Duns Scotus: ngumongo iimbono

UJohn Duns Scotus wayengomnye wabafundisi bezekolo beFranciscan. Wasekela imfundiso ebizwa ngokuthi "imfuyo", eyona ndlela ekhethekileyo ye-scholasticism. UDuns wayengumfilosofi kunye noogqirha owaziwa ngokuba nguDokotela we-Subtilis - wanikezelwa le nickname ngokuxuba, okungafaniyo kweembono zehlabathi kunye nemigudu yefilosofi kwimfundiso enye. Ngokungafani nabanye abavelele abaphambili bama-Middle Ages, kuquka uWilliam Ockham noTomas Aquinas, uScott wanamathela ekuzithandeleni ngokuzithandela. Uninzi lweengcamango zakhe zinefuthe elikhulu kwifilosofi kunye ne-teloji yexesha elizayo, kwaye iingxabano zokuba khona kukaThixo zifundiswa ngabaphandi benkolo namhlanje.

Ubomi

Akukho mntu uyazi ngokuqinisekileyo xa uYohn Duns Scot ezalwa, kodwa izazi-mlando ziqinisekile ukuba igama lakhe libangelwa kwisixeko esibizwa ngokuba yiDuns, esikufutshane nomda waseScotland kunye neNgilandi. Njengabalingani abaninzi, ifilosofi yafumana isiteketiso elithi "Scot", elithetha "iScott." Wabekwa ngoMatshi 17, 1291. Ngenxa yokuba umbingeleli wendawo wayemisele iqela labanye ekupheleni kwe-1290, kunokucingelwa ukuba uDuns Scotus wazalwa kwikota yokuqala ye-1266 waza waba ngumfundisi ngokukhawuleza xa efikelele kwiminyaka esemthethweni. Ngobutsheni bakhe, ifilosofi yexesha elizayo kunye nomfundisi wenkolo wajoyina amaFrancis awamthuma e-Oxford malunga ne-1288. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14 leminyaka, umcinga wayese-Oxford, phakathi kwe-1300 no-1301 wathatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo eyaziwayo ye-theological - ngokukhawuleza ekugqibezele iintetho zakhe "kwizigwebo". Nangona kunjalo, akazange avunywe e-Oxford njengomqeqeshi osisigxina, njengoko i-abbot yendawo yithumele inani elithembisayo kwiYunivesithi yaseParis ehloniphekileyo , apho ihlandlo yesibini ifundiswa "kwiZigwebo".

UDuns Scot, owakhe ifilosofi iye yenze igalelo elixabisekileyo kwihlabathi lehlabathi, ayikwazi ukugqiba izifundo zakhe eParis ngenxa yokulwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kukaPapa uBoniface VIII kunye neFrench Philippe Just. NgoJuni 1301 iindwendwe zenkosi zabuza bonke abaFranciscan kwisiqwenga saseFransi, ukwahlula izahlulo ezivela kuma-papist. Abo baxhasa iVatican babuzwa ukuba bashiye iFransi kwiintsuku ezintathu. UDuns Scotus wayengummeli weePapist ngoko ke waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye ilizwe, kodwa ifilosofi yabuyela eParis ekwindla ka-1304, xa uBosiface efa kwaye indawo yakhe yayihlala nguPapa uPapa Benedict XI, owayekwazi ukufumana ulwimi olufanayo kunye nokosi. Ngokuqinisekileyo akaziwa apho uDuns achitha khona iminyaka emininzi yokuthunjwa; Izazi-mlando zibonisa ukuba ubuyele ekufundiseni e-Oxford. Ngexesha elithile umntu owaziwayo wayehlala kwaye efundiswa kwiCambridge, kodwa ixesha elifanelekileyo lexesha alikwazi ukucaciswa.

UScott wagqiba izifundo zakhe eParis waza wafumana isikhundla senkosi (intloko yekholeji) malunga nokuqala kwe-1305. Kwiminyaka emibini ezayo, wayenomxholo omkhulu kwiingxaki zemfundo. Umyalelo wamthumela kwiNdlu yaseFranciscan of Studies eCologne, apho uDuns enika izifundo kwiScholasticism. Ngo-1308 ifilosofi yafa; Umhla wokufa kwakhe uthethwa ngokusemthethweni ngoNovemba 8.

Isihloko se-metaphysics

Imfundiso yesafilosofi nesazi semfundiso yenkolo ayinakuhlukana kwiintumelo kunye neembono zehlabathi ezilawulwa ngexesha lobomi bakhe. I-Middle Ages ichaza izimvo ezaziwa nguJohn Duns Scotus. Ifilosofi, echaza ngokucacileyo imbono yakhe yomgaqo kaThixo, kunye neemfundiso zabacwanisi bamaSulumane uAvicenna no-Ibn Rushd, ngokuyinhloko zisekelwe kwimimiselo eyahlukeneyo yomsebenzi we-Aristoteli "I-Metaphysics." Iingcamango eziphambili kule ndawo "zikhona", "uThixo" kunye "nomba." UAvicenna noIbn Rushd, ababenomdla ongenakuze wenziwe ekuphuhlisweni kwefilosofi yobuKristu, banalo mbono ngokuchasene nemibono ephikisanayo. Ngaloo ndlela, uAvicenna wenqaba ukunyaniseka ukuba uThixo uyisifundo sengqondo sokuthi i-metaphysics ingqalelo ukuba akukho nzululwazi inokufakazela nokuqinisekisa ubungqina besifundo sayo; Ngelo xesha, i-metaphysics ingabonisa ukuba khona kukaThixo. NgokukaAvicenna, le nzu lulwazi isifundo seyona nto. Umntu uhambelana noThixo, umcimbi kunye nesimo, kwaye olu lwalamano lwenza ukuba kube lula ukufunda isayensi yoluntu oluya kuquka uThixo kunye nezinto ezihlukeneyo kwimiba yalo, kunye nomcimbi kunye nokusebenza. U-Ibn Rushd ekugqibeleni uvuma ngokuvisisana noAvicenna, eqinisekisa ukuba ukufundwa kwe-metaphysics yentsingiselo kuthetha ukuba ufunda izinto ezahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa, izinto kunye noThixo. Ukuqwalasela ukuba i-physics, kwaye ingeyona inzululwazi ehloniphekileyo ye-metaphysics, inqumanisa ubukho bukaThixo, umntu akanako ukubonisa ubungqina bokuthi umxholo we-metaphysics nguThixo. UJohn Duns Scotus, ifilosofi yakhe ilandela indlela ka-Avicenna yolwazi, uxhasa ingcamango yokuba izifundo ze-metaphysics, ezona ziphezulu kunazo zonke zikho uThixo; Nguye kuphela opheleleyo ohlala kuyo bonke abanye. Yingakho uThixo ehlala kwindawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-metaphysics, ekwaquka imfundiso ye-transcendental, ibonisa icebo le-Aristoteli yezintlu. I-Transcendentales yinto, iimpawu zayo zobuntu ("enye", "efanelekileyo", "ngokufanelekileyo" ziingcamango ze-transcendental, kuba zikhona kunye kunye nokukhetha enye yemigqaliselo yezinto) kwaye yonke into engena echasene nxamnye (" "Kwaye" angapheli "," kuyimfuneko "kunye" nomqathango "). Nangona kunjalo, kwingcamango yolwazi, i- Duns Scot igxininise ukuba nayiphi na into ebonakalayo ewela phantsi kwegama elithi "kuba" ingathathwa njengesihloko se-metaphysics.

IYunivesithi

Iingcali zefilosofi zangexesha eliphakathi yonke imisebenzi yazo kwiinkqubo zohlulo lwe-intological - ngokukodwa, kwiinkqubo ezichazwe kumsebenzi ka-Aristotle "Iikhathalo" - ukubonisa ubudlelwane obalulekileyo phakathi kwezinto ezidaliweyo kunye nokubonelela umntu ngolwazi lwesayensi. Ngoko, umzekelo, ubuntu bukaSocrates noPlato bezohlobo lwezilwanyana zabantu, eziza kuba zihlobo lwezilwanyana. Iidonki nazo zihlobo lwezilwanyana, kodwa umehluko kwindlela yokucinga ukuba isahlukanisa ngokuhlukileyo umntu kwizinye izilwanyana. I-genus "izilwanyana" kunye namanye amaqela omyalelo ofanelekileyo (umzekelo, uhlobo lwezityalo "izityalo") luloluhlu lwezinto. Ezi nyaniso aziphikisana nantoni na. Ubume be-intological yefowuni edibeneyo kunye neentsholongwane zihlala ingxoxo. Ngaba zizinto eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo okanye ngaba ziyizizathu kuphela eziveliswa yingqondo yomntu? Ngaba iinjongo kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana, okanye ngaba zimele zithathwe njengezimeleyo, imiqathango? UJohn Duns Scot, ofilosofi yakhe isekelwe ekukhulelweni kwakhe kwimizimba eqhelekileyo, ihlawula ingqalelo kakhulu kule mibuzo yezemfundo. Ngokukodwa, uxela ukuba izinto ezinje "njengabantu" kunye "nezilwanyana" zikhoyo (nangona ukuba "kubaluleke kakhulu" kunokuba ngabantu) nokuba ziqhelekile ngokwabo nakwizinto eziyinyani.

Umbono oyingqayizivele

Kunzima ukwamukela ngokucacileyo imimiselo eyayikhokela uJohn Duns Scotus; Iingcaphuno, ezigcinwe kwimithombo yokuqala kunye neempendulo, zibonisa ukuba iinkalo ezithile zezinto eziyinyaniso (umzekelo, isizwe kunye neentsholongwane) kwimeko yakhe ziphantsi kokubambisana. Ngaloo ndlela, ifilosofi inika isicwangciso esipheleleyo seengxabano ekuthandeni isigqibo sokuba akuwona wonke unobunye onobunye ubumbano obuninzi. Kwiingxabano ezinamandla, ugxininisa ukuba ukuba loo nto yayingqinelana nxamnye, ngoko yonke into eyahlukileyo iya kuba yintlobo yeenombolo. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, izinto ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo zihlukeneyo ngokwahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kuvela ukuba uSocrates uhlukile kwiPlato njengoko ehlukileyo kumlinganiselo wejometri. Kule meko, ingqondo yabantu ayinakukwazi ukufumana into efana phakathi kukaSocrates noPlato. Kubonakala ukuba xa usebenzisa i-universal concept of "human" kubuntu bobabini, umntu usebenzisa ingqiqo elula yengqondo yakhe. Ezi zigqibo ezingenangqiqo zibonisa ukuba ulwahlulo oluninzi alufani, kodwa ekubeni lukhulu kunabo bonke, kukho uhlobo oluthile olungaphantsi kobuninzi kunye nobunye obungaphantsi obunobunye kunobunye obuninzi.

Enye ingxabano ibilisa phantsi kwelokuba ukungabikho kwengqondo ekwazi ukucinga ngengqondo, ilangabi lomlilo liya kuvelisa ilangabi elitsha. Ukutshiswa komlilo kunye nomlilo owenziweyo kuya kuba nobunye bobuhlobo-ubunye obubonisa ukuba le meko ngumzekelo wecala. Iintlobo ezimbini zelangatye, ngoko ke, zinomxholo jikelele ngokuxhomekeka kwintliziyo kunye nobumbano obuncinci kunomlinganiselo.

Ingxaki yokungahambelani

Ezi ngxaki zifundwa ngokucophelela nge-scholasticism ekupheleni. UDuns Scot ukholelwa ukuba ubunzima obuqhelekileyo ngokwabo abukho ngabanye, iiyunithi ezizimeleyo, ekubeni ubunye babo buncinci kunani. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko eziqhelekileyo aziyiyo yonke indawo. Ukulandela amabango ka-Aristotle, iScot uyavuma ukuba i-universality ichaza enye yezinto ezininzi kwaye ibhekisele kwizinto ezininzi. Njengoko umcebisi oqhelekileyo uyayiqonda ingcamango enikeziweyo, i-universal F kufuneka ingabi namdla kangangokuthi ingabhekisela kuwo wonke umntu u-F ngendlela yokuba i-universal kunye nenye yezinto zayo ezihlukeneyo zifana. Ngamazwi alula, i-F unikezelo ichaza ngamnye u-F ngokulinganayo. UScott uyavuma ukuba ngolu hlobo, akukho mvelaphi eqhelekileyo ingaba yinto yonke, nangona ibonakalisa uhlobo oluthile lokungabandakanyeki: uhlobo oluqhelekileyo alukwazi ukuba nepropati efanayo kunye nolunye uhlobo oluqhelekileyo oluhambelana nolunye uhlobo lwezinto kunye nezinto. Zonke ezo zifundo ezincinci zifikelele kwizigqibo ezilolo hlobo; UDuns Scotus, uWilliam Ockham kunye nabanye abacingayo bazama ukuzithobela ukuhlelwa kobuchule.

Indima yengqondo

Nangona uScott ungowokuqala ukuthetha ngokumahluko phakathi kwendalo kunye neentlobo eziqhelekileyo, udonsa ukuphefumula kwizwi elidumiweyo likaAvenna ukuba ihashe lihamba nje ngehashe. Njengoko iDuns iqondisisa le ngqinisiso, iimeko eziqhelekileyo azibandakanyeki kumntu ngamnye okanye kwihlabathi jikelele. Nangona abakwaziyo ukuba babekho ngaphandle komntu ngamnye okanye ngokubanzi, ngokwabo, uhlobo oluqhelekileyo aluyena okanye omnye. Ukulandela le ngcamango, i-Duns Scotus ibonakalisa i-universality kunye neyodwa njengempawu ezinokungaqhelekanga, oku kuthetha ukuba bafuna isigwebo. Zonke i-scholasticism ezidlulileyo zihluke kwiingcamango ezinjalo; UDuns Scotus, uWilliam Ockham kunye nabanye abafilosofi nabafundisi bezenkolo banikela indima ephambili kwingqondo yomntu. Yiyo ingqiqo eyenza ukuba imeko jikelele ibe yinto yonke, iphoqele ukuba ibe yohlu hlobo, kwaye kuvela ukuba ingqiqo enye ingabonakalisa ukubonakalisa inkoliso yabantu.

Ubukho bukaThixo

Nangona uThixo akayena mxholo we-metaphysics, kunjalo ke injongo yaloo nzu lulwazi; I-Metaphysics ihlala ibonisa ubungqina bayo kunye nobuntu. UScott unikezela ubungqina obuninzi bokubakho kobuchule obuphezulu; Yonke le mi sebenzi iyafana ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yobalo, isakhiwo kunye nesicwangciso. I-Duns Scotus yakha isiseko esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuba khona kukaThixo kuyo yonke ifilosofi yezemfundo. Iingxoxo zakhe zivela kwizigaba ezine:

• Kukho ingcambu, imbambano ephezulu, yokuqala.
• Indalo eyodwa kuphela ngowokuqala kuzo zonke iimeko ezintathu.
• Ubume, obokuqala kuyo nawaphi na amacala athengisiweyo, alupheli.
• Kukho kuphela umntu ongapheliyo.

Ukulungelelanisa isitatimende sokuqala, unikeza impikiswano engeyiyo-modal kwisizathu esisisiseko:

• Isidalwa esithile X siyadalwa.

Ngale ndlela:

• I-X idalwa enye isidalwa Y.
• Ingaba Y iyingcambu, okanye idale enye isidalwa sesithathu.
• Uluhlu lwezinto ezidaliweyo ezidaliweyo azikwazi ukuqhubeka ngonaphakade.

Ngenxa yoko, uchungechunge luphela kwisizathu esisisiseko-into engabonakaliyo engakwazi ukuvelisa ngaphandle kweminye imiba.

Ngokwemodeli

UDuns Scot, olwazi lwakhe luquka kuphela ixesha lokufunda nokufundisa, alukho nayiphi na indlela ehambela kwimigaqo ephambili yefilosofi yezobuKhulu ze-Middle Ages. Kananjalo unikeza inguqulelo yemodeli yengxoxo yakhe:

• Kungenzeka ukuba kunamandla okuqala okudala amandla.
• Ukuba isidalwa A asikwazi ukuvela kwenye into, ngoko ukuba ikhona ikhona, iyazimeleyo.
• Ngokuqinisekileyo amandla okuqala anamandla angenakukwazi ukuvela kwenye into.
• Ngako oko, amandla onke okuqala amandla okudala azinzimeleyo.

Ukuba isisiseko esisisigxina asikho, ngoko akukho nhlobo yokuba khona. Emva koko, ukuba ngaba ngowokuqala, akunakwenzeka ukuba kuxhomekeke kuyo nayiphi na isizathu. Ekubeni kunokwenzeka ukuba khona kwayo, kuthetha ukuba ikhona ngokwayo.

Imfundiso yodwa

I-Duns igalelo likaScott kwifilosofi yehlabathi ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokukhawuleza xa usosayensi eqala ukuchazela kwimibhalo yakhe ukuba into enokuthi i-metaphysics yinto enjalo, uqhubeka nombono, ephikisana ukuba ingcamango yokuba kufuneka ihambelane ngokungqinelana nayo yonke into efundiswa yi-metaphysics. Ukuba le ngxelo iyinyani kuphela ngokumalunga neqela elithile lezinto, into ayinalo ubunye obuyimfuneko ukuba ufunde lo mbandela ngesayensi eyahlukileyo. Ngokutsho kweDuns, ufaniso luhlobo nje lokulingana. Ukuba umxholo wokuba uzimisele izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-metaphysics kuphela ngokufanisa, inzululwazi ayikwazi ukuqwalaselwa.

UDuns Scotte unikezela ngeemeko ezibini zokuqaphela le ngxaki ngokungaqhelekanga:

• Ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokukhanyela inyaniso efanayo ngokumalunga nesifundo somntu ngamnye ukuphikisana;
• Ingqiqo yale nzekayo inokusebenza njengesiqingatha esiphakathi kwisicllogism.

Ngokomzekelo, ngaphandle kokuphikisana, sinokuthi uKaren wayekho kwi-jury level of self-free will (kuba wayeya kunkundleni kunokuba akhokhe intlawulo) kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ngokumelene nentando yakhe (kuba wayeziva ephoqelekile kwinqanaba lomzwelo). Kule meko, ukuphikisana akufumanekanga, kuba umxholo othi "intando yakhe" iyafana. Ngaphandle koko, i-syllogism "Izinto ezingapheliyo azikwazi ukucinga, ezinye iiskripthi zicinga ixesha elide kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba zinikeze umphumo. Ngoko ezinye iiskrini ziphikisa izinto" zikhokelela kwisiphetho esingenangqondo, kuba ingcinga "yokucinga" isetyenziswa kuyo. Ngokwemveli yendabuko yegama, eli gama lisetyenziswe kuphela kwisivakalisi sokuqala; Kwinqanaba lesibini, lithetha intsingiselo.

Zokuziphatha

Ngombono wobukhulu bukaThixo, ukuqala kokubonakala, ukungenelela kuzo zonke iinkalo zenkcubeko, kubeka. UJohn Duns Scotus wayekholelwa ukuba i-theological kufuneka ichaze imiba engqubuzanayo yeetekisi zonqulo; Wahlola iindlela ezintsha zokufunda iBhayibhile, ngokubhekiselele kwimphambili yokuthanda kukaThixo. Umzekelo uluvo lofanelekile: imigaqo yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha kunye nezenzo zomntu kubonakala zifanelekile okanye zingenakufaniswa nomvuzo kuThixo. Iingcamango zikaScott zenziwe njengesizathu sokumisela imfundiso entsha yokumiselwa kwangaphambili.

Ifilosofi ivame ukudibanisa nemigaqo yokuzithandela-ukutyekela ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthanda kukaThixo kunye nenkululeko yabantu kuzo zonke iingxaki zemicimbi.

Imfundiso ye-Immaculate Conception

Ke ngenxa yenkolo, impumelelo ebalulekileyo yale Duns ingqalelo yakhe ukuziphendulela le Nasono Kwakhe Ekukhawulweni of the Virgin Mary. KumaXesha Aphakathi oko malinikelwe kulo mbandela iimbambano ezininzi zenkolo. Xa zonke akhawunti, uMariya abe intombi kwi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu, kodwa iitekisi yebhayibhile, abaphandi akazange aqonde ukuba yokusombulula le ngxaki zilandelayo: kuphela emva kokufa kuMsindisi kunye naye ngoko nangoko ibala isono sokuqala.

zefilosofi Great kunye nezazi kumazwe Western bohlulwa ngamaqela eziliqela, sisaxoxa lo mba. Kukholelwa ukuba nkqu Foma Akvinsky wakhanyela semthethweni imfundiso, nangona ezinye Thomists abakakulungeli ukwamkela esi simangalo. Duns Scotus, nayo, wanika impikiswano ilandelayo: UMariya ndiswele wokumkhulula, njengabo bonke abantu, kodwa ngenxa yokulunga wokubethelwa bukaKristu, abhalwe phambi kokuba iziganeko ezifanelekileyo kwenzeka, anyamalala kunye nebala isono sokuqala.

Le ngxoxo inikwa kwisibhengezo kapopu le mfundiso Nasono Kwakhe Ekukhawulweni. Pope John XXIII wancomela ukufunda imfundiso Duns Scotus phambili abafundi.