Amabutho - amaNdiya Intshona Melika: inani kunye noluhlu wesizwe

Imbali yabantu bomthonyama of the Americas izele, ndinako ezifihlakeleyo, kodwa kube buhlungu kakhulu. Oku kusebenza ngokukodwa ukuba amaNdiya nakuMntla Melika, la mazwe ezinyanya ukuba kudala lunikezwe kubantu babucala yi-US Federal Government. Indlela abantu abaninzi bomthonyama belizwekazi North American basweleka ngenxa amazwe ugonyamelo ayaziwa unanamhla. Abanye abaphandi bathi ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, amaIndiya phezu imimandla yangoku US ihlalwa kwezigidi ezili-15, yaye ngowe-1900 abazange ngaphezulu kwama 237 000 abantu.

Wabalasela libali abo endingawaziyo phantsi kwegama "amaNdiya". AmaNdiya le ndlu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo sisizwe esikhulu kwaye womelele, kodwa ngoku okuseleyo kubo kancinane. Kwelinye icala, i-Dutch kunye uncedo British ekuqaleni wawavumela kakhulu ukomeleza indawo yayo ... kodwa xa imfuneko amaNdiya unyamalele, baza baqalisa ukutshabalalisa mercilessly.

ulwazi olusisiseko

Ngoko ke wabiza amaNdiya North America, ngoku siphila ithi esemantla Canada. Igama elithi "Wide" kwi Lexicon yezizwe asebumelwaneni athetha "Vipera", nto leyo ibonisa ukuba imfazwe amaNdiya yokuqala, ukuthambekela wabo cebo kunye nolwazi olunzulu ngamaqhinga zomkhosi. Akumangalisi ke, amaNdiya kwakusoloko ukuba kube kakhulu nabamelwane yayo yonke, abaya nyanya yaye boyika ngokuphandle. Okwangoku eUnited States naseKhanada likhaya kubameli 120 lamawaka esizweni.

Ekuqaleni isizwe lomqolo lisuka kwi St. Lawrence River ukuya Hudson Strait. Ngokwahlukileyo inkolelo ethandwayo, i amaNdiya - amaNdiya kuphela silwe kodwa kakhulu nzima-yokusebenza, njengoko kufuneka libe kwinqanaba lezikolo sele iphuhlisiwe isityalo, baba nasekuthwaseni izilwanyana.

Kungenzeka, le isizwe waba ngowokuqala ukuba angene wadibana baseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-16. Ngeli xesha, uninzi amaNdiya North America iye yanyamalala idangatye kwiimfazwe rhoqo lwangaphakathi. Noko ke, le ukukhunjulwa kwabo bahlala nangoku. Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "Canada" livela ulwimi Laurentian amaNdiya.

Amabutho indlela yokuphila

Lo mbutho kwezentlalo wesizwe - umzekelo iphawulekayo matriarchy tribal yakuqala, kodwa ugqatso sisasetyenziswayo yonganyelwe yindoda. Intsapho yayihlala kwindlu elide wakhonza yokuzimela kwizizukulwana ezininzi. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi zindlu lalibhekisela amashumi eminyaka, kodwa kwenzeka ukuba amabutho Wayehlala endlwini enye ezilikhulu iminyaka okanye ngaphezulu.

Eyona misebenzi iphambili ye-amaNdiya wayezingela nokuloba. Abameli wesizwe ababandakanyekayo ekuveliseni njengezikhumbuzo okanye ingqesho. Nazo ekuthengisweni iingobozi zemveli kunye namaso ngamaso mahle kakhulu, yaye ithandwa kangaka (ingakumbi abakhenkethi).

Xa isizwe amaNdiya waba kwincopho bamandla ayo, amalungu ayo ayehlala emizaneni amaninzi kunoko, esiya kuba ukuya ku 'izindlu elide "20. Sazama uzibeke compact, ukukhetha ezo iziqwenga zomhlaba ukuba angakulungeli wokufama. Nangona ubutshantliziyo kunye rhoqo ngenkohlakalo, le amaNdiya badla kukhethwa iindawo emizaneni yabo entle kakhulu kwaye ezintle.

Education Confederation

Ehlabathini 1570 kummandla kufuphi Lake Ontario wabonakala kumiswa ezinzileyo zezizwe amaNdiya, apho kamva yaziwa ngokuba "amaNdiya Union." Noko ke, abameli wesizwe bathi prerequisite yokuqala ukuvela olu hlobo lwemfundo yavela ngenkulungwane ye-12. Ekuqaleni Confederation wawuquka ezisixhenxe izizwe amaNdiya. Wonke Inkokeli kukho isizwe Indian babenamalungelo alinganayo kwiintlanganiso, kodwa ngexesha lemfazwe nangoku kunyulwa "ukumkani".

Ngeli thuba, yonke imizana zonke amaNdiya zaye kodwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba bazikhusele zokuhlaselwa abamelwane bayo, ukukhusela lali udonga eshinyeneyo. Amaxesha amaninzi aba iindonga omkhulu ezakhiwe iinkuni tsolo kwimiqolo emibini, ekhefu phakathi kwabo wambu emhlabeni. Ingxelo ngu wevangeli French, kukho wakukhankanya "sisixeko" le amaNdiya zezindlu 50 elide kakhulu, ngalinye yaba inqaba ngokwenene. abafazi amabutho waba nabantwana, amadoda abazibandakanya ekuzingeleni kunye nokulwa.

zokuhlala kwabantu

Kwiilali eninzi indawo ukuya ku amawaka amane abantu. Ekupheleni lokusekwa Confederation of isidingo sokukhusela lupheliswe ngokupheleleyo, ekubeni ngexesha i amaNdiya kutshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo bonke abamelwane bayo. Kulo mzekelo, lali baqalisa ukuhlala compact ngakumbi, ukuze xa kuyimfuneko, unako ubuthe ngokukhawuleza onke amaqhawe wesizwe. Noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-17 ezi amaNdiya kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukutshintsha indawo nemizi yazo rhoqo.

Into yokuba ukusetyenziswa ngokumosha imihlaba neziphumo luya zazo ngokukhawuleza, yaye sinethemba lokuba iinkampani zomkhosi isenokuba isiqhamo bekungasoloko kunjalo.

Relations kunye Dutch

Ehlabathini 17 kule ngingqi, kukho abameli ezininzi iinkampani zorhwebo Dutch. Kokusekwa into yokuqala, Bayifaka neentlobano zorhwebo kunye nezizwe ezininzi, kodwa ingakumbi Dutch ziyajongwa ingxoxo kunye amaNdiya. Uninzi bamathanga yaseYurophu abanomdla beaver uboya. Kodwa apha kukho ingxaki enye: beaver zemigodi waba anoburhalarhume kangangokuba kungekudala ezi zilwanyana ngokubonakalayo yaphela yonke indawo elawulwa amaNdiya.

Ke Dutch wabhenela amaqhinga kunokuba elula, kodwa nobunzima kakhulu, bona baba ngamandla igalelo ukwandiswa kummandla amaNdiya, obefake akazange wona.

Ukususela kowe-1630 ukuya kwiminyaka 1700 ngenxa yesi sizathu lwaqhaqhazela iimfazwe rhoqo, eyaziwa ngokuba "beaver". kwenziwa njani oku? Yinto elula. Abameli eNetherlands, nangona kokuvalwa esemthethweni, ngokuyintabalala Indian emanyene imipu zabo, wompu kunye bakhokele.

ukwanda wamagazi

Yi noluphakathi 25 amawaka abantu kwenkulungwane ye-17 isizwe amaNdiya. Oku ngaphantsi kakhulu kunenani zezizwe angabamelwane. yayiziimfazwe nezifo eleza bamathanga baseYurophu, oluikhawuleza kakhulu ukunciphisa inani labo. Nangona kunjalo, i Federation nangoko wathulula abameli izizwe yoyiswa kubo, ngoko ke yokwaliwa offset ngokuyinxenye. Bevangeli waseFransi wabhala ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-18 phakathi "amaNdiya" waba yobudenge ukuzama ukushumayela, esebenzisa ulwimi ophambili wesizwe, njengoko kuphela-yesithathu (kwi best) amaIndiya babeyazi loo nto. Oku kubonisa ukuba iminyaka engamakhulu kuphela amaNdiya zaye phantse zatshatyalaliswa, yaye Netherlands wahlala ngokusesikweni ngokupheleleyo "uhlambulukile."

Ekubeni amabutho - amaNdiya imfazwe kakhulu, ukuba mhlawumbi kuqala ukuqonda uhlobo amandla ngokwayo uphethe ntoni umpu. Zithanda ukuba silisebenzise isimbo "yabanqolobi", besebenza neeyunithi ezincinane mobile. Iintshaba wathi maqela "kugqitha ehlathini njengenyoka okanye mpungutye, ngoxa yigesi inaudible, agwaze bubugwala apha ngasemva".

Xa ehlathini, amaNdiya waziva namaqhinga enkulu yaye babe nolwazi kunye nokusetyenziswa kompu ezinamandla kwakhokelela ekubeni into yokuba amaqela amancinane wesizwe ukufezekisa impumelelo ebalaseleyo emkhosini.

ngeenyawo ixesha elide

Kungekudala amaNdiya iintloko intloko ekugqibeleni ubeye "beaver umkhuhlane", yaye bathumela amajoni nakumazwe kude-off, apho emzimbeni nje akwazi ukuba nayiphi nomdla amaNdiya. Kodwa kule ndawo yabo Dutch. Ngenxa yoko ngakumbi ukwanda emazweni amaNdiya kwandiswa ukuya kummandla Great Lakes. Kuyinto ezi zizwe kakhulu onoxanduva yokuba abekwezo ndawo baqalisa qhuma kakhulu iingxabano ngenxa zokwanda olomeleleyo. Le yokugqibela kuvela ngenxa yokuba amaIndiya ebalekayo watshabalalisa izizwe amaNdiya babaleka ngenxa yokoyika, nawuphi na umhlaba simahla kubo.

Enyanisweni, lo gama izizwe ezininzi zatshatyalaliswa, uninzi lwazo watshabalala akukho lwazi kwaphela. abaphandi abaninzi phakathi amaNdiya bakholelwa ukuba ngelo xesha yasinda Huron kuphela. Lonke eli xesha zange ayeke izakhi Dutch amaNdiya imali, izixhobo kunye kwazo.

sokubala

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 kulo mmandla kwafika amaNgesi, ngokukhawuleza andigweqe okhuphisana zaseYurophu. Baqala ke ukuba ukufumana ezinye "ngobuchule." I-British walungelelanisa ekuthiwa ukoyisa le league, esibandakanya zonke izizwe eseleyo ngaphambili axhatshazwe yi amaNdiya. umsebenzi League unikezelo rhoqo beaver uboya. Ngokwabo uYarebhi amabutho amaNdiya, inkcubeko ogama ngelo xesha yonakele kakhulu, atyeka kamsinya ibe oonogada eziqhelekileyo kunye nabaqokeleli-rhafu.

Ngenkulungwane 17-18, amandla qu kuba oku buthathaka kakhulu, kodwa baqhubeka iyingozi umkhosi wamajoni engayiwayo kule ngingqi. UK, usebenzisa ubutyebi yamava oliqhophololo, wakwazi ukuba badlale ngawo amaNdiya kunye isiFrentshi. Okokuqala nako ukwenza phantse wonke umsebenzi op ukugxothwa lokugqibela sikhuphisana British nabarhwebi evela Yehlabathi Elitsha.

Le amabutho wasayina ezabo isigwebo sokufa, ekubeni babe engeyomfuneko. Bavalelwa nje ezinabantu ngaphambili, eshiya ukuba baphile kuphela kwintsimi yabo yokuqala, kufutshane St. Lawrence River. Ukongeza, ngenkulungwane ye-18, ahlukana angabikho kwisizwe Mingo, ngakumbi buthathaka amaNdiya.

Igalelo lokugcina

oonozakuzaku British nangoku musa wahlala phezu ezandleni zabo, kwaye ngexesha lemfazwe kunye United States omtsha bacenga zangaphambili "nabo" bakhe kwakhona ukuba kwicala labo. Loo yokugqibela, kodwa impazamo ezimbi amaNdiya. Jikelele Sullivan wahamba ejikeleza ilizwe labo ngomlilo nangekrele. Iintsalela yesizwe kanye enamandla saa kwi ugcino eUnited States naseKhanada. Kuphela kanye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abameli yokugqibela abantu engasekho kakhulu ufukame indlala kunye nezifo rhoqo.

Namhlanje, i amaNdiya - azikho amaNdiya uYarebhi kunjalo, kodwa kunoko 'unekhono "kwimibandela yezomthetho. Bahlale izithakazelo zabo zonke iinkundla, efuna yokuvuma ukuba ukusebenzisa i-Federal Government of ilizwe labo. Noko ke, impumelelo izenzo zabo kusahleli kwamathandabuzo enkulu.

Kutheni isizwe ezifana negama elibi?

I Fenimor Kuper ekhankanywe ngasentla lalimele amabutho amaNdiya njengendawo abantu abakhohlakeleyo kakhulu kwaye sonakele, owahlukileyo kubo with "Delaware amanene." Loo uvavanyo - bias isampula, kwaye ucaciswe nje. Inyaniso yokuba Delaware inxaxheba emfazweni nxamnye Great Britain kwicala US, kwaye amaNdiya balwa kwicala le British. Sekunjalo, Cooper tye ngeendlela ezininzi.

Idla kwakusenziwa amaNdiya ukuziqhelanisa intshabalalo epheleleyo abachasi bakhe, kuquka ezo ntsana. "Yena uyazithanda" maqhawe wesizwe kunye ngenkohlakalo batyakatywa, abo abaqhuba elide ngaphambi kokufika abaMhlophe. Ukongeza, udumo lwabo olubi - hola kakhulu njengoko amaNdiya alukawaqondi nayiphi ngcamango ezobulungisa ngokuphathelele kubabandezeli ezinokwenzeka.

Perfidy njengendlela yokuphila

Kukho iimeko xa bagqiba izivumelwano uxolo kunye nezizwe ezingabamelwane, aze emva koko bancwela ngokupheleleyo phantsi kwekhwapha ebusuku. lungasetyenziswa kule ityhefu. Ekuqondeni izizwe ezingabamelwane Ngokwesiqhelo - nokuhluthwa kubi izithethe nokuchasa umthetho.

Umbhali-mbali Francis Parkman, kuhle ukuba amaNdiya, umgaqo, waqokelela eninzi kobungqina ngokubanzi, hayi nje kuphela mu isiko (nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba phantse zonke izizwe Indian ngokubanzi), kodwa kwakhona amatyala abantu "esiqhelekileyo" ukutya. Akumangalisi ke, amaNdiya Confederation, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, akazange asebenzise zithandwa kakhulu phakathi abamelwane.