Inkqubo karhulumente - yintoni na le nto? Iimpawu karhulumente. Yintoni na le polity kazwelonke

Polity namhlanje isakhiwo ezininzi, nto leyo kuhlangene kunye nabasemagunyeni umbindi kunye amaqumrhu olawulo-ndawo lwangaphakathi. Enyanisweni, imigaqo yentsebenziswano phakathi kweeyunithi usemthethweni karhulumente kunye iziko le into egqiba ifomu bombutho. Ukuntsonkotha lobudlelwane, iqondo igunya kunye ulongamo kwaye imisela nohlobo yolawulo. Kwintlangano namhlanje hlabathi karhulumente ngakumbi zijolise kwiinqobo ezisemgangathweni zedemokrasi. Oku kubonakala kakhulu umzekelo yase kanye ithi zesizwe, nto leyo ethatha ingqalelo iimfuno zamaqela ezahlukeneyo.

Ingcamango jikelele karhulumente

Xa kwithiyori umthetho, kukho iindlela ezininzi ukujongana imibuzo malunga isakhiwo karhulumente. Njengoko umthetho, uninzi kongquzulwano phakathi ochwepheshe inkcazelo leziko ngokwemiqathango iintlobo ezithile - umzekelo, ijele okanye qela liphikisayo. Sekunjalo, isikakhulu kwamkelwa ukuba umgaqo-siseko - isakhiwo lwengingqi lizwe, nto leyo ebangela ukungcola yayo ibe ngamalungu ayo candelo, kwakunye baveze ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagunya. Iifom izixhobo Classification ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeka kumlinganiselo ulongamo kwi ezikhoyo ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Zininzi iintlobo eyodwa fom, kodwa umgaqo ukwahlulwa imizila phakathi esihlangene kunye States Federal. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele na uhlobo, leyo ke andingowawo ngokwanelisayo kukarhulumente. Umzekelo, kule nkalo kukunika uluntu interstate, imibutho kunye noluntu ithi ngamnye.

umbuso owodwa

Olu hlobo ifowuni Eboniswe ngelo candelo uhlobo wayo, okt iiyunithi zezolawulo azinazo iimpawu okuzimela ebanzi. Kodwa ifomu complex namanje inikeza ngokuwanika amaqumrhu neseti lwemithetho. Sinokuthi isakhiwo umbuso owodwa - na isakhiwo nokucwangciswa lizwe, apho zonke iindawo ziqukiwe zabefundisi mnye, ukuthobela igunya, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ulongamo layo. Umzekelo elula hlobo akabakhathalele ulwahlulo yolawulo indawo ngokwalo. Kodwa le ingaqhelekanga - umzekelo, kumazwe ezincinane ezinjengezo Singapore kunye yiMalta. Kwelinye icala, imizekelo amazwe kunye nefom entsonkothileyo ecalanye inokuquka ukunika ezithile ukuzimela iiyunithi abasemthethweni, nto leyo inokuba komhlaba liqela elingonanga okanye yezwe. Kwimeko yokuqala, umzekelo, ukuzimela ukutyisa ukuya kummandla eyahlukileyo okanye indawo, kunye yesibini - kuquka abantu kuphela bolunye uhlanga oluthile.

Iimpawu device esihlangene

Njengoko sibonile, ifomu unitary inokuba mahluko, kodwa ukuqonda ngcono le indlela yokucwangcisa urhulumente kufuneka ichaze iimpawu zayo. Ngenxa yoko, indlela ecalanye zikarhulumente amazwe isixhobo luphawulwa mpawu zilandelayo:

• abasemagunyeni akhiwa kwinkqubo enye swi nga ngaphantsi kwiziko elinye. Kulo mzimba mthetho kunokuba isixhobo olunye-wegumbi kuphela.
• amandla kaRhulumente buzinze jikelele kumgangatho karhulumente kulo, kunye namacandelo emfundo eli lizwe azinayo ulongamo, oko kukuthi, bangabi ezizimeleyo kuxhomekeke kweli ziko.
• ngabemi Single.
• inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemithetho imelwe kwinqanaba elinye. Kulo mzekelo, omnye umgaqo-siseko ukuze lonke elo lizwe.

ifomu Regional

Ngaphambi kokuba kurhulumente federal, kuyimfuneko ukuba ikheswa nohlobo lotshintsho ayikho - yengingqi. Kule meko Kuthathwa ukuba ukuyilwa ngamnye kwisithuba urhulumente abe ukuzimela, kunye namandla amakhulu. Oku kakhulu inkqubo efana nenkqubo federal, kodwa kukho ezinye umahluko. Umzekelo, inkqubo karhulumente wengingqi - uhlobo lombutho kwelizwe apho izifundo zayo sanikwa amagunya ebanzi, kodwa kuxhomekeke kurhulumente kazwelonke. Umba akwazi luboniswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko, kwamanye amazwe, izigqibo ezibalulekileyo Iziseko zolawulo-indawo. Ngendlela efanayo, kwaye ikhutshwa phandle ulawulo phezu ezinokuzuzwa karhulumente. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kanye ukuzimela yena ngegama kuphela. Kodwa kukho kwakhona yimizekelo okwahlukileyo, apho kwimimandla afakwa ngokupheleleyo ubuchule ubumbe abasemagunyeni bendawo, ulawulo, imithetho, njalo njalo D..

izwe wombuso

Ngokungafaniyo ifomu unitary, Federation kuthetha ukusinika yobukhosi izifundo ezithile karhulumente, kodwa ngendlela ulinganiselwe. Le ndlela mbutho kwaye isekelwe phezu ukwabiwa amagunya phakathi kwamaqumrhu yolawulo lwengingqi kunye neziko. Ngu uhlobo lokusekwa ngamalungu karhulumente federal yahlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu:

• Federation Administrative. Kulo mzekelo, izakuthatwa inkqubo yolawulo kunye nezopolitiko apho zonke nokubunjwa yayo yangaphakathi yenza isiseko kwezoqoqosho, yembali, geographical kunye nezinye iimpawu.
• uhlobo leMfundo likazwelonke. Xa umanyano enjalo izifundo bohlulwa babe neempawu zesizwe yeelwimi kunye, obe ubaqhiphukisa iintlanga abahlala kwintsimi lizwe.
• Federation Mixed. Kwakhona ibizwa ngokuba imilo indawo yesizwe apho ukuyilwa iindawo ezijongeneyo ibonakaliswa ukusuka phezulu ukuya siseko division sobummandla kunye nakuzwelonke.

Iimpawu lukarhulumente federal

Enye yezona iinkalo eziphambili olu hlobo ifowuni ukwahlulwa bezinto kwamagunya phakathi engundoqo umthombo wamandla kunye nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo. Le phawu ecaleni ngokwezinga elithile ukusuka eyandulela - a tier-ezimbini abasemagunyeni isakhiwo. Oko kukuthi, amagunya karhulumente kulo mzekelo ubonelela isebe federal kunye nezifundo wePalamente, unelungelo lokubumba lolawulo lweengingqi. Kwakhona ukwahlula isakhiwo federal unokuba inkqubo enamanqanaba amabini yomthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba umgaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni zombini kwinqanaba engundoqo kwinqanaba iqumrhu. Kwezinye iimeko, amacandelo ingafakwa ngabemi bendawo - ukongeza i-Federal jikelele.

dlalo

Njengoko sele kuchaziwe, ukuba indlela ngokungqongqo ukuba iziko likarhulumente, imibutho musa aluquki iintlobo mbutho. Noko ke, kukho iimeko, ezinye leyo uvuliwe kunye Confederation. Kulo mzekelo, inkqubo karhulumente - luhlobo ezitshatileyo kumazwe aliqela, oko kukuthi isetyenziswa ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zoqoqosho, ezopolitiko okanye ezinye. Enyanisweni, isiseko ingqalelo le fomu urhulumente kukukwazi ukudlulisela mfelandawonye. Kufuneka uthathe ingqalelo amathuba ukubola yayo ithi eziliqela qela liphikisayo. ifomu dlalo eyaziwa imizekelo ukuyilwa sokumiswa eSwitzerland, Germany nase-United States. Maxa wambi, la mazwe amele umbutho, leyo kamva similise urhulumente yinxalenye.

zimpawu Confederation

Ngohlobo olulo ngoku i limise imiqondiso polity kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye ngokufuthi bathi bangquzulane le meko. Umzekelo, i-Switzerland sisahleli ngokusemthethweni a dlalo, yaye okunene kudala luphawulwa isakhiwo federal. Kunjalo, phakathi iimpawu ezaziwa a dlalo zezi zilandelayo:

• Ilizwe naliphi na inxenye manyano, kunokuba imikhosi yayo abaxhobileyo kunye namajoni. Kulo mzekelo, kuphela abasemagunyeni ephakamileyo ukuba ilungelelanise ezibandaknywayo akhiwa kwinqanaba central.
• imfundo Internal abe ulongamo, nto leyo ichazwe nokugcwala kwamandla karhulumente.
• Onke amalungu emibutho karhulumente ukuba umgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho imizimba yawo, yaye yamkela siseko efanayo confederal kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Noko ke, umzimba lowiso kuphela Union kuzilungelelanisa apho.
• Citizenship Confederation, njengokuba umthetho, ungekho.
• Emva ekuphumezeni iinjongo zabo, obuRhulumente ngokwezoqoqosho barhoxe ngokuzithandela ukusuka Union.

Yintoni le nkqubo karhulumente wesizwe?

elizimele azifane zenzeke ngaphandle kokujonga le awohluke of sovereignties yesizwe beentlanga ezahlukeneyo abahlala kweli lizwe. Le ndlela amalungiselelo kungathatha indawo ngendlela ecalanye kunye nemeko federal. Unxulumano kakhulu kwinkqubo yesizwe-karhulumente nje uhlobo federal yentlangano, kuba amathuba okuba lubonisa ubukho iintlanga ezininzi ngaphakathi kwelinye ilizwe. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ukuqonda oko polity lwesizwe, kufuneka bakhokelwe luluntu multi-yobuhlanga. Njengoko umthetho, ebizwa njalo-nkqubo ithi apho abemi ubomi, emele kwizizwe ezahlukeneyo.

umbuso zepolitiki

Phantsi kolawulo karhulumente ukuqonda ulawulo kwezopolitiko, ochazwa zizo zonke iindlela, iintlobo kunye neendlela wokuphunyezwa ubudlelwane eluntwini. Kananjalo kubonwa njengendlela uyilo nokusebenza iinkqubo zobupolitika. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izintlu zeenkqubo ezinjalo ezifanelekileyo polity, idemokhrasi, authoritarianism kunye totalitarianism. Nganye kwezi iindlela luphawulwa indlela eyeyalo isebenzisa igunya, izinga inxaxheba kulawulo abantu, isimo sengqondo-sikhokelo esemthethweni, njalo njalo. D. Kubalulekile ukuba ihlale engqondweni into yokuba iziqalelo ukuyilwa ulawulo lwezopolitiko kwindlela ethile isekelwe kumaqonga ahlukeneyo, kuquka izixhobo yokuhlalisana, eziko, kwakunye ne imibono.

uhlobo urhulumente

Esinye seziqalelo zethu ezibalulekileyo indlela urhulumente luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente. Nguye umisela imigaqo ziya kuba oorhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, xa uhlobo neNgonyama urhulumente, urhulumente karhulumente, inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye ukuhleleka lwamandla ilawulwe ngokupheleleyo ngokuthanda komntu omnye. Kwelinye icala, kwiRiphabliki iquka inxaxheba ukusekwa kunye nolwakhiwo kukarhulumente karhulumente inxalenye oluntu kunye, ngakumbi, wonke ummi. Kwityala ezigqithisileyo ilungelo elinjalo onikwe kunye namaziko ummeli, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, banoxanduva nakwimibutho yasekuhlaleni.

isiphelo

amaziko karhulumente kuyilwa kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, kodwa namhlanje asinakho ukuba kukho indlela efanayo umbutho ngokupheleleyo kobudlelwane phakathi urhulumente kazwelonke kunye nabadlali zengingqi. Okwangoku, inkqubo karhulumente karhulumente uthatha ezinye iimodeli, indlela engundoqo apho iindlela qela liphikisayo nokazwelonke. Ngamnye kubo iimpawu zayo ezizodwa, kodwa kukho ezininzi izinto ezifanayo. Umzekelo, umzimba liphezulu komthetho kuwo omabini amatyala imizimba ngurhulumente kazwelonke. Kwangaxeshanye oko kuyinyaniso emsulwa ukuba Federation inika amathuba amaninzi self-umbutho lwamaqumrhu zolawulo ngaphakathi kolawulo lwabo.