Elements of zokwakha isakhiwo: nemigubasi eziphathekayo

Ukuqwalasela i ezikhumbuzo yamandulo, uya kuqaphela ukuba ayisetyenziswanga izinto ezithile, ezo adla ngokusetyenziswa namhlanje. Umzekelo, abakhi akazange wasebenzisa ibhulorho of ufakelo lwesamente. Endaweni yoko, isakhiwo yayisetyenziswa yezitena.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imiqadi umgangatho (ufakelo lwesamente) lula kakhulu ukwakhiwa inkqubo yokwakha. Okubaluleke kakhulu ke iimpawu kunye nokwenziwa umbandela. Umakad njengekonkile nako ukumelana ubunzima eliphezulu. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukwakhiwa izakhiwo imigangatho eziliqela. Ukususela 1802, lo nyaka kulwakhiwo ufakelo lwesamente waqalisa ukusetyenziswa. ngcembe Le nto yaba kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo multi-ezinemigangatho.

imiqadi spandrel eziphathekayo - isakhiwo, leyo zithandwa kakhulu namhlanje. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi zinto zisetyenziswa xa kusakhiwa Ekungeneni (emnyango window). Ukongeza, nogunyaziso iibhulorho concrete zisetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko. Ngokomzekelo, xa kusakhiwa izidiliya, iingcingo, izinyeliso.

yeminyango eziphathekayo abamelana kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zendalo, ingakumbi ukuba kwezulu, kwakunye imichiza zebhayoloji enobundlobongela. Phakathi ezilungileyo ezi zithinteli kufuneka kuqatshelwe amandla zabo eziphakamileyo, iyawulwa umlilo. Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo iziqalelo iindleko ezifikelelekayo noko, ngokunjalo lula ufakelo.

yeminyango eziphathekayo zakhiwa ngaxeshanye yokwakhiwa kweendonga kwaye eziqulunqwe mveliso okanye monolithic. Zakutshanje wawagalela ngqo kwi sayithi. Noko ke, xa kusakhiwa ngakumbi zithandwa ngakumbi, ukusetyenziswa ngesamente basarha kwo lwesamente. Bona babe eziliqela iingenelo. Ngokukodwa, amacandelo mveliso akugqiba zifakwe ngqo kwi ndawo lokuvula. Oku konga ixesha sokwakha, ngenxa yokuba ukuba abasebenzi lutho. Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba iimveliso mveliso zixhomekeke kulawulo lomgangatho ezizodwa zihlelwa nezakhiwo umthwalo yawo. Noko ke, nangona ulawulo kunokuba engqongqo zokukhupha elements, ufakelo ezingachanekanga nga angafundisi iimpawu zokusebenza iimveliso.

Ngaphandle kokuba kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo loyilo, wenza eminye imithetho jikelele. izinto Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, wasebenzisa sithwele umthwalo singaphezulu izicwangciso. Le Ukukhetha esebenzayo. Awukwazi ukukhetha zemoto ne ngaphantsi kwe ezicwangcisiweyo, sithwele umthwalo.

Ngaphambi kokufakwa, qiniseka ukuba ukujonga izinto ezixhasa yeendonga (oku makwenziwe ngoncedo level). kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba uyilo kunye nokudalwa nezakhiwo accounted for enye ulwalathiso wolayisho kulwakhiwo kwo. Kule uqhagamshelo kufuneka uzifakelele kwindawo ethile ngokunxulumene nezinye izinto ngesakhiwo eludongeni. Oku kwenza nje kuphela inkangeleko kwesakhiwo ubuhle ngakumbi, kodwa kwandisa uzinzo yokwakha.