Alexei Gorky. Esiye Gorky. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov: biography, ubuchule

Ukuba ubuza: "Nithini na nina ngaye umsebenzi Alekseya Gorkogo", bambalwa kakhulu abantu baya kuba nako ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Kwaye akukho kuba aba bantu abakwazi ukufunda, nangenxa yokuba ingengabo bonke nazi, khumbula ukuba lo mbhali ezaziwayo-kakuhle Mxim Gorky. Ukuba ugqiba ekubeni ngakumbi nzima umsebenzi, cela malunga imisebenzi Alekseya Peshkova. Apha kanye nje ezimbalwa ziya khumbula ukuba igama lokwenyani Alekseya Gorkogo. Kwaba nje umbhali kodwa ube nani zoluntu esebenzayo. Njengoko usazi, siza kujolisa umbhali wesizwe ngokwenene - Mxim Gorky.

Abantwana nolutsha

Iminyaka yobomi Gorky (Peshkov) Alekseya Maksimovicha - 1868-1936. Beza kwixesha ebalulekileyo yembali. Biography Alekseya Gorkogo ziziganeko, ukuqalela uninzi esengumntwana. Le dolophu ikhaya umbhali ukuba Nizhny Novgorod. Uyise, Mxim Peshkov, andilisebenziseli inkampani kwinqanawa, wafa xa wayeneminyaka engama-3 kuphela ubudala. Emva kokufa unina indoda Alesha watshata. Akufanelekile, xa wayeneminyaka eli-11 ubudala. Imfundo ye Alexei oselula eganiweyo uyisemkhulu.

Njengoko nenkwenkwe eneminyaka eli-11 ubudala, umbhali ikamva "yiya kubantu" - kaloku isonka. Ngubani owenza nje ayisebenzi: kwakukho ngumbhaki, isithunywa osebenza evenkileni, kukho njengesicocisi endaweni yokudlela. Mu kuya kwa nshita uyisemkhulu wayesemva, ugogo umfazi elungileyo kunye ikholwa kunye ukubalisa enkulu. Yaba yena owafaka Maksimu Gorkomu uthando lokufunda.

Ngowe-1887, umbhali uzama ukwenza ukuzibulala, apho uya ukuqhagamshela kunye iimvakalelo zemvula yi iindaba ukufa kamakhulu wakhe. Ngethamsanqa, wasinda - bullet zange hit intliziyo, kodwa imiphunga ezonakeleyo, nto leyo eyabangela iingxaki kunye isixokelelwano sokuphefumla.

Ubomi umbhali elizayo kwakunzima, yaye nako ukuma, wabaleka wemka ekhaya. Inkwenkwe ukuhambahamba kakhulu elizweni jikelele, babone inyaniso yobomi, kodwa wakwazi ngokungummangaliso ukugcina ukholo kwi Man efanelekileyo. Uchaza ubomi bakhe lwabantwana endlwini uyisemkhulu yakhe "yaBantwana" - inxalenye yokuqala trilogy yakhe ngokuphila kwakhe.

Ngowe-1884, Alexei Gorky wazama ukuba angene University of Kazan, kodwa ngenxa yemeko yabo zemali ziya kwazi ukuba oku akunakwenzeka. Ngeli xesha, umbhali elizayo uqala ukuba eziphumela ukuya bulumko naye, ngokutsho apho, indoda egqibeleleyo akafani indoda yokwenene. Kwangaxeshanye, wayedibana theory abangabaxhasi bakaMarx waza waba lweli iingcamango ezintsha.

Imbonakalo isibizo

Ngowe-1888, umbhali ixesha elifutshane ixesha wabanjwa ngenxa ngokunxulumene kwisangqa abangabaxhasi bakaMarx N. Fedoseyev. Ngowe-1891 wagqiba ekubeni aqale uhambo nge Russia yaye ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukufikelela neCaucasus. Aleksey Maksimovich njalo inxaxheba kwimfundo-self, ukonga ze bandise ulwazi lwabo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Wavuma ukwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi kunye bonke yamonga ngeembono zabo, baze emva koko wabonakala kumabali yakhe yokuqala. Emva koko, wabiza eli xesha i "University My".

Ngowe-1982, Gorky babuyela kumakhaya abo benze amanyathelo yokuqala endle yoncwadi njengoko ngumbhali iintlelo eziliqela yephondo. Kuba okokuqala gama lakhe "Gorky" Wabonakala mnyaka kwiphephandaba "Tiflis", nayo ke ibali lakhe "Makar Chudra".

Lesiqhulo akazange ezikhethwe ithuba: wayebhekisela 'okrakra' ubomi Russian kunye nento yokuba umbhali uza kubhala kuphela inyaniso, akukho nokuba kukrakra kusenokuba. Esiye Gorky wabona ubomi babantu eziqhelekileyo ababa ne yokugcina uphawu lwalo ngoyaba ingcinezelo ibe phezu inxalenye iiklasi atyebileyo.

umsebenzi Early nempumelelo

Alexei Gorky bamatasa kukhohliswa, kuba yena waye phantsi kweliso lomgadi amapolisa. Ndikunye Korolenko ngo-1895 ibali lakhe "Chelkash" yashicilelwa kwiphephancwadi enkulu Russian. Emva ezazibhalwe "Endala Isergil", "Ingoma Ukhetshe," "owayesakuba abantu". Zazingekho ingakumbi ukusuka kwindawo zoncwadi lwembono, kodwa kakuhle ngokuhambelana iimbono ezintsha kwezopolitiko.

Ngowe-1898 wakhulula incwadi yakhe "Izincoko kunye Amabali", apho waba nempumelelo enkulu, yaye Mxim Gorky amkelwa zonke-Russian. Vumela amabali bakhe baba zobugcisa kakhulu, kodwa ke ezotywe ubomi abantu abaqhelekileyo, ukusuka ezantsi bakhe owakunyusayo ingqalelo Alekseyu Peshkovu njengoko kuphela umbhali ubhala malunga neklasi asezantsi. Ngelo xesha, kwaba ithandwa njengokuba L. N. Tolstoy kunye A. P. Chehov.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1904 ukuya 1907 kubhaliwe kwathiwa umdlalo "AmaFilisti", "ezinzulwini Lower", "Abantwana Sun", "Summer Folk". imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala lwalungekho uhlenga ekuhlaleni, kodwa abalinganiswa kufuneka iintlobo zabo abalinganiswa kunye nesimo sengqondo okhethekileyo ebomini, efana kakhulu abafundi.

umsebenzi mbuso

Umbhali Alexei Gorky yaba mxhasi wangumququzeleli le idemokhrasi kwezentlalo abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, yaye ngowe-1901 wabhala "Wengoma uvuthuzayo petrel", nto leyo ebizwa inguquko. Kuba ukukhuthazwa amanyathelo evulekileyo olululo, wabanjwa kwaye zisuswa Nizhny Novgorod. Ngowe-1902, Gorky wadibana ne nguLenin kunyaka omnye wonyulo lwakhe njengelungu le-Imperial Academy of belles-lettres irhoxisiwe.

Umbhali Kwakhona ngumququzeleli olukhulu; ukususela ngo 1901 yena intloko yendlu epapasha "Ulwazi", nayo ababhali ilungileyo kwexesha. Wayezixhasa lo mbuso kuphela ngokomoya, kodwa ngokwezimali. Indlu ye umbhali esetyenziswa njenge-ofisi enkulu ukuba abalweli phambi iziganeko ezibalulekileyo. Xa egumbini lakhe eSt Petersburg wada wathetha uLenin. Emva kokuba December uphakamo abaxhobileyo ngo-1905 Maksim Gorky ngenxa yokoyika ukubanjwa ngelo xesha, wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye eRussia.

Ukuhlala kwelinye

Alexei Gorky waya Finland ukusuka apho - ukuya eNtshona Yurophu ne-United States, apho waqokelela imali ukulwa iiBolsheviks. Ekuqaleni, kwaqubisana naye amiably: Umbhali svol iyazazi Theodore Roosevelt noMarko Twain. E Melika, lushicilelwa kwinoveli odumileyo "umama". Noko ke, kamva, amaMelika baqalisa bakucaphukele izenzo zakhe zezopolitiko.

Kweli thuba ukususela ngo1906 ukuya 1907, Gorky owayehlala kwisiqithi Capri, apho laqhubeka ukuxhasa iiBolsheviks. Kwangaxeshanye, kuko okwadala ukuba ingcamango ekhethekileyo "thixo-isakhiwo". Le mbono yokuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nezenkcubeko kubaluleke ngaphezu kwezopolitiko. Le ngcamango yaba sisiseko 'bavume' yenoveli. Nangona uLenin wamala ezi nkolelo, umbhali waqhubeka ukubalandela.

Buyela ku Russia

Ngowe-1913, Aleksey Maksimovich wabuyela kwilizwe labo. Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, yena waphulukana nokholo kumandla womntu. Ngowe-1917, ulwalamano lwakhe kunye abalweli saxabana ke, wadana xa iinkokheli revolution.

Kukrakra uyaqonda ukuba yonke imizamo yakhe ukugcina koongqondo aziyithobeli Asabela iiBolsheviks. Kodwa emva kokubulawa Lenin ngo-1918, iyakuqonda iinkolelo zabo ephosakeleyo ize ibuyiselwe iiBolsheviks. Ngo-1921, nangona kwintlanganiso buqu kunye Lenin, yena ngokwakhe akanako ukuzisindisa kuzo ekwenzeni nomhlobo wakhe, imbongi UNikolai Gumilyov. Emva koko, washiya yamaBolshevik Russia.

re-izwe

Ngokunxulumene ekomelezeni yokuhlaselwa sisifo sephepha kwi uLenin isicelo ngokutsha Gorky washiya eRashiya eItali, kwisixeko Sorrento. Apho egqibile trilogy yakhe ngokuphila kwakhe. Elubhacweni, umbhali ukuya ku-1928, kodwa gqolo ukugcina abafowunelwa kunye eSoviet Union.

Lowo ushiya akukho msebenzi ezoncwadi, kodwa wabhala sele ngokuhambelana lweentsingiselo ezintsha zoncwadi. Kude nekhaya wabhala incwadi ethi "I Artamonov Business" amabali. Kuye kwaqalwa umsebenzi omkhulu "The Life of Klim Samgin 'ukuba umbhali akazange abe nexesha ukugqiba. Ngokunxulumene kokufa Lenin, Gorky wabhala incwadi iinkumbulo malunga yinkokeli.

Buyela ekhaya, kwaye kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe

Alexei Gorky uhambo eziliqela eSoviet Union, kodwa abazange bahlale. Ngowe-1928, xa uhambo kweli lizwe, waboniswa icala "phambi" lobomi. Umbhali ancome babhala izincoko kwi eSoviet Union.

Ngowe-1931 wabuyela eSoviet Union okulungileyo kwi simemo kukaStalin. Aleksey Maksimovich waqhubeka ukubhala, kodwa imisebenzi yakhe badumisa umfanekiso kukaStalin kunye neenkokheli yonke, ndingasathethi malunga zocindezelo ezininzi. Kakade ke, le miba ayizange sihambelane umbhali, kodwa ke ngelo xesha iingxelo zichasene kwabasemagunyeni, hayi kunyanyezelwa.

Ngowe-1934, nyana Gorky ufelwa, nangoJuni 18, 1936 phantsi kweemeko twisisaka, uyafa phambi kokuphela Mxim Gorky. Uhambo lokugqibela umbhali yesizwe wabona yonke njengeenkokheli lizwe. I ingqayi kunye nothuthu bakhe waza wangcwatywa eludongeni yesicelo.

Iimpawu wena Maksima Gorkogo

umsebenzi wakhe ihlukile ukuba kwisithuba ekuweni yongxowankulu, wakwazi ukudlulisela ngokucacileyo imeko kuluntu ngokusebenzisa inkcazelo abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngapha koko, akukho namnye phambi kwakhe akazange achaze iinkcukacha enjalo kubomi Ingxenye oluntu. Yiyo le nyaniso abaze yabasebenzi efunyenweyo uthando yabantu kuye.

kunokubonwa imisebenzi yakhe ekuqaleni ukholo lwakhe emntwini, wayekholelwa ukuba umntu ngoncedo ubomi bakhe bokomoya ukwenza uguquko. Esiye Gorky wakwazi ukudibanisa inyaniso bakrakra nokholo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Kwaye ke olu dibaniso eyenza umsebenzi wakhe okhethekileyo, amagorha - ekhumbulekayo, yaye uninzi umbhali Gorky ukusebenza.