Cave emzini Calais: iifoto, ukubuyekeza, indawo

Cave emzini Calais isoloko kwatsala ingqalelo abakhenkethi. Ntoni umdla? Apho na? Zeziphi amavo ezinxulumene nayo? Kule abaninzi nezinye siza ukuchaza kweli nqaku.

Apho na?

Uphi Calais? Cave isixeko ukwakweli kwisithili iCrimea Peninsula Bakhchisaray. Kwidolophu ekufutshane (Bakhchisarai) malunga 2.5-3 neekhilomitha. Le dolophu enqatyisiweyo imi phezu kwentaba ephakamileyo engumnqantsa Plateau luyakunceda zasekhaya iCrimea Mountains, nto leyo singqongwe iintlambo ezintathu nzulu.

Calais - isixeko mqolomba, idilesi zigazi akafumaneki nakweyiphi kwimephu. Indawo kwi izikhokelo uqikelelo: kwisithili Bakhchisaray, iCrimea Peninsula.

Ukuze ukuba siphuma endleleni, ekuphumeni kwisixeko kumqolomba Calais, ecaleni uququzelelo of omkhulu GPS: N 44 ° 44'27 "E-33 ° 55'28".

Indlela ukuya apho?

Enye le mibuzo kwabo bafuna ukutyelela isixeko emqolombeni Calais - ukufumana njani apho? Kukho iindlela ezimbini: self-drive yi izithuthi zikawonke kwi stop lokugqibela "Staroselie" (Bakhchisarai) gqolo ukulandela unyawo imiqondiso kwinqaba, okanye Calais njengenxalenye yeqela tour (olu khetho ukhetha abakhenkethi ezininzi, holidaymakers kwi iiholide zonxweme olusemazantsi eCrimea Peninsula).

Iinketho ze amagama nemiqolomba

Cave isixeko ukuba imbali yayo elide iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo itshintshe igama layo.

Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, igama lokuqala laloo mzi Fulla. Settlement igama eso ngokuphindaphindiweyo kukhankanyiwe yemihla kwiinkulungwane 1-2 AD, kodwa abaphandi ayikwazanga ziqinisekisise kanye indawo awayekuyo.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-13 ukuya imithombo, esi sixeko sele obizwa ngokuba Kirk-Okanye (enye inguqulo eqhelekileyo Kirk-EF), nto leyo ngokoqobo bubonakala "iinqaba mane." Kwakhona ebudeni bolawulo i iCrimea Khan Ungafumana igama Gevher-Kermen (in translation - "Ubuncwane iyi-"), igama ziyacaca into yokuba i-Tatar namakhonkco ulema ehonjiswe onke amasango, iindonga namasango nqaba.

Embindini kwinqaba iShushan kwinkulungwane ye-17 ukuba yadluliselwa ngamaKara wafumana igama elitsha - Calais. Iguqulwe evela iCrimea Karaite lwesigodi ulwimi "kale" ( "Kala") lithetha "isitena eludongeni, inqaba, inqaba."

Emva kokuba nokudliwa eCrimea ukuya Russian uBukhosi town Calais similise okwaloo isixeko umqolomba Calais, eliguqulelwa ukusuka kulwimi iCrimea Tatar lithetha "Jewish" okanye "Jewish" inqaba (çufut - ungumYuda, umYuda, qale - inqaba). Eli gama iinqaba wanika ngabarhwebi abo bayeka apha ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo iimfuno, ngokuthe ngcembe igama Calais iba ezisemthethweni, kusetyenziswa imisebenzi yenzululwazi oosonzululwazi Soviet kunye neencwadi Karaite ababhali ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19 de kube ngo-1991.

Ukususela ngo-1991, iinkokheli iCrimea ngamaKara igama umqolomba inqaba isixeko Calais e Dzhuft-Calais (in translation - kabini okanye amandla kabini), kodwa zokuthiywa kwaba zohlobo sikweni.

Kunye amagama kunye Chufut- Dzhuft-Calais, kuncwadi Karaite kukho eminye amagama ezixeko umqolomba de ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwathiwa ngokuba "Village Yuhudim", emva koko - "Village ha Kara".

History of isisekelo

Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi malunga kwasekusekweni isixeko mqolomba. On omnye wabo, yokuqala ekwahlala yasekwa apha amaSarmatia kwaye Alans kwi AD ngenkulungwane yesi-4. Ngokutsho uguqulelo yesibini, okwakha izazinzulu ezininzi, kwiminyaka-550 (ngexesha lokulawula yaseByzantium koMlawuli Justinian) ukuze kukhuselwe iindlela Chersonesos umqolomba ezintathu inqaba isixeko yasekwa: Calais, Calais kunye Mangul Eski-Kermen. Nakubeni kunjalo, iinkcukacha ezi zokuhlala zaye engafakwanga othi "Kwi data izakhiwo 'phezu kwabo baye asifumaneki isikolo ngenxa ngabembi bezinto.

amawa kungenakugqithwa kunye amawa kuyilwa ngemvelo, yenziwe yabakho umntu kunye neendonga eziphakamileyo kunye iinqaba. Akamsalisela iye yaba indawo yokuhlala ekhuselekileyo kunye zokuzifaka apha kakhulu.

Le nqaba ngexesha i iCrimea Khanate

Kwisiqingatha sesibini ngenkulungwane ye-11, le nqaba yafumana igunya phezu Kipchak (eyaziwa ngokuba Cumans), ukuthiya ngokutsha xa Kirk-EP.

Ngowe-1299 imikhosi Emir Nogai wathabatha olu qhwithela ukomelezwa emva nasekuxinweni elide, kukrakra, baphangwe abakhupha Sarmatian-lancers ayakhe kwinqaba iShushan. Ndiloyisile umqolomba AmaTatar isixeko ogama Kirk-Okanye.

Kwiinkulungwane 13-14 (ebudeni bolawulo Khan uJani Beg) Apha yenye iinkampu ze-ulus iCrimea, lo vo kwi-Golden mkhosi.

uphuhliso Active okukhawulezileyo isixeko emqolombeni Calais waba ngenkulungwane ye-15. Isizathu sokuba Uphuhliso ngokukhawuleza ezifana enqaba elunge yayikukuba Kirk-Okanye yaba likomkhulu yokuqala iCrimea Khanate. Khan Haji Giray walungiselela yokuhlala yakhe apha emva kokuba uloyiso phezu umlawuli Kirk-Orsk Khanate Eminek Bey. Haji Giray waba nguyise lonke yobukhosi labalawuli iCrimea. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe le nqaba yakhiwa kwibhotwe Khan kaThixo, yayisekelwe madrasas, zandiswa zakhiwe phantsi uJani Beg Mosque. Kukho ingcamango yokuba kwiminyaka yokuqala wokulawula Khan Haji Giray yakhiwa kunye zetyeleba leyo eziprintiweyo iingqekembe zesiliva kunye nombhalo "Kirk-Okanye" (iintsalela kwesakhiwo, awafunyanwayo abembi inqaba).

Imbali ezinqabeni emva ukuhluthwa ngobume capital

Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-17 Khan Giray Mengli wayalela ukwakhiwa ibhotwe entsha umgxobhozo wetyuwa waza waya kuhlala ye Khan kaThixo. Le nqaba yanikwa ngamaKara igama Calais yaye kamva wafumana igama layo lokugqibela - Calais. NgamaKara aye anda ummandla Calais phantse 2 amaxesha ngenxa adjoined kwicala elingasempumalanga inkqubo zokhuselo, apho kwabunjwa kwikota zorhwebo.

udonga yamandulo, eyakhiwa iibhloko ilitye elikhulu semilo uxande banamathele kunye nodaka, ngoku eliphakathi wokwahlula ihewu kwi empumalanga nasentshonalanga iindawo, iyileyo ingagcina wokhuselo elizimeleyo. Ngoko kwakukho elinye igama le nqaba - Dzhuft-Calais (igumbi ngomphunga okanye amandla kabini). Phambi iindonga iShushan wemba emhadini ebanzi, akhe ngenxa zokutyhomfa, emveni kokuba bawela yi footbridges.

Imbali ukususela kwixesha wokujoyina yoBukhosi Russian

Ngexesha lokulawula nomtshana Peter I ka-Anna Ivanovna umkhosi Russian sahlasela satshabalalisa Bakhchisaray Calais. Emva kokuba nokudliwa eCrimea ukuya uBukhosi Russian ngommiselo lwemiqathango uKumkanikazi yayinyuka ngenxa Krymchaks yokuhlala kunye ngamaKara, abaninzi bayishiya iindonga kwinqaba iShushan, wahlala khona ukuze baphile kuphela inxalenye encinane uluntu Armenian kunye ngamaKara, abangazange ufuna ukushiya indlela emisiweyo yobomi.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 bonke abemi bayishiya Calais ukuba kukho kuphela umgcini usapho. Abemi yokugqibela kwinqaba iShushan, umphengululi Karaite odumileyo nombhali emininzi imisebenzi zobunzululwazi A. Firkovich, washiya iindonga zayo ngo 1874.

Uyalwa inani inqaba

Phambili Calais - ukuzithethelela. Ukongeza iindonga eziphakamileyo ezinqabileyo kunye nomjelo ebanzi, apho kwakusetyenziswe izigqibo ezimbalwa ngakumbi tactically ebalulekileyo. Indlela eya inqaba udlula kwingcinga Convent, apho kukho umthombo wamanzi okusela, umqadi Mariyam Dere ngakumbi uya unyuka - ngokusebenzisa emangcwabeni - i kumzantsi injongo (elincinane). Ezi amasango yakhiwe ibe ngumgibe; abakwazi kubonwa nje nabo ngokusondeleyo. Kungenzeka, phambi kokuba kwakukho isango, t. To. On iindonga yesango kwakukho igqabi oki.

Umzila kwisixeko emqolombeni Calais wayesendleleni eweni ye kumwonyo ukuze iintshaba kwanyanzeleka ukuba ekhwela kwinqaba iShushan, waya ngasekunene kwakhe, abasengozini, emacaleni (amakhaka zivezwa ngesandla sakhe sasekhohlo kunye nezixhobo - ngasekunene). Phakathi kwegumbi phantsi ukuhlasela iintshaba ngeentolo, leyo ndihlanjwe kubo eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo ngokukhethekileyo enakho ezindongeni abavikeli inqaba. Wokuwiselwa yemvu kunkqonkqoze isango phantse ayinakwenzeka; phambi kwabo kwakukho lwehla eweni, umzila uthe tyaba kwaye ngqo phambi ngoothinti wajika elibukhali. Kodwa ukuba utshaba kusichukumisa esangweni, babemlindile kukho omnye traps: akufika amajoni iShushan kwafuneka ukuba bawele phakathi kwindlela emxinwa, ngokukodwa oqingqiweyo, eweni. Nge omata ngomthi, walungiselela phezu kwipaseji, phezu kweentloko boyisa kwana amatye, wagalela amanzi abilayo, yaye abatoli, ihleli emiqolombeni, wadubula ngaphandle miss.

Kwicala elingasempuma komzi wasivuna udonga eliphezulu kwaye umsele phambi kwayo, kunye neendonga esemazantsi, esemantla nasentshona azikho adinga ukhuseleko, okt. A. Plateau nala maqela iwisiwe ngqo phantsi, ukuze apha unako onamava kuphela climbers.

Architecture Calais

Calais - isixeko nomqolomba okuyo, ifoto apho, ngelishwa, awukwazi ukuveza amandla alo bangaphambili. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje sasinda nje ezimbalwa emiqolombeni nezakhiwo ngamaKara, inkoliso zakhiwo amanxuwa.

Kwicala langasezantsi kwisakhiwo ezigcinwe kakuhle emiqolombeni endala, injongo ephambili apho - waqale okanye ukulwa. uninzi emiqolombeni ziye zadilizwa inxalenye endala aloo mzi, kodwa ifama ezimbini igcinwe. enkulu Lo izakhiwo ezenziwe ukuba amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ikhaya engxondorheni aqingqiweyo ngezinyuko ngamatye. Wavele, ezi nemiqolomba zasetyenziswa entolongweni amabanjwa, nto leyo ukugcina apha iminyaka (kwingcinga isekelwe phezu iintsalela imivalo kwi ezantsi emqolombeni namanqaku iifestile Sheremetiev, ngubani wachitha phantse 6 iminyaka entolongweni Calais). Ngaphezu kwezi emiqolombeni, ngenkulungwane ye-17 yayakhiwe isakhiwo zokuhlala.

Hayi kude emqolombeni walondoloza umzekelo omhle lwezakhiwo kwinkulungwane ye-15 - lo yamangcwaba Janicke Khanum, igama apho amavo ezininzi. On omnye wabo, Janicke wayehlala ebhotwe elilandelayo enqabeni yomkhosi amajoni 1000, phantsi ngokomlomo amajoni bangamaqhawe wathethelela Calais, kodwa Hanim wafa ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni. Uyise Tokhtamysh Khan wayalela ukuba ukwakha kwindawo lokufa kwakhe yamangcwaba libe, ezihonjiswe portal eliphezulu nemihlathi oqingqiweyo. Xa iinzulu yamangcwaba nangoku ilitye Lingcwaba ukumkanikazi odumileyo.

zigcinwe kakuhle kwaye Karaite kenassas kufuphi yamangcwaba. Ezi lomzobo wesakhiwo, singqongwe masimu ezivulekileyo enezintlu neengqameko zasetyenziselwa iintlanganiso jikelele, kubanjwa apha inkonzo nokuqhuba iinkundla abadala ngokomoya. Xa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwisakhiwo encinane kenassas wayegcina ilayibrari olunzulu-ngqangi yamandulo, iqokelelwe zizazinzulu A. S. Firkovichem.

Kwi mizila walondoloza kwisitrato esikhulu emxinwa evela amavili, ubunzulu yabo kwezinye iindawo ufikelela iimitha 0.5, ukuba ubaqononondise kwiinkulungwane-obude esebenzayo ubomi aqhuba kakuhle kanye apha.

Okubangel 'umdla kwakhona ukutyelela nesisitheliso indlu phezu eliweni ungummi yokugqibela Calais (A. S. Firkovicha). Unga enyuka izakhiwo Uyalwa kwinxalenye esempuma inqaba.

Cave emzini Calais: reviews

Abakhenkethi abaye batyelela umzi inqaba, ndikucebisa ngamandla ukungena apha guide abanamava abaya kukuxelela ibali kule ndawo ikhethekileyo, iya kubonisa zonke emzini wayo uzuko emqolombeni Calais. Lisendaweni nje kwama-550 kweemitha ezikhumbuzo ezigcinwe ngokugqibeleleyo lidala, ebuka, kwaye musa ukuba xa abantu bahlala apha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ujonge la emiqolombeni, bantu abakholelwa ukuba sasikhal: kuyo yonke "abaphilayo" lezakhiwo phezu komhlaba, nemiqolomba baba part-time, okanye iinjongo zasekhaya.

Yintoni ukubona elilandelayo?

Ukuya Calais - isixeko mqolomba, iifoto eziza kuba iminyaka emininzi ukuba ndithethe nabo kolu hambo emangalisayo - endleleni emva ulingana utyelelo oyiNgcwele Dormition Monastery, yasekwa kwinkulungwane 8. Uyakwazi qhoboshela icon i Dormition of the Virgin oyiNgcwele, ukuze inkonzo, ukuthandaza okanye ufake inqaku. Ngelo isigodlo kukho umthombo ngamanzi okusela emnandi.

Kwakhona qiniseka ukuba atyelele elihle kwibhotwe Khan kaThixo Bakhchisarai, yasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-16. Le kwibhotwe elihle kuyafana ubuhle kwendawo enhle mpuma nentsomi. Kwibhotwe ungabona waphila kangakanani Khan, ukuba utyelele i-museum yobugcisa kunye nomboniso izixhobo, izithombe nxamnye aculwa Pushkin lithende leenyembezi.

Calais - enye lokusinda iidolophu mqolomba imbalwa eCrimea kunye kakhulu batyelela phakathi kwabo. Emiqolombeni nakwiindonga zendawo inqaba, kenassas, le yamangcwaba kunye kwizitrato ezincinane mzi aphefumle imbali yamandulo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bacinge malunga intsingiselo kunye transience yobomi.