0.6 mille utywala nganye - oku kungakanani anxile? Ngaba idima amalungelo?

Ukususela ngoko, abantu wafudukela namahashe emotweni saloon bekhululekile, umba ukusela yokuqhuba uhlala omnye kakhulu ngazo kuxoxwe. Iinkcukacha-manani ze zengozi eziquka abaqhubi abaqhuba lubonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-50% kuzo obulalayo. Abaqhubi abaninzi baxhalabile malunga uhlobo izinga utywala igazi akuvumelekanga kwilizwe lethu. Kakhulu elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba oyintsobi yalowo 0.6 PPM. Siya kukuxelela yonke into kufuneka ukwazi ngalo umqhubi ndaba nokuqhuba phantse lonke ixesha lakhe simahla ishishini ezintendeni.

PPM: ithetha kwaye ulinganiswa ngayo

Ngokutsho nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuba iqondo kunxilwe lomntu ulinganiswa kwiindawo million nganye. Ukuba ukuguqulela igama eli xabiso kwigama lesiLatini ngenxa yelizwi, i-PPM kuthetha "iwaka." Oko kukuthi, kufuneka sikhumbule yenye sewaka inani okanye omnye weshumi ekhulwini elinye. Le yomlinganiselo kunxilwe lisetyenziswa kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi, leyo lula kakhulu ekuqondeni le meko, xa kukho umbuzo konxibelelwano kunye namagosa anyanzelisa umthetho ngaphandle karhulumente zakowabo.

Khumbula ukuba PPM ibonisa indlela iigram ezininzi lolwelo utywala aqulethe eziqulathwe egazini labantu. Ukumisela ukunxila ezinxilisayo yi uvavanyo kwegazi, okanye umchamo alcotester apho emotweni nganye DPS patrol.

yedosi ezinkulu utywala - ingaba ikhona?

Ngeke siphikisane ukuba ukusetyenziswa kotywala kuzisa ezininzi iingxaki kakubi kakhulu kwimpilo, kodwa isixa esithile lotywala egazini umntu lula kuthi ndlela-ntle ubomi bakhe.

Imiphumo Iziphumo zotywala emzimbeni womntu kuxhomekeke kubudala, ubunzima kunye iimpawu umntu othile. Nangona livunywa ngokubanzi ingqiqo idosi ezinkulu utywala. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu omdala ithamo abantu 5.0 PPM bekuya kuba ebulalayo kuba ebalulekileyo izinga elivisayo ilingana no 4.0 PPM. Kodwa ke umntwana uya kufa xa umxholo ngegazi lakhe 3.0 PPM. Khumbula ukuba isisekelo umxholo egazini engamanzi, nto leyo iba inqaba ngaphezu kweqondo lama-90.

Ukuya ku-0.5 ppm umzimba awukwazi kungachaphazeleka utywala, nto leyo ingeyo 0.6 mille lotywala egazini ngamnye (lo ufuna kangakanani kusela omdala yokufumana isidanga sokuqala kunxilwe).

Apho okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwakukho umthetho owalela kolawulo isithuthi ukunxila okanye utywala?

Owokuqala ukwazisa umlomo abaqhubi kunxila British. Lo mthetho weza ukusebenza ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Kodwa akukho mntu umkhondo ngaboni, nabaqhubi abaninzi bafumana ngokushiywa ezifanayo Abasemagunyeni baseBritani. Malunga neminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu emva ukwamkelwa kwalo mthetho yaba yeyokuqala London walihlawulisa umqhubi owayethe ukusela ngaphambi kokuba kunye beer uqhuba. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa amanani fayini kunye nezohlwayo ukuqhuba uphantsi kweempembelelo.

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi yi izazinzulu Swedish inkqubo kokuchaza izinga lotywala egazini iye yaphuhliswa. ilizwe ngalinye lulawula imida kuvumelekile, kodwa ngokutsho nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuba ingadluli 0.8 PPM.

amagunya amazwe: ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba bangaseli utywala baze baqhube, yaye yintoni izixa?

Kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu kwamkelekile egazini umqhubi ku-0.6 mille zotywala nganye. "Le malini na ukusela?" - ngokuqhelekileyo ucinga bakuthi. Yenza iphutha: ethululwayo ngaphezu kwesinye iglasi yebhiya, kunjalo awukwazi. Ukongeza, iintlanga babamba esifubeni emva kweevili, lingafumana isohlwayo esiqatha ngakumbi bendawo.

Eyona unyanisekileyo abaqhubi uyiseleyo baseMerika, kukho umoni xa kutshutshiswa phantsi komthetho xa sibona emzimbeni wakhe ngaphezu 1.0 mille bolwelo utywala-equlethe nganye.

Russia: xa iphulo lokulwa abaqhubi enxilile sele zifakiwe?

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ilizwe lethu ixesha elide hayi zaziswa uxanduva olwandileyo okuqhuba benxilile. De phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, abaqhubi enxila kwimeko yengozi wafumana kanye isohlwayo efanayo trezyve. Kwisiqingatha sesibini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini, abaqhubi abanxilileyo kuvinjwa amalungelo kunyaka omnye, yaye nokuhluthwa okuphindwayo oku kunyuke ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu.

Xa yee- zenkulungwane lokugqibela, ngokutsho ezi zilungiso emthethweni, abaqhubi beemoto nje kuphela, ndayihluthwa amalungelo, kodwa entle. De 2000, izohlwayo ukuqhuba kwi ukunxila ezinxilisayo sikhula, kodwa kwapheliswa ukunyuka isixa mali kunye nexesha le ukuhluthwa namalungelo ngokwaphula ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

Okwangoku, umqhubi uya kohlwaywa yi ukuhluthwa amalungelo emotweni kunye ulawulo entle, kodwa umthetho ngokuphindaphindayo kunokukhokelela entolongweni.

Reflections on enxila PPM

Abo bafika ngumhloli endlela ukwimeko kunxila, sisoloko sizama ukuba sigwetyelwe nje encinci lotywala egazini. Abaqhubi bavakalelwa kukuba ezithile kancinane utywala emzimbeni akukwazeki ukwaphulwa, ngokuba baye bavumela ngokwabo nje ezimbalwa Beers. Kwaye ngokwenene, i-0.6 mille utywala nganye - oku ngayo utywala kakhulu na unxila? Ngapha koko, ngokwemiqathango beziselo zotywala aqulethe kuye nawuphi na umntu ukuba ukuhamba lula kakhulu.

Ngoko ke, 0.6 PPM - le yindlela utywala kakhulu na unxila? Siza kukhawuleza ukudanisa kuwe, ukubalwa umxholo zotywala egazini kulinganisiwe kakhulu, kuba akukho bani unako ukuchaza indlela fast umzimba wakho metabolizes utywala. Kodwa ukuba uthatha umzekelo umntu, waphila zalishumi asibhozo eekhilogram, iibhotile ezimbini zebhiya iya kuba nje enye kakhulu 0.6 PPM (oku yindlela utywala kakhulu kuyimfuneko kukufikelela isidanga ukukhanya ukunxila, leyo iphantsi imali inikezwe utywala).

Kuba namankazana, izibalo kufuneka ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ngokuba besini wamhle zalishumi amahlanu anesihlanu utywala kweekilogram 0.6 PPM ingqamana kwiglasi enye okanye ibhotile yotywala. Njengoko sibona, nditsho elisezantsi-utywala kuselwa igcuntswana leyeza ngokwaneleyo umzimba ngoba izigaba zokuqala kunxilwe emadodeni kunye nabafazi.

0.6 mille utywala nganye - le yindlela kakhulu onxilileyo ukuba ukuchaphazela njani nokuphathwa imoto?

Ekubona on uMhloli DPS kwinqanaba alkotestere utywala igazi, abaqhubi ezininzi zizama ukucacisa ukuba iqondo ukukhanya kunxilwe alunasiphumo kwi ikhono labo ukuqhuba. Ngaba nyhani kunjalo?

Ngoko ke, ukuba ingqondo yakho utywala ngegazi elibhaqiweyo, sotavlyaet 0.8 PPM (oko kukuthi kancinane iiglasi ngaphezu ezimbini yebhiya, musa ukulibala), ngoko cinga ukuba uye waba ngumbulali enokwenzeka. indlela yakho kuhlile kakhulu, kwaye ukukwazi ukufumanisa ngokuchanekileyo umgama ukuya izinto kuyancipha maxa wambi. Loo ithamo utywala kuchaphazela imbono iliso yokukhanya nokukhanya imithombo. Umqhubi akakwazi ukubona ukukhanya elibomvu, uphawu endleleni, nokwadala ndikho lo mfanekiso Umbono yenguqu akhanya eliphezulu.

Ayimangalisi into yokuba ukuziphatha okunjalo kwindlela ekhokelela iingozi. A manani lase uthi uninzi lwabo ziyabulala.

0.6 mille utywala nganye - oku kufuneka kangakanani ukuhlawula isohlwayo?

Ekubeni kwilizwe lethu, umthetho, njengoko apho izinga ukuba utywala emzimbeni uthathwa ukuba abe PPM 0.16 kuphela, nto leyo bonisa breathalyzer xa uthatha amayeza athile okanye kvass ngosuku ezishushu zasehlotyeni, kwakuwo yale norm bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, isohlwayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, eli xabiso rhoqo kukhula, kwaye kwavele arhabaxa isikhwama amalungelo amahle nokuba lukhuselekile.

Ekugxojweni lokuqala kufuneka uhlawule isohlwayo amathathu amawaka engange. iphula-phindo kubiza amawaka mahlanu. Okwangoku, i bill equlunqwayo ukwandisa izohlwayo ukuqhuba uphantsi kweempembelelo. Ukuba yamkelwe, iya kabini inani eliphezulu.

Yintoni enye sohlwayo kubonelelwe elingaphezu lwee- ulwelo utywala aqulethe emzimbeni?

Ngoko ke, egazini lakho kwafunyanwa 0.6 PPM utywala. Ngaba nokulawulwa kwamalungelo yayiya isithuthi lokwaphul 'umthetho onjalo? Okanye, ungakwazi balahle isohlwayo? Qiniseka ukuba uqinisekile ukuba ulahlekelwe amalungelo akho. Ukongeza semali eninzi oyilindeleyo kolwangu kwisiqingatha ukuya kwiminyaka emibini yobomi ndingahambi ukuhlukunyezwa zaseprayimari. Ukuba imeko ukunxila isaqhubeka, ngoko ulahlekelwa amalungelo sele iminyaka emihlanu.

0.6 mille isohlwayo utywala nganye inokuba kakhulu ngaphezu imoto oyithandayo amsongele. Ukuba ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukwaphula umthetho ngoxa uqhuba, ijaji unelungelo wisani umyalelo kokubanjwa kwakho ukuya kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesihlanu. Kwixesha elizayo, eli thuba ukuze kwandiswa ukuya kwinyanga enye.

Siyathemba ukuba inqaku lethu akayi akweyisele ukuqhuba unxilile. Emva ukusela eziliqela Beers, ityala bona ngokwabo kuphela, kodwa ubomi babanye abantu. Iinkcukacha-manani zibonisa kule ngozi, elungiselelwe abaqhubi enxilile, ubukhulu becala wababulala abantu abamsulwa abadlulayo okanye ngokuhlala kwezinye iimoto. Ngoko ke lumka kunye noxanduva, akukho ukuzonwabisa ngeholide nengxolo kunye nabahlobo angafanele ubomi nabanye abantu.