Diesel GOST 305-82. Iimpawu diesel ngokwe GOST

Umgangatho injini kunye yonke inkqubo amafutha ayikho ubuncinane kuchaphazela iimpawu amafutha. Namhlanje, abenzi anika Russian GOST 305-82 kunye diesel amafutha. umgangatho National yasungulwa ngo-1982, sele ngaphandle komhla, kuba loo nto, kwaye amafutha ngokwayo, apho kuyo uze kutshanje yaveliswa.

GOST 305-82

Yenziwe kwi eSoviet Union, lo mgangatho, elawula imveliso ye diesel, i interstate. Oku kuchazwa nje iimeko zobugcisa zokuvelisa kunye neempawu ze amafutha, nelungiselelwe izithuthi, oomatshini mveliso kunye neenqanawa kunye iinjini diesel-high speed.

amafutha Modern ezenziwa nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yaseYurophu, Oku indawo ukusuka amafutha emoto ayekwi wentengiso ekuveliseni ezisebenzisa i-GOST endala. Diesel EURO ngaphandle othe intsebenzo kakhulu ephezulu, ukanti iluhlaza kakhulu.

Noko ke, namhlanje ingqalelo (ubuncinane kwi-post) ukuba amafutha, leyo kuvunyelwa ukuba isicelo ongeziweyo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinye iingenelo ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo kunye noluhlu olubanzi kwamaqondo ukusebenza.

enkulu isicelo

diesel (GOST 305-82) yasetyenziswa de kutshanje ngenxa emkhosini, oomatshini kwezolimo, iinqanawa idizili kunye impahla endala model iimoto.

Nalaa mafutha esetyenziselwa ubilisa izakhiwo ephantsi ibekwe kude ukusuka zokufudumeza. Indibaniso ngamaxabiso aphantsi kunye namandla eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo igcina iindleko ulondolozo lwezakhiwo.

Yini na ngaphambili? 1982 Standard State of kunyaka indawo kunye GOST 305-2013, oqale ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 2015. Kwaye iboniswa ngokucacileyo ukuba GOST diesel 305-2013 ayikwazi aziyi kufumaneka ngokusebenzisa uluntu garaji kwaye senzelwe-high speed kunye injini iinjini , zombini ngaphakathi lizwe kunye namazwe Customs Union (Kazakhstan kunye Belarus).

The main eziluncedo

Ngoko ke, uncedo ephambili - ukuba yokusebenza kunye yokusebenza amaqondo obushushu. Ukongeza, inzuzo diesel yayimnandi cinga Ukuthembeka yayo yokusebenza, bungqinelwa eminyaka; ithuba yokugcina elide ngaphandle ziyonakala ukusebenza; ukwandisa amandla injini.

Diesel GOST 305-82 ecociweyo lula, iqulathe umthamo omncinane iikhompawundi sulphur kwaye akonakalisi iinxalenye injini.

Inzuzo echaza amafutha emoto ayekwi na ixabiso layo liphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo izibaso zolwelo.

The main ethile

Eyona ethile engundoqo zepetroli, ngenxa leyo, enyanisweni, kuphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo, uphume udidi ephantsi ukusebenza kwemo yendalo esingqongileyo. Diesel GOST 305-82 (2013) ulilungu K2 eklasini. Kwaye namhlanje kummandla Russian Federation abavumelekanga ukuba K3 kwegazi nkqu fuels iklasi lokusingqongileyo kunye K4.

diesel brand

Standard Old iseka efanayo ezintathu amafutha brand new - ezine. Kwakhona eziliqela amabanga obushushu ezahlukeneyo ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusebenza.

Iparameters (GOST) amafutha emoto ayekwi ehlotyeni (A) lobushushu yokusebenza - ukusuka thabatha 5 ° C, le flash ingongoma iinjini diesel injongo jikelele - 40 ° C, ngokuba turbines igesi, aselwandle kunye nedizili - 62 ° C.

Efanayo flash indawo kwi amafutha off-lonyaka (E), nto leyo ukuqala amaqondo ezisebenzela thabatha 15 ° C.

Igcina fuel (B) lusetyenziswa kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya ku thabatha 35 ° C kunye nothabatha 25 ° C. Nokuba kwimigaqo 1982 goda ubushushu yokusebenza umiselwa ukuba ugalele ingongoma amafutha, kwi enye uxwebhu olutsha ibhekisela lobushushu ukuhluza - 35 ° C ne -25 ° C ngokulandelelanayo.

Arctic (A) ngokutsho GOST 305-82 idizili amafutha ingasetyenziswa, ukususela lobushushu thabatha 50 ° C. Uxwebhu entsha, lo mda-kaxaka ngale degrees ezintlanu, sele wabhekisela lobushushu abawacebisayo 45 ° C nangaphezulu.

iintlobo diesel

Gasoil GOST 52368-2005 (EURO) bahlulwe sulphur mass kwiintlobo ezintathu:

• I - 350 mg;
• II - 50 mg;
• III - 10 mg kg amafutha nganye.

In GOST 305-82 diesel, kuxhomekeke ipesenti sulphur into zohlulwa ngokwendidi:

• I - fuels onke amabakala, apho umyinge sulphur ayikho ngaphezu kwe-0.2%;
• II - diesel ezinomthamo sulphur kumabanga A & B - 0.5%, nangenxa brand A - 0.4%.

Le GOST entsha 305-2013, eza nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, yahlula amafutha ibe iintlobo ezimbini sulphur, kungakhathaliseki brand. Ndibhekisa amafutha ifomu I ezinomthamo sulphur ka-2.0 g, kwaye ifom II - 500 mg ikhilogramu yesibaso nganye.

Nkqu ifomu II iqulethe amaxesha sulphur enesiqingatha ngaphezu iintlobo amafutha mna, ngokunxulumene nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.

A isixa esikhulu nesalfure - yimisi eziyingozi emoyeni, kodwa yokuqaba iimpawu ezilungileyo amafutha kule nkqubo.

Nemifanekiso

In GOST 305-82 amafutha unobumba Iphawulelwe capital A, G okanye A (ehlotyeni, ebusika okanye arctic ngokulandelelana), iqhezu ubunzima isalfure, flash indawo ihlobo amafutha nasebusika ugalele ingongoma. Umzekelo, Z-0,5 thabatha 45. banga liphezulu, kunye okanye ngaphandle kuqala eziphawula umgangatho amafutha axeliwe kwisiqinisekiso kwitheko.

diesel (GOST R 52368-2005) ephawulwe oonobumba DT ukhankanyiwe ibanga okanye udidi ngokuxhomekeke lobushushu filterability kunye turbidity, kwakunye uhlobo amafutha mna, II okanye III.

Kuba Customs Union kukho uxwebhu olawula iimfuno ukuze utshiswe, kuquka uphawu wayo. Oku kuquka boonobumba DT, uphawu (A, G, E okanye A) kwaye ukusuka factor K2 lwendalo esingqongileyo ukuya K5 ukubonisa umxholo nesalfure.

Ekubeni a lot of amaxwebhu, ingqiqo bakala zahluke, kwaye iimpawu echazwe ngakumbi i-Quality zeMatriki, akukho uhlobo isibhengezo ingaqhelekanga "Ukuthengiswa amafutha emoto ayekwi Umbhobho grade 1 GOST 30582005". Okt zonke iparameters kunye amafutha umgangatho lo mgangatho, ngaphandle kokuba umxholo nesalfure.

iimpawu eziphambili diesel

Izalathi ibalulekileyo yokusebenza okuluphawu Diesel GOST 305-82 (2013), zezi: Inombolo cetane, ukwakhiwa iqhezu, lexinene viscosity, iimpawu ubushushu, iincindi ezahlukeneyo ngobuninzi ukungcola.

inani Cetane kuluphawu amafutha ignitability. I aphezulu amanqaku, ixesha ngaphantsi edlula kwi-elekhtrons kwi lombhobho zomsebenzi phambi yokutsha wayo, yaye ngenxa yoko ke elifutshane ngexesha injini warmup.

Kuxhomekeke nokuqulunqwa iqhezu ukwanela yokutsha kunye ubuthi zegesi zeemoto. Xa ulwelo amafutha emoto ayekwi i Iqinisekile kwixesha kwethumba-off iyonke imali ezithile zamafutha (ukuba 95% kwi-50%). Exhaleni zochuku Ukwakhiwa kwi ngokungabi uluhlu lobushushu kwaye ngaphezu nokubilisa umqobo osezantsi, yaye ngoko autoignition kwenzeka emva kwe amafutha egumbini yokutsha.

Lexinene viscosity kuchaphazela amafutha kunye neenkqubo inaliti, yaye ukusebenza kwawo nama.

Elimsulwa kuchaphazela injini banxibe, nokumelana lwenkqubo amafutha, kukuvela umlilo kulo uqweqwe.

filterability lobushushu Reserve - yinto kubushushu obuphantsi enjalo apho amafutha eqinileyo zokumisa ayahamba lemifanekiso nge iiseli ubukhulu ethile. lobushushu Enye parameter - lobushushu ilifu indawo apho wax iqala indlela yokuqinisa, ngamanye idizili kuba lisibekele.

Ukucacisa GOST 305-2013 kubabekela zonke iibrand kwakuso: inani cetane, iqhezu ubunzima isalfure, ubumuncu, inombolo-ayodini, uthuthu, coking, ungcoliseko, isiqulatho amanzi. Umahluko zinxulumene iimpawu ubushushu, le viscosity kunye mninzi amafutha. In GOST 305-82 sisengama iiyantlukwano kunye coking.

iimfuno zobuGcisa ukuba amafutha emoto ayekwi

Ngenxa yoko, inani cetane kuwo onke amabakala zamafutha lingana 45, isiqulatho nesalfure - nokuba 2.0 g okanye 500 mg kg nganye. Le izalathisi ibalulekileyo eziphawula amafutha.

Ukuxinana amafutha diesel njengako GOST yahluka ukusuka 863,4 kg / cu. fuel m zamabakala A no-E 833,5 kg / cu. m zebanga A, i viscosity kinematic - ukususela 3.0-6.0 macala onke. mm / s ukuya 1.5-4.0 macala onke. mm / s, ngokulandelelana.

kuqamba fraction luphawulwa uluhlu amaqondo ukusuka 280 ° C 360 ° C kuwo onke amabakala zepetroli, ngaphandle Arctic, ogama abilileyo ubushushu ku ezahlukene ukususela 255 ° C 360 ° C.

Iimpawu diesel (GOST entsha) zasehlotyeni musa kwahluka iimpawu amafutha off-ixesha, ngaphandle lobushushu umda filterability.

amafutha Low flash busika injini idizili, injongo jikelele - 30 ° C, ngokuba turbines igesi, aselwandle kunye nedizili - 40 ° C, arctic - 30 ° C ne-35 ° C ngokulandelelanayo.

Iiyantlukwano diesel GOST 305-82 (2013) kunye Euro

Emva ngo-1993, le migangatho umgangatho yaseYurophu ukuseta inombolo cetane alithe gangqa 49. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, umlinganiselo ichaza iimpawu zobugcisa amafutha EURO 3, ubeke ezingqongqo. Inani Cetane kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kwama-51, iqhezu ubunzima nesalfure - ngaphantsi kwe 0,035%, kwaye mninzi - ngaphantsi kwe 845 kg / cu. m. Le migangatho kwimali ngo-2005, yaye namhlanje kukho ngamazwe, eyasekwa ngo-2009.

Namhlanje, RF iveliswa idizili GOST 52368-2005 kunye nenani cetane ngaphezulu kwe-51, a sulphur engaphantsi kwama-10 mg / kg, a flashpoint ka-55 ° C, ezixineneyo ku ezahlukene 820 ukuya 845 kg / cu. m kunye nobushushu filterability ukusuka thabatha 5 dibanisa 20 ° C.

Kwanokuba ifanisa iiseha ezimbini zokuqala, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukugqiba ukuba ukungathotyelwa GOST 305-2013 idiesel iimfuno zale mihla zokusingqongileyo.

iimfuno zokhuseleko

Ngenxa diesel - ulwelo olunokutsha, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko inkxalabo, kuqala, ukuba ukukhusela kwimililo. Kuthatha% 3 kuphela kunyuka iyonke emoyeni egumbini ukuze bandiqumbise ukwanda. Ngoko ke, iimfuno eliphezulu ngenxa yokuvalwa izixhobo kunye nezixhobo. EziKhuselweyo run kweentambo nokulayita imidlalo, izixhobo zisetyenziswa kuphela ngabo akufaneleki nokuba zidale ngengozi.

Kubalulekile ukuba ukuthobela imimiselo yokhuseleko kunye nemiqathango yokugcina amafutha emoto ayekwi njengako GOST 305-82 (2013) ezi ukufunda iqondo lobushushu kwi ubuchule, kunokutshiseka.

mark fuel	Autoignition lobushushu, ° C	Umda lobushushu ucinezelo, ° C
		phezulu	engezansi
Summer, off-ngexesha	300	119	69
ebusika	310	105	62
Arctic	330	100	57

Kuyinto ebalulekileyo amanyathelo okhuseleko kunye neemeko obushushu kwiindawo zokugcina ixesha elide amawaka eetoni diesel, umzekelo izityalo ngamandla.

Ukubalula for ephehla diesel

Diesel izityalo amandla namhlanje ukusebenzisa amafutha ngokutsho GOST 305-82. Izixhobo ezi isethi zombini imveliso yasekhaya kunye angaphandle.

abenzi angaphandle musa ukuncoma, kodwa musa thintela ukusetyenziswa amafutha emoto ayekwi GOST 305-82 (2013) kunye sulphur eliphezulu 0.5% ne-0.4%.

Umzekelo, inkampani FGWilson Kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise kwelingaphezulu analunye onke amabakala zepetroli kunye nenani cetane ka-45, kukho sulphur elingekho ngaphezulu kwe-0.2%, amanzi kunye additive --0.05%, ukuba ukuxinana 0,835 - 0,855 kg / imitha cubic. DM. Ezi mpawu bahambelana uhlobo amafutha I GOST 305-82 (2013).

Imvumelwano sonikezelo amafutha emoto ayekwi le mveliso kufuneka ukuba ukhankanye iipropati yayo physico-chemical: Inombolo cetane, ukuxinana, viscosity, flash ngongoma, sulphur, isiqulatho uthuthu. ukungcola mechanical namanzi akamkelekanga ngalo lonke.

Ukukhangela umgangatho amafutha kunikelwa kwaye imbalelwano iimpawu zayo imida asibeka karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba okuqulethwe ukungcola ezingafunekiyo kunye flashpoint. Ukuba ezizuzwa izixhobo kwenzeka kunye namacandelo zabo ngokunzima ezigugileyo, sizimisele kunye nezinye iparameters.

GOST 305-82 lixesha kwaye endaweni, kodwa uxwebhu olutsha, oqale ukusebenza ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-2015, akukabikho nto ingako itshintshileyo Iimfuno iinjini diesel-high speed. Mhlawumbi ngenye imini izibaso wavalwa ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kodwa namhlanje isetyenziswe izityalo amandla kunye zikaloliwe idizili, enzima izithuthi zomkhosi kunye nezithuthi ezikhulu zezorhwebo, leyo park zigcinwe ukususela kwimihla eSoviet Union.