Amagquma aseMagmatic

Namhlanje, amatye angabonakaliyo athatyathwa njengamatye aqhelekileyo, apho i-akhawunti engama-65% yemali epheleleyo yomhlaba. Ezi zinto zenziwa kwi-magma egazini kwaye ziphumo ze-crystallization.

Amadwala aseMagmatic kunye nendlela yokwenza kwabo

Akusiyo imfihlelo emibilini yomhlaba ikhona i-magma, into ebonakalayo eneentlanzi eziqukethe iinkqubo ezinobunzima be-silicate ezichithwe ngegesi kunye nomphunga wamanzi. Iqondo lokushisa kwe-magma ecikiweyo kwiindawo ezinokuba yi-1200 degrees Celsius. Njengomphumo weendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-geological (umzekelo, ukungafani kwamacwecwe e-tectonic, ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic), i-magma ecikiweyo iyahamba emhlabeni.

Njengoko iqondo lokushisa lemveliso ye-magmatic iphakama, inkqubo yokudibanisa kunye nokwenziwa kwamaminerali amasha kwenzeka. Okokuqala, izinto ezinokuqhaqhazelayo zidibanisa-ezi zi-amphiboles kunye ne-pyroxenes. Oku kwenzeka kude kube nzima ukuba umlingo ugqitywe ube ngxondorha elichasayo.

Amadwala aseMagmatic kunye nesakhiwo sabo

Amatye ahluke kwizakhiwo zawo, ezixhomekeke kakhulu kwijubane apho i-magma iqinisa khona. Ukuba iqondo liphosa ngokukhawuleza, ukunyuka ukusuka ngaphakathi komhlaba, oku kubangela ukubunjwa kwamakristali amakhulu. Kodwa ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kunika umphumo ochaseneyo - ama-crystals amancinci akhiwa.

Kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukunyuka nokupholisa i-magma kuxutywe. Ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu be-crystals, amatye angabikho ahlukeneyo:

• Ukuba nesakhiwo sezolimo - ziquka iikristali ezilingana nobukhulu obufanayo (umzekelo, i-plutonic);
• Ukuba nesakhiwo esinqununu - senziwe ngamakristal of size.

Ukwahlulelwa kwamatye angabonakaliyo ngendlela yokuqhuma kunye nokupholisa i-magma:

1. I-Massive - yenziwe kwimeko apho i-magma iqhuma kumlambo oqhubekayo. Phakathi kwezinye iintlobo zezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• I-magma enzulu iphosa phezulu. Apha ungabandakanya i-diorite kunye ne-granite;
• Ikhutshwe - i-magma iphosi ephezulu yomhlaba (porphyrite, basalt).

2. Amadwala e-volcanic rock - igama ngokwayo libonisa ukuba i-magma ivela njani ngaphakathi kwimimandla yomhlaba. Amadwala aqhotyoshelweyo aphuphuma ngendlela yokutshiza kunye nokuphala, ukupholisa emoyeni. Ezi zi:

• Amatye alahlekileyo (isanti ye-volcanic kunye nomlotha);
• I-Cemented (umzekelo, i-volcanic tuff).

Amadwala aseMagmatic kunye nokubunjwa kwawo kwemineralogical

Kuza kubekho, kukho iindidi ezine eziphambili zamaminerali. Cishe yonke idwala elimagmatic liqukethe. Ezi zi:

• I-Quartz iyiminerali equkethe i-crystalline silica. Ezi zi-cryptic opaque kunye neklasi yeklasi. Inkunkuma ayimelana nempembelelo yendalo kwaye ayichaphazeleka ngama-acid (ngaphandle kwe-hydrofluoric).
• I-Feldspar - iqela elikhulu leemaminerali, ezibonakala ngezantsi (xa kuthelekiswa ne-quartz) ubunzima kunye nokucoca okugqibeleleyo. Ziboniswe kwiimithunzi ezikhanyayo zembala eyahlukileyo. I-Field feldspars idla ngokuhlukana kwi-plagioclases kunye ne-orthoclases. Ezi zimbiwa zilula ngokulula, zijika zibe ngodongwe.
• UMika uyisityeli kunye nokucoca okugqibeleleyo kunye neqondo eliphantsi lobunzima. Abameli abaqhelekileyo beli qela yi-muscovite (i-mica ecacileyo) kunye ne-biotite (abamnyama). Ukuba ilitye liqukethe umthamo omkhulu we-mica, iipropati zayo zenzeke kakhulu.
• I-Pyroxenes kunye ne-amphiboles zenziwe ngamaminerali anezityalo ezifanayo. Njengomthetho, ezi zi-sidiyiti ze-magnesium okanye i-salts i- calcium kunye ne-magnesium.

Amadwala aseMagmatic ahluke kakhulu ukusuka kwiindawo ezinqabileyo zenziwe ngamakhemikhali awo: ziqukethe ii-silicates okanye i-aluminosilicates.