Phaya wayephila 350.000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Found 100 kwiintsalela umsebenzi wabo. Neanderthal skull kokuba eyakhiwe. ukuphakama wabo malunga ne-170 cm. Baye umzobo kunokuba elikhulu, kuphuhliswa musculature kunye namandla elungileyo ngokomzimba. Kwakufuneka ukuba siphila kwixesha ice. Kungenxa Bamandulo Phaya bafunda ukuthunga impahla nasesikhumbeni kwaye gqolo ukugcina umlilo. Kukholelwa ukuba Bamandulo Phaya babehlala kuphela Eurasia. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ilitye basebenza kakuhle kwixesha elizayo izixhobo. Bamandulo Phaya ngokufuthi zisetyenziswa iinkuni. Ngayo, aya kubangela ukuba izixhobo kunye nezinto for zokuhlala. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba isintu impela.

Cro-Magnon

Cro-Magnons waba ukukhula liphezulu leyo malunga 180 cm. Ayengasekho onke edume zomntu mihla. Kule minyaka 40,000 edlulileyo, iimbono zabo ayikatshintshi. Emva kokuhlalutya isidumbu, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba ubudala umndilili Cro-Magnon wayemalunga ne30-50 eminyaka ubudala. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba bathe bakuyila izixhobo ezingcono. Phakathi kwabo iintshengece kunye ngeenyembe. Cro-Magnons baba lokuloba, kwaye ngoko ke, ukongezelela iseti eqhelekileyo kwezixhobo, bathe bakuyila entsha kwaye likhululekile ekulobeni. Phakathi kwabo, iinaliti ngaphezulu. Kule siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo mntu Cro-Magnon ibe ingqondo ephuhliswe kakuhle nokuba nengqondo.

Homo kwakhe yokuhlala sapiens yakhiwa ngamatye okanye uyatsala ngayo emhlabeni. abantu abavela ukuze kube lula ngakumbi ukwenza kwimikhukhu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Cro-Magnons mbuna ingcuka, siwenze ekuhambeni kwexesha egadile.

Cro-Magnon nobugcisa

Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba i Cro-Magnons Obumbe ingqiqo, ngoku eyaziwa kuthi njengoko ingqikelelo ingqondo yemveli. Phezu kweendonga inani elikhulu emiqolombeni ezikroliweyo emaweni eyenziwe yi Cro-Magnon umntu kwafunyanwa. Iyafuna egxininisa ukuba Cro-Magnons washiya imizobo zawo ngamaxesha kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Mhlawumbi benza indima ethile omlingo.

Technique lokusondela evela Cro-Magnon iye kuhluka. Abanye kakuhle ezirhuqwa umfanekiso, ngoxa abanye ukukrwela ngaphandle zabo. Cro-Magnons wasebenzisa ipeyinti bebala. Advantageously, ebomvu, emthubi, brown nabamnyama. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, baye bade baqalisa usile engumfuziselo zabantu. Bonke abafunyanwa avuleke, unako lula ukufumana phantse naluphi imyuziyam zakudala. Izazinzulu qaphela ukuba Cro-Magnons zaye zaphuhliswa ngokwaneleyo kwaye ufundile. Ezikuthandayo ukunxiba izivatho ezenziwe amathambo ezilwanyana ixhelwe.

Kukho kakhulu umbono umdla. Ngaphambili, kwakukholelwa ukuba Cro-Magnons bagxothwa i Bamandulo Phaya kwi kumzabalazo ukungalingani. Ngoku Izazinzulu zibonisa ngenye indlela. Bakholelwa ukuba isixa esithile bexesha Bamandulo Phaya kunye Cro-Magnons wahlala ecaleni kwenye, kodwa siethe wafa ukusuka snap ebandayo.

Ngamafuphi

Imbali zejoloji Umhlaba wathabatha ekuqaleni kwayo izigidi ezininzi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. era Ngamnye waba negalelo kubomi bethu banamhlanje. Sidla musani ukucinga ngendlela iplanethi yethu bavela. Funda indlela Umhlaba wethu walibumba, akunakwenzeka ukuba ayeke. Imbali nasekusungulweni umhlaba unako buvela wonke. Kucetyiswa ngamandla ukuba ukukhusela Umhlaba wethu, ukuba kuphela imbali kamva ezigidi zeminyaka yobukho bethu, kwakukho umntu ukufunda.