"'93", uHugo: isishwankathelo abalinganiswa abaphambili, uhlalutyo. Roman "Bangama-ezintathu"

Emva kokupapashwa noveli odumileyo "Les Miserables" ngo-1862, uViktor Gyugo wacinga anjengokubhala elinye, akukho ngaphantsi omkhulu-scale isebenza. Le ncwadi wadalwa iminyaka elishumi elide. nemiba ixesha yachaphazela kwinoveli ''93 "Hugo. Isishwankathelo imisebenzi yokugqibela umbhali French mkhulu ichazwe kweli nqaku.

History of indalo

Yintoni ndixelelwa kwinoveli ''93' Hugo? Isishwankathelo imveliso enikwe ngasezantsi. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba uqale, umele uthi amagama ambalwa malunga ngembali kokubhalwa kwinoveli. Isiseko saya zeziganeko zembali ezibalulekileyo 1793. Noko ke, awabasondezayo yi ingcamango yombhali oko kwenzeka eFransi ebudeni kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba - ezizezi War Franco-Prussia kunye Paris Thethani. Ngenxa yoko, xa umsebenzi wobugcisa "Isalathiswana-Ezintathu" uViktor Gyugo wavakalisa iimbono zakhe ngokuyinxenye kwi imeko yezopolitiko ezazikho kwilizwe lakhe kule minyaka 1870-1871.

Kwenzeka ntoni kwixesha xa umbhali ayigqibe imfundo yakhe yakutshanje inoveli zembali? Emva kokuba kwenziwe isivumelwano soxolo ne-Prussia izixholoxholo yaqala, nto leyo mbuso yaphumela ekusekweni kwe self-government. Sagcina iintsuku ezingamashumi asixhenxe anesibini. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ingcamango inoveli "Isalathiswana-Ezintathu" weza umbhali iminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kokuba isiganeko ngasentla. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba imeko enzima kwelo lizwe, ukudalwa indalo elandelayo yalibaziseka ixesha elide. Ingcamango kwinoveli, leyo ekuqaleni akazange abe yakhiwe ecacileyo, ekugqibeleni emva kokuba kuphazamiseka yentlalo nezopolitiko 1870-1872 kaThixo.

A wobugcisa yamabali yezembali

Xa kuziwa kudidi ezifana neencwadi malunga French Revolution, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukhankanywa nje umsebenzi French Romanticism kasolusapho. Ezi ziganeko kanye wabhala uAleksandr Dyuma. Banikezela imisebenzi yabo kubaphandi abaninzi amazwe Russian. Noko ke, nembali kunye noncwadi kakhulu ixabiso le ncwadi i "'93" Hugo. Isishwankathelo ukusebenza - ngokuqinisekileyo hayi kuphela ukutshintshwa iziganeko zezopolitiko ezibalulekileyo kwababezikhonza njengoko ezibonakalayo ukuze sebali. Oku balakha kwakhona ibali bayahlelwa abalinganiswa abaphambili. Ngoko ke, apho inoveli iqala, "'93 'Hugo?

Into eyenzeka kweli bali: ihlathi Sodreysky

Le noveli imiselwe ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1793. Paris nomkhosi, ukuqhuba kwesimo e ehlathini Sodreyskom, wayelungele nayiphi na imiba. Ngapha koko, ezi iindawo Ndandithandana kabuhlungu udumo. Umbhali ebizwa Sodreysky ihlathi ndawo uNksz ehlabathini. Ngenxa yokuba apha ukuba iinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba iziganeko ezichazwe kwi inoveli "Isalathiswana-Ezintathu", bekukho ngoomabonw yokuqala imfazwe yobukhaya. Xa ehlathini Sodreyskom ndonwabile seluxolweni intaka kuzingela. Ngokunxulumene iziganeko yezopolitiko eParis, yonke into yatshintsha. I inoveli "Isalathiswana-Ezintathu 'esichaza ixesha xa ezi amabala ezintle kuthwalelwa phandle inqina enogonyamelo.

Amajoni kunye markitanka lokuhamba nabo, weva lenzwinini ibitheni kwi ematyholweni. Babekulungele ukudubula. Noko ke, kwenzeka ukuba lo mfazi ezimela ematyholweni of Sasungulwa imvelaphi kunye nabantwana bakhe abathathu. Ngokutsho imithetho lemfazwe ungonwabi abaqalise imibuzo. Kufuneka afumanise ukuba iinkolelo zopolitiko ngqo enomntwana. Ngokude hayi yonke imibuzo nokuphendula ngokucacileyo owasemzini. Amajoni kunjalo wafumanisa ukuba umyeni wakhe Michel Fleshar - wafa - ezizezi umfazi ekuthiwa njalo-. A njengephempe ababehlala apho, batshiswe. Ngenxa yoko, umlimi lembandezelo. Ukususela ngoko, wandwendwela emahlathini zula, engazi ukuba umsebenzi mkhulu engozini kwenza bona kunye nabantwana babo.

Emva kokuva ibali elibuhlungu yomfazi umlimi, phoyisa ogama nomkhosi Raduba wacebisa ukuba amkele uRene-Jean, Gros-Alain kunye Georgette.

Corvette "Claymore"

Ukubhala inoveli kwakhokelwa isifundo enzulu umbhali imbali counter-olwela Chouans. Umbhali uye wafunda inani imisebenzi zembali. Kwaye ke iziganeko ezenzeka Paris ngexesha wadala umsebenzi zembali ubenegalelo ibali nabalinganiswa bantu.

Xa inoveli, wabona isimo sengqondo Hugo lo mbuso. Umbhali sympathized ngokunyanisekileyo kunye Communards woyiswa, kodwa ngaxeshanye ezigxeka iindlela yokulwa kwabo. Esi simo sengqondo ziphikisana malunga mbuso kwakhiwa sengqondo kwiziganeko, kubonakala kwinoveli "Isalathiswana-Ezintathu". Hugo Amaqhawe - amadoda amanyathelo. Noko ke, ukuba ntso siseko, anikele ubomi babo ngenxa yegama injongo ephakamileyo. Maxa wambi amaxhoba ixabiso enjalo liphezulu kakhulu.

Juni yokuqala ukusuka kunxweme eNgilani ngomkhombe awahlali, bezenze inqanawa. Enyanisweni, kwi "Claymore" kuyinto umkhweli ebaluleke kakhulu. Umbhali uchaza oko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ". Indoda ende ubudala, enxibe Sasungulwa ingubo, kodwa ukuba negalelo Prince" Iifrigate abulawe empini kunye butho French. Sigxeka gunner, owathi ngokomyalelo ngumntu, vyryazhenny impahla umlimi elula uze adubule. Le ndoda iingangamsha endala Nahlawulelwa royalists ukuba abe yinkokeli nekamva Vendee eneenkani. Noko ke, enye yala madoda - umfana ogama Galmalo - ugqiba ukuba ukuziphindezelela ababulale wendoda gunner endala. Ngapha koko, ungumzalwana wakhe. Noko ixesha Galmalo uyala enza lo msebenzi.

I Marquis de Lantenak

Eli ligama lomntu twisiseka endala ngokungummangaliso wabaleka ngoxa ehamba ababekhwele awahlali. On komhlaba, ufunda iindaba malunga ekutshatyalalisweni iqela republic. Lantenak uyala ukuba ukubulawa onke amabanjwa. Kulo mzekelo, oku akwenzi umnyinyiva nkqu abafazi ababini. abantwana abathathu, apho exelelwe, uyalela ukuba kunye, ndingenabo obam isicwangciso ocacileyo ngekamva labo. Omnye abafazi, elingumthombo, ephila: wakhe shot kuphela collarbone.

Umoya mbuso

E Paris, umoya yomzabalazo. Hugo libonisa isixeko capital yaseFransi apho nkqu abantwana bencumile bangamaqhawe. Apha yonke kulondoloza revolution. Phakathi abashumayeli ezi ntsuku umi Simurden umbingeleli. Yena sijorha kwaye imnandi-intloko. Xa Revolution aduma, Simurden wala bakuzibalela yaye ubomi bakhe intshukumo wenkululeko. Lo mntu, kuqikelelwa hola Robespierre kamva waba ogunyazisiweyo Convent e Vendée.

Ngemihla wokuqala ngoJulayi umhambi oyedwa iyeka kufuphi share, kwenye neendawo zokulala. Ukususela umnini yokutyela le ndoda kamva ujika ube namnye ngaphandle Simurdenom uyeva malunga nokulwa ezenzeka kufutshane. Ukulwa Gauvin kunye Marquis de Lantenak. Umlo ayikwazanga kuba igazi elimsulwa, ukuba isenzo yinkokeli royalists. Lantenak kuthiwa wayalela ukubulawa umfazi kunye nabantwana bakhe ubambe kwindawo ethile le nqaba. Simurden wathumela edabini, apho phantse kubulawa ngekrele, nto leyo ngenxeba Gauvin. Lo mfana - owayeyinzala lentsapho amanene. Simurden uyazi ukuba ukususela besebancinane.

Bawelwa nobubele

Gauvin kwaba kanye umfundi Simurdena. Ukongeza, nguye kuphela umntu lowo indoda eliqina kunye okhohlakeleyo uziva uyamthanda. Ke Simurden kunye Gauvin iphupha koyisa weRiphabliki. Noko ke, owokuqala ukholelwa ukuba ukuphumeza ungakwazi kuphela ngesothuso, injongo. Elesibini uncamela sikhokelwe nemfesane. Gauvin, Noko ke, malunga kulungiswe kunokuba Lantenaku ezazingasombululeki. Ukulungele kuyo nantoni na, ukuze ayichithe Marquis.

Abantwana Michelle Fleshar

Lantenak edalelwe nentshabalalo. Ukuze asindise ubomi bakhe, usebenzisa Fleshar abantwana umlimi abe nabafo abazizibambiso. Kodwa ke into yokuba le nqaba apho Lantenak ekufihleni apho exit komhlaba. Cavaliers kukhululwe inkokeli yabo, yaye omnye phambi kokuba uphume ikhusi, iisuti ngomlilo, dooming abantwana ekufeni ethile. Noko ke, ngomzuzu wokugqibela Lantenak wakuva ukukhala bakhe nonina, buyela kwaye ugcine abathinjiweyo yakhe encinane.

ukubulawa

Gauvin - umlinganiswa ukuba side okusesikweni nenceba. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba akhulule Lantenaka. Republic, ngokutsho Gauvin akufanele ubuntu ngokwakhe ngokubulala umntu baya umbingelelo. Ngokuba isenzo onenceba umphathi oselula bagwetyelwa ukufa. isigwebo Ukhohlakele kwenza kungekho ngaphandle Simurden. Kodwa kamsinya Gauvin ulahlekelwa intloko ukuba ukubetha ukufa, umbingeleli owayesakuba waphula ukuzibulala. Loo ntlekele sele kugqityiwe Hugo "Isalathiswana-Ezintathu".

analysis of

Lo msebenzi yembali ibonisa isimo sengqondo ziphikisana malunga revolution ngokwengqiqo ebanzi yeli gama. Le noveli yabhalwa ngexesha iziganeko i-Paris Thethani kwaye ayikwazanga impendulo kule meko ezazikho kwikomkhulu isisiFrentshi 1871-1872 ngokulandelelanayo. Umbhali bebabaza ixabiso revolution owatshabalalisa phezu kwilizwe lakhe nje kuphela, kodwa ihlabathi liphela. Kodwa lo gama umbhali wahlala enyanisekile ingcamango yakhe yangaphambili ukuba uluntu ungakwazi ukutshintsha ngcono kuphela ngenxa yokuba angakwazi kwihlabathi embilwini woMntu. Akanakusuke langoku kwinoveli yokubeka ecaleni kwemifanekiso ezifana Simurden kunye Gowen. Bawelwa ububele - ezi iimpawu ze-mbuso, ngokokubona Hugo.

"Bangama-Ezintathu": ncomo

Enye indalo zoncwadi le canvases ububanzi, ebonisa iziganeko kakhulu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha. Kakade ke, lo nabagxeki Soviet-era nazibona kwinoveli Hugo ukuba ngenkani ukuhluza, ezizezi kumzabalazo wabantu abasebenza ka Paris, kukuzukiswa ezo abalweli kunye kuhlaselo nomsindo phezu ngabafo zamanene. Enyanisweni, lo inoveli ekuthethwa ngayo kweli nqaku nje kuphela indalo kakhulu ukubhala lwamandulo, kodwa umsebenzi ixakayo of Hugo.

Ubuchule umbhali French kakhulu ubungqondi iincwadi Russian, Tolstoy kunye Dostoevsky. Umsebenzi idumileyo ngaphandle France yaba inoveli "Les Miserables". Noko ke, imibhalo kumoya impikiswano ye revolution, kakhulu, akazange kunivuza abafundi. Le inoveli, ngokungqinelana abalandeli Viktora Gyugo, ngowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo yintsomi ngembali kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Translation evela French zibe Russian okokuqala wenziwe kwaba kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha. Ingcamango mbuso, njengoko naziyo, ngelo xesha ahlala iingqondo abafundi nongqondongqondo. Noko ke, le isihloko usoloko efanelekileyo. Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu akukho ukucima umdla kwinoveli. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nguqulelo ilungileyo ukusuka kwisiFrentshi ukuya Russian, ngokutsho kubafundi nabagxeki, yeyakho Nadezhda Zharkova.

Imiphumela emibi ye revolution - yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali Russian. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba a inoveli omkhulu Viktora Gyugo ludumile abafundi kwilizwe lethu namhlanje.