Ukhuseleko kwimitha

Xa ukukhanya ziintlekele kutshanje kwi Ukrainian eChernobyl kwaye Japanese Fukushima-1 Fukushima-2, ukhuseleko kwimitha waba phantse enye ingxaki yehlabathi uluntu. kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo radioactivity yaba nempahla ezinye nje izinto ezithile chemical, ngoku ukubola yenyukliya ezizenzekelayo bazi umfundi, kuba loo nto, kwaye malunga neengozi radiation.

Eyona ingozi alpha, beta kunye gamma kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu zonke ukwakheka komzimba (isifo radiation), yobubi, ukuphazamiseka yemfuza nokufa (isifo radiation oyingozi).

Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo imitha, yaye ziyahluka-arhente ukhuseleko kwimitha, njengoko yamasuntswana ngalinye luphawulwa ubuchule layo wajula. Ngenxa yoko, alpha-amasuntswana ukuba kangangoko umonakalo, ke, musa ukungena nkqu amaphepha eziqhelekileyo ephepheni. Umqobo umtha beta kungaba iglasi. Kodwa radiation gamma unalo igunya phezulu wajula. EKhuselweyo kuyo ngokusebenzisa ukhokelo okanye ngentsimbi nembasa.

ukhuseleko kwimitha kubandakanya umqobo nje emzimbeni phakathi umntu kunye nomthombo yemisebe umzimba. lula amasuntswana Radioactive ukungena kwi emzimbeni phecana yokuphefumla, lokugaya.

Iindlela ukukhusela nxamnye radiation, kuxhomekeke ndlela zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezininzi:

• Time. Kuxhomekeka kwixesha elidlulileyo ukususela kukuqhushumba ingozi yenyukliya, ithamo radiation ziyohluka kakhulu, iminyaka 2.5-3 oko kuncitshiswa izihlandlo ezimalunga ne-100.
• Lo mgaqo mnye uya kusetyenziswa umgama ukusuka kumthombo kwemitha okanye hypocenter. Ngenxa yokwanda umgama nombindi 2 umphinda-level yemisebe liye lancitshiswa amaxesha 4.
• imiqobo Mechanical okhankanywe apha ngasentla, njengoko ukhuseleko kwimitha elungileyo. Kodwa akukho rhoqo ukumisela ukuba ngowuphi na imitha kufuneka ukuyenza, yaye ke ngoko wenze ukusetyenziswa ngcono kwemiqobo jikelele (oko ke, musa ezikhusela gamma, kodwa buthathaka kuphela kubo): ngezitena okanye ikonkhriti iindonga ezingama-40 cm zamafu, steel okanye xaka esisisikhokelo 8-13 cm, 90 cm umhlaba. Ikhusi kakhulu kwi imitha wesigrike ngamanzi.
• Ukongeza, kukho ukhuseleko lobuqu kwimitha. Ezi ziquka isigqumathelo uthuli kunye iiglavu zerabha (kwimitha alpha), imaski (radiation beta), kwiingxowa zeplastiki kuzo zonke iindawo ubuze beli emzimbeni (radiation neutron).
• Sisazi ukuba imitha uyakwazi ukungena kwi iphecana wokudla, oko kuyimfuneko ukukhusela kulo, kunye namanzi kunye nokutya. Lo manzi izingxobo kufuneka etywiniweyo, kwaye ngokufanayo ukuba iimveliso zokutya: kufuneka zipakishwe polyethylene evaliweyo wabahlamba ngobunono ngamanzi acocekileyo phambi kokuba zisetyenziswe ukwenzela ukuhlamba kude uthuli radioactive.
• Kukho iindlela imichiza yokuzikhusela. Phezu kwayo nje inkolelo jikelele, oku iodine! Ukuba ithathwa kukuninzi, uya buhlungu kuphela ngokwakho, kodwa izakhiwo vitamin nge-ayodini kwamkelekile. Kwakhona chelators luncedo, elula apho - carbon iyasebenza. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, iye iimpawu radioprotective tincture of Eleutherococcus. mercaptoalkylamines amachiza asekelwe iziyobisi eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukukhusela kumaza.
• Kuba yokubulala kwemiphezulu zezinto ezahlukeneyo kwakunye eyiyo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi acocekileyo kunye nesisombululo isepha.

Ngexesha xesha amandla enyukliya abantu sele efunde ivenkile zinto ulwazi malunga nendlela yokusebenza ye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo radiation, njani ukukhusela nxamnye nabo. Noko ke, 100 okunqanda radiation% unganikezelwanga na ke kwabo, nangona into yokuba ingozi ibhombu yenyukliya kule planethi yinto yokwenene kakhulu iimeko ngoku abangafezekanga yokusebenza izityalo izixhobo amazwe madolw 'iklabhu yenyukliya'.