Ziyathathwa ezweni: isiseko, umyalelo, iingcebiso zomthetho

Ziyathathwa komhlaba limi njengomnye izixhobo apho alienation kwesabelo zokusetyenziswa ezalisekisa iimfuno zoluntu. Ngokutsho komthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuvumelekile kwiimeko ezichazwe ngokungqongqo. Esilandelayo njani ukuqhubeka kunye nokususwa komhlaba.

Overview

amacebo ngokulahlekelwa kungenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko omnye wabo wenza njengoko ngentlawulelo komhlaba. Xa kokuhlawulwa iziza kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kwamalungelo oluntu kunye ummi ngamnye (umnini). Abasemagunyeni ukulahla ngamaqhinga, owaphula amalungelo abantu abasebenzisa umhlaba.

RF ZK

Amatyala apho ukuba ukususwa umhlaba evela kumnini kucacisiwe Art. 49 Baya kunokuba kunxulumene:

1. Ukuphunyezwa nezibophelelo ngamazwe le-Russian Federation.
2. izakhiwo yokuhlala ezibalulekileyo federal nawommandla kungekho ezinye iindlela.
3. Kwezinye iimeko kubonelelwe kuMgaqo-mthetho.

izithintelo

Umthetho zicaciswa gca imithetho ngokungqinelana apho ukuthengwa komhlaba. Imithetho amatyala iintsilelo yayo iyachazwa. Umzekelo, ukuba zifakwa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwiindawo zolimo. Umthetho uvumela ekurhoxisweni umhlaba yokwakha. Noko ke, ukushiywa iya kuba kuphela ngokungqinelana nesiCwangciso Jikelele kunye nemiqathango kwindawo yokusebenzisa wawamisa izinto kuyo. Kuba iindawo ezikhuselweyo Wamisa mode nokusebenza okhethekileyo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukusetyenziswa mimandla ezinye iinjongo, kuquka eyedwa, imiqathango okanye akuvumelekanga. Kwiimeko ezizodwa kakhulu, imithetho ezikhethekileyo isebenza izwe okuhlala amahlathi eli qela lokuqala.

into ebaluleke

Izizathu izenzo nokukhutshelwa wabeka isigqibo ukurhoxiswa komhlaba. Kuhle yamkelwe sisiphathamandla esilawulayo abasemagunyeni federal okanye lommandla. izakhiwo Local asikwazi ukuthatha isigqibo malunga ukurhoxiswa komhlaba ukulungiselela iinjongo zikamasipala. Xa kuvele imfuneko abasemagunyeni zommandla kufuneka afake isicelo engingqi.

Ezi nkcukacha kwale nkqubo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukurhoxiswa iziza umhlaba iimfuno karhulumente lwenziwa ngexesha elifanayo ngokubanika abantu abachaphazelekayo. kulawulwa ngokucacileyo umthetho kwinkqubo yonke. Oku kuquka izigaba ezibini:

1. imvume yokuqala indawo into.
2. nokukhutshelwa isabelo ngqo.

Inkqubo ukususwa komhlaba

Xa nqanaba isivumelwano sokuqala ngokuyimfuneko inxalenye umnini kwisabelo. Babengavumelani kumanyathelo abasemagunyeni, ke ungaya enkundleni. Ngenxa yoko, oko kunokuthintela ukwamkelwa ngesigqibo ukurhoxiswa. Enye isitshixo wokukhusela imitsalane abanini of eqinisekile ubabalo ingxelo kunyanzelekile ukuba abasemagunyeni elinobuchule-odolo. Ziyathathwa yomhlaba kuvunyelwa ngaphambi ngaphezu konyaka omnye emva ukwamkelwa yayo. Lo mthetho, nangona kunjalo, ithuba alienation izabelo phambi osikiweyo. It kuvunyelwa kuphela ngemvume abanini. Ngelo xesha, isiko ukurhoxiswa iziza komhlaba ibonisa ukuba isaziso abasemagunyeni bolu nabadlali ngqo nkqu pre-imvume yeqonga. Kule meko, ukubalwa ixesha lonyaka yenziwa ngokunxulumene ngexesha kokufumana isaziso ngumnini.

amagama key

Ubunini komthetho komhlaba limi njengoko zigaba ezinkulu phantsi akhuselwe ngumthetho. Kulo mba, njengoko iimeko eziphambili yokuhlukana ngokunye izenzo imbuyekezo ngaphambi elilinganayo. Le mali sembuyekezo, iimeko intlawulo yayo iya kumiselwa kwisivumelwano, nto leyo umnikazi. Lo mthetho ngoku ukubeka iimfuno ngohlobo nesivumelwano eso. Abathathi-nxaxheba kule intengiselwano angafaka isicelo kwimibutho ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo zomthetho ukuze phezulu umzobo lesivumelwano. Njengoko Ezecala lesibini umzimba kufuneka enze, owenza egameni le-Russian Federation, ummandla wayo okanye Mod, leyo klk efanelekileyo.

inani

Oku kubeka phezu ixabiso lemarike ibandakanyiwe kwaye impahla engenakususwa kwindawo kuyo. Ngaphezu koko, ixabiso ibandakanya ilahleko kwi ekuthatheni indawo isiqwenga somhlaba, kwakunye ukulahleka yenzuzo. Isivumelwano kufuneka kuboniswe ilahleko ekungenwe ngumnini ngenxa ukupheliswa ekuqaleni imisebenzi yakhe amaqela esithathu. Ukubeka isenzo ukhetho kufuneka izibalo ilahleko kumnini (umsebenzisi okanye umqeshi), inkunkuma amahlathi kunye nemveliso yezolimo eqhotyoshelweyo. Bona emiselwe ixabiso lwepropati ngomhla wokwamkelwa ngesigqibo malunga yokuhlukana ngokunye. Ngokutsho Art. 53 ZOC imithetho imbuyekezo ilahleko ekungenwe ngokunxulumene nenkqubo ukurhoxiswa komhlaba okanye wethutyana umsebenzi wakhe, umnini isithintelo features kumqeshi okanye umsebenzisi ngokunjalo ekuthobeni umgangatho womhlaba ngenxa kwezinye izifundo misebenzi ebekwe ngurhulumente.

ukulahleka inzuzo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ifakiwe kule kwembuyekezo ukurhoxiswa. Ukulahleka yenzuzo waqonda ingeniso ekufuneka abe, kodwa abazange bayifumane umnini kwisabelo. Kufuneka banyangwe mali irente yoguqulo ilizwe lelam. Lost inzuzo zithathwa iintlawulo ezifanayo enye indawo egesini ukusetyenziswa okwethutyana okanye ngokusisigxina.

Iimpawu intlawulo

Nokubuyisela isabelo ngokuncama-mali zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Oku kungenxa yokuba ekuthatheni lomhlaba lwenziwa ukuyivuma Russian Federation, kwingingqi okanye kwiSebe lezoKhuselo. Ngokuphathelele imbuyekezo ilahleko ithwalwa yi abadlali (amaziko, amashishini okanye imibutho), nto leyo ngaphandle bafaka. Ngelo-mali xesha inye abanini amatsha eyenziwe mali ezichaphazelekayo. Iindleko yeenkampani ezenziweyo ngokunxulumene nembuyiselo ilahleko mazibalwe kuqikelelo. Ngako oko, imbuyekezo nayiphi na imeko ukwenziwa ukusuka kwinqanaba mali ahambelanayo.

imbuyekezo enye

Umnini isabelo kwi zokurhoxa kwaso kubonelelwa ukuba ezinye. Ixabiso le-yokugqibela kuthathelwa ingqalelo ekumiseni ixabiso lokukhulula. isabelo entsha kuxhomekeke ekufumanekeni komhlaba ongenanto ngaphakathi ndawo. Ukuba ixabiso isiza esitsha iphezulu nje ingaphezu kweyokuqala, umnini okanye kucetywa ukuba ahlawule imali eseleyo, okanye umahluko ubalo ngenxa ilahleko. Xa zokwaliwa ukunika abasemagunyeni abanobuchule wabeka endaweni angquzulanayo, umnini angafaka isicelo enkundleni. Kulo mzekelo, uyacebiswa ukuba acele inkxaso imibutho enikeza iinkonzo zomthetho qho yobungcali. Ukuba kule khosi yeengxoxo ziya kutyhilwa lokufihla ulwazi malunga ukufumaneka kweendawo, abenzi bobubi kufuneka bamele izenzo zabo.

Le bokuqonda mthetho

Le mimiselo ubonelela inani yomahluko efanelekileyo malunga ukususwa umhlaba abanini kwelinye icala kunye nabasebenzisi - kwelinye icala. I-LC umisela imithetho exclusion nemizi nabaqeshi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba owokugqibela zichaziwe kwi-Code Civil. Abanikazi bomhlaba phantsi zokurhoxa yabo bayakwazi ukufumana imbuyiselo kunye nembuyekezo kwilahleko ekungenwe kuyo. Amalungu kunye nabaqashi thembela kuphela kwi yokugqibela. Lo mthetho kusengqiqweni. Kwimeko balimi kunye nabasebenzisi inxenye umniniyo akatshintshi. Kulo mzekelo, kwizifundo ezithile ayenxiba sakhutshelwa ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Lo mmiselo kuchaphazela imigaqo ilahleko ukubala. Umzekelo, ukuvavanywa kwezibonelelo, leyo akhiwe kumhlaba lirhoxisiwe ikhutshwa phandle i indleko eziqikelelweyo zokwakha izakhiwo ezintsha bayalingana ukuba ziyafumaneka kwisikhundla, sisidanga oomatshini, njalo njalo. Le izibalo izityalo iziqhamo kunye berry (iziqhamo-obuvelisa), zokuzikhusela kunye nezinye izityalo ingaphelelwayo ziveliswa ngokungqinelana kunye neendleko izithole kunye neendleko yokutyala kunye nokulima phambi emuncu okanye ukuvala ngezithsaba. Uhlolo ukwakhiwa inkqubela yenziwa ngokwe ukwenziwa ngqo ububanzi bomsebenzi kunye neendleko kwi amaxabiso asekwa ngexesha zokurhoxa. Umthetho efanayo isebenza izityalo ezingezo-ukuzala. Imbuyekezo yelahleko inzuzo ezenziwe ngexesha. Isixa kufuneka elilingana ingeniso leyo ilahlekileyo ngethuba kwakhona kwimveliso. Ukumisela imigaqo ilahleko ukubalwa kuzo zonke iimeko, ilahleko ulungelelaniso kunye nabachaphazelekayo. Noko ke, kufuneka kwenziwe ngaphandle isenzo zabhaliswa lolawulo lweengingqi.

Ukungaphumeleli ukusebenzisa ukubeka

Umhlaba obekelwe ezolimo okanye ukwakha, kodwa hayi kakubi injongo eyenzelwe yona kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu, oko kungarhoxiswa ukuba umthetho asiwenzi ukunika ixesha elide. Ngeli xesha musa ziquka ixesha efunekayo umsebenzi kuphuhliso ngokunye, kwakunye nexesha ngexesha apho ayikwazi isetyenziswe ngokunxulumene ziintlekele zemvelo, okanye ezinye iimeko. Ukuze ukutsalwa kusemthethweni, izibakala zibonisa ukuba isayithi ezingaqhutywa kukuthi, kufuneka ibhalwe phantsi. Ekuboneleleni iindawo ukuze imveliso yezolimo kulindeleke ukuba uqale imveliso ngoko nangoko emva kwexesha ezifunekayo kuphuhliso. ubude bayo kufuneka zicaciswe kwi ushicilelo isabelo. Xa ingaqatshelwa ukutshintshwa komhlaba yolwakhiwo izindlu njengoko kokuqalisa ukusebenza nokuphunyezwa ngqo kweprojekthi evunyiweyo. In Art. kwikota 39 ZK ngonyaka ngasentla kabili, kwaye sinika umsebenzi izifundo kokuba iindawo ezifanele ukusetyenziswa obungunaphakade, ilifa (ubomi) kobunini, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezibonelelo ukuqala yokuyikhangela kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu. imithetho efanayo isebenza kubalimi, labo abonakalisa iziza phantsi izivumelwano zexesha.

Ukwaphulwa kwemimiselo yomthetho

Ukuba umnini ayihambelani neemfuno lokusetyenziswa komhlaba ezinzileyo, ipasile kungathathelwa. Kuba ukunyhashwa iimfuno zomthetho, ingakumbi, iquka ukusebenza kwisabelo ayikho ngokuhambelana njongo, imisebenzi, ebangela ukuncitshiswa ebalulekileyo ukuchuma komhlaba kunye komgangatho wemo engqongileyo kule ndawo. ukusetyenziswa komhlaba phantse lonke kunye neziphumo ezingalunganga kwi kwiipropati yayo yendalo. Kulo mba, abanini, balimi kunye abasebenzisi kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno zokusingqongileyo. Ngokuhambelana ne Art. 42 ZK, amaziko kufuneka ukusebenzisa iifama ngokungqinelana injongo ezenzelwe, kwakunye ilungu elinye okanye kwelinye icandelo. Kulo mzekelo, kuvunyelwa kuphela iindlela ezinjalo kwiindawo zokusebenza apho zenze umonakalo bume. Federal Law № 101 olawula amanyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuchuma kwiindawo komhlaba wezolimo. Ngokutsho nesenzo olumisiweyo, kuba imveliso / kufuneka kusetyenziswe iindlela zemveliso yezolimo ngaphandle okanye ukunciphisa impembelelo embi kokusingqongileyo.

amanyathelo zokusingqongileyo

In Art. 13 ZK inika imisebenzi kwezifundo abathatha inxaxheba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba. Ngokukodwa, abantu kufuneka athathe amanyathelo:

1. Yolondolozo lomhlaba kunye wenzala yayo.
2. Ukukhuselwa yomhlaba umoya namanzi ukhukhuliseko, izikhukula, landslides, etyuwa zasesekondari, ukugawulwa amanzi, ucinezelo, emzimbeni, ngemichiza yenyukliya kunye khompawundi radioactive cluttering inkunkuma kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi, ebangela ukuthotywa kwayo.
3. Ukukhuselwa imihlaba emikhulu yezolimo ukuba bosulelekile izitshabalalisi zezityalo, ukhula, ayegqunyelelwe, amahlathi eliphantsi kunye nezinye kubola.
4. Ukuyeka iimpembelelo zongcoliseko, kuquka biogenic, kwaye zokungcolisa ngokulahla inkukuma apho ilizwe.
5. Ukuqinisekisa ekulondolozeni inqanaba eyiyo sokufuna.
6. Ukulungiswa kunye nokubuyiselwa wenzala, sisaqala nemizi Tyhila.

izifundo uxanduva

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba hayi injongo eyenzelwe yona, enza umonakalo isenzo sakhe lokwaphula umthetho. Zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa bokubi yokwamkelwa koxanduva. Njengoko omnye wabo wenza njengoko sokususwa ngenkani. Oku kwenziwa kuphela yi isigqibo senkundla. Le ngxelo ehambelana wathunyelwa ukuba imizimba kwamandla karhulumente kummandla, isakhiwo kurhulumente wengingqi (kwiimeko ezichazwe ngumthetho) ngokwemiqathango echazwe kule TSP. izenzo olumisiweyo yomsebenzi oyimbophelelo nemfanelo ukunika la maziko ukwazisa isihloko ityala esenzile. imithetho isaziso ichazwa TSP.

isiphelo

Umnini ayikwazi ukwamkela isigqibo ukurhoxiswa okanye inxalenye yawo kunye ngexabiso olucetywayo. Kulo mzekelo, urhulumente eligunyazisiweyo umzimba unelungelo lokungenisa isimangalo. INtetho inkululeko zomhlaba lusenokuvakwa kwisithuba seminyaka emibini ukusukela kumhla umnini isaziso esifanelekileyo (on kwisivumelwano preliminary). Kuthiwa kuwiso-mthetho kukho ezininzi ephikisanayo kunye kungacaci. Ukuze siphephe iingxaki kunye nokuthintela izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kwi inxalenye mandla zengingqi ekuhlaleni apho iimeko enxulumene ukulahlwa zorhwebo, iingcali Siyaleza ukuthatha uncedo nalungele.