Ukubaleka izityalo: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Amalungu kwezityalo eneentyatyambo, abameli abaninzi evolutionarily phambili zobukumkani yendalo, ngaba isakhiwo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo umsebenzi. Inxalenye komhlaba kwisityalo ebizwa ngokuba ingcambu, olungaphezu - yokuphuma. It iyasinda isityalo uphumeza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo: exchange igesi, photosynthesis, transpiration, andise kwezityalo nendawo intsulungeko ngokunxulumene elangeni.

Origin ukubaleka

Xa nasekusungulweni kwale mzimba ivela kwi basemzini ezweni yokuqala - Rhyniophyta. Its zinti izinto ezirhubuluzayo kunye namasebe olusabufolokhwe awafuneki ngoomatshini ukuba ayikaqondwa yaphuhliswa. Kodwa nge isakhiwo abangekaphuhli loo photosynthesis ukunyuka ngaphezulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukunika kumzimba izityalo ngcono silambile.

Yintoni na ke ukubaleka lwezityalo

Escape ibizwa inxalenye eriyeli zesityalo, eyenziwa isiqu kunye namagqabi. Zonke ezi imizimba yawo, ngokubonelela ukukhula, isondlo buphindwe maqanda.

Ukubaleka isityalo ikwaqulathe amalungu sekukubi - nezintso. Kukho iindidi ezimbini sezintso: kwezityalo kunye okuzala. Uhlobo lokuqala iquka Isiqu osandul namagqabi, umphezulu yayo ilaphu lemfundo (meristem) ingeniswe cone ukukhula. Ukuba, ngaphandle esikhondweni namagqabi adubule iqulethe Ekuthwaseni iintyatyambo okanye yokudubula, ibizwa ngokuba okuzala. Ngembonakalo, ezi ithupha ukwahlula ubukhulu amakhulu kunye nemilo ajikelezayo.

Indawo apho olu xwebhu luqhotyoshelwe esiqwini, ebizwa udumbo, yaye umgama phakathi ezalathelwe - internode. I-engile ephakathi esikhondweni kunye noxwebhu ebizwa sinus.

Kwinkqubo yophuhliso kwi ihlumelo apho kunye nabasemagunyeni ezinoxanduva okuvelisa (ngokwesondo) ukuzala: intyatyambo, iziqhamo kunye nembewu.

Uphuhliso kidney ukubaleka

Xa kuqala iimeko zivuma entwasahlobo iiseli meristem le ngongoma abasakhulayo baqalisa ukwabelana. internodes asisifutshane ukwanda ubukhulu, nto leyo inokuzisa ngamasebe aselula kwisityalo. Xa kanye phezulu stem zibe zinamaqhina terminal. Anikezela nokukhula kwesityalo ubude. Axillary kunye amathupha ezikhaphayo akhiwe axils igqabi okanye interstices, ngokulandelelana. Ngenxa ukuba iifom zazo baphuma ngamasebe ecaleni, t. E. Amasebe.

iindlela plant eyayizalwa

Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo, kukho ezinye iindlela eyayizalwa imilibo:

1. Dichotomous. Uhlobo kakhulu kudidi lwe eyayizalwa, apho kwabo bobabini, nokuphuhlisa indawo yokukhula ukusuka ngamnye kubo bobabini, kakhulu, njl Ngoko ukukhula ezinye lona lisiza kunye nezityalo ibihlungu ephakamileyo: .. ubulembu Club kunye kumila.
2. Primopodialnoe. Le eyayizalwa kunokubonwa ukuba gymnosperms (pine, nespruce) kunye angiosperms (oki, maple). ixesha elide lezikhinkci ezi zityalo bekhula ubude kunye kumiswa kweziveliso ze-eyayizalwa osecaleni.
3. Sympodially. Ngale ndlela ukukhula apical, phezu koko, ulenga. A amathupha lateral ikhula ngenkuthalo, ukudala Namagatya ngakumbi nangakumbi entsha icala. Pere, cherry kunye nezinye izityalo eneentyatyambo umzekelo wendlela olu hlobo yokukhula.

kokulungiswa Kuphendula

Yintoni okusindileyo ukusuka kwisityalo kwaye ikhangeleka njani, Kakade ke, wonke umntu uyazi. Noko ke, iimeko zokusingqongileyo badla zifuna ukubonakala imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo. Kusenokuba lula ukunika amalungu zezityalo kweentyatyambo. Balekela ilungiswe, ukufumana imisebenzi emitsha kwisakhiwo, kule meko ibandakanya kwezahlulo ukubaleka eqhelekileyo.

Eyona iinguqulelo ephambili ukubaleka ziquka:

• Kumila - ephantsi komhlaba, apho uninzi sikhula tye. Ngaba internodes side emithi, apho phezu kwixesha elilungileyo kuvela amagqabi. Ngoko ke, ukususela izityalo kunye rhizomes (inyibiba entilini, ingca ingqolowa, valerian) kunzima kakhulu ukuba balahle. Emva nihlinza amagqabi, bebaleka ngokwayo kuhlala kweli lizwe, lukhula ngakumbi nangakumbi.

• Tuber - a ukuqina Embi yokuba sezintso - amehlo. Ummeli ezigqame izityalo, nto leyo yenze amatswele, nguye iitapile. Kungenxa yokuba ikhula emhlabeni, kuba basoloko bexakaniseka nge ingcambu iguqulwe kancinane. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amatswele emoyeni, umzekelo, kohlrabi.
• Bulb - isityalo modified luphinde ludubuleke kunye amagqabi kakuhle kuphuhliswa ibekwe kwi likhaba flat - Donets. Uphawu ikonofile, itswele, eTulip, weenyibiba. Xa amagqabi wezasekhaya azinamanzi baziqwebele izondlo ngaphandle owomileyo ubakhusela umonakalo.
• Namakhakakhaka - pere wabasiki, sihlahla, hawthorn kunye nezinye izityalo. Ukuba kule axils amagqabi, bona ngempumelelo ukukhusela izityalo kwizilwanyana ukuba ufuna ukudla nabo.
• Zazibekwe - modified amahlumelo olugobileyo lokuvala, nokugcina izityalo kwindawo ethile. Yemixoxozi, iidiliya, amathanga - izityalo zixhaphakileyo ezisebenzisa kule fowuni.

• Mthovu - amahlumelo ezingcakacileyo kunye internodes elide. Amaqunube nestrawberry ngokukha ngokutyalwa kunye ngoncedo Mthovu.

Njengoko ubona, izityalo uhlume iquka iindawo zingasebenzi ezinxulumeneyo, inokwahluka ngokunxulumene neemeko zokusingqongileyo kwaye unike isityalo ngamnye bembonakalo yayo ezizodwa.