Yintoni laser ukukhanya? Laser radiation: imithombo yayo kunye nokukhuselwa kulo

Laser beba izixhobo enkulu kakhulu zophando kwiinkalo amayeza, physics, chemistry, yokuma, ibhayoloji neteknoloji. Ukuba zisetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga, linokusetyenziswa iimfama umothuko (in t. H. Burns kunye electrocution) abaqhubi kunye nabanye abasebenzi, kuquka iindwendwe nje Laboratories, kwakunye idale umonakalo kwempahla ebalulekileyo. Abasebenzisi ezi zixhobo kufuneka aqonde ngokupheleleyo kwaye sisebenzise imigqalisela eyimfuneko yokhuseleko xa yokuzisingatha.

Yintoni laser?

Igama elithi "laser" (Engl. Laser, ukuKhanya okhulisa ngu busebenza Emission Elijongana) yi acronym emele "yokukhulisa ukukhanya ifezekiswe kwavusa". Le rhoqo radiation eveliswa laser phakathi okanye kufutshane inxalenye ebonakalayo spectrum electromagnetic. Energy kwandiswa ukuya kwimo kwelona nqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu ngenkqubo ekuthiwa 'laser-uqhutyelwe mhlobo ".

Igama elithi "radiation" lidla abaqondi kuba kwakhona isetyenziswa inkcazelo radioactive materials. Kulo mxholo, oko kuthetha ukudluliselwa amandla. Eneji ikhutshelwa ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye ngokusebenzisa Uhanjiso, පිළිතුරු iimpendulo kunye nemitha.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo laser ukusebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Le igesi (umz, argon okanye umxube helium kunye neon) zisetyenziswa ukusebenza fluid, ziikristale eziqinileyo (umz Ruby) okanye colorants lulwelo. Xa amandla nakwesiphi-bume zomsebenzi, iya ukuba amandla karhulumente kunye oyiyekayo nemincili ngohlobo amasuntswana ukukhanya (photons).

A pair yezibuko kuwo omabini iziphelo ityhubhu etywiniweyo mhlawumbi ibonisa okanye adlulisele ukukhanya njengomlambo kanzulu, ebizwa umqadi laser. bume nganye isebenza velisa umqadi kwamaza ezizodwa kunye nombala.

Umbala laser umqadi, ngokuqhelekileyo wavakalisa kwamaza. It is non-ionizing kwaye ibandakanya yiultraviolet (100-400 NM), zibonakale (400-700 NM) infrared (700 NM - 1 mm) inxalenye zazo.

spectrum magnetic

Nganye kagesi rhoqo wave ezizodwa kunye nobude ezinxulumene nale khetho. Kanye njengokuba ukukhanya ebomvu uye rhoqo zalo kwamaza, nezinye zonke umbala --orenji, omthubi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - kunye ezitsho ezizodwa kunye zamaza. Abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuqonda ezi amaza, kodwa bengenako ukubona ezinye zazo.

Amaza ezona gamma,-X-reyi kwaye ukukhanya eyingozi. Infrared, microwave radiation kunye amaza erediyo ukulidla ezitsho asezantsi zazo. ukukhanya okubonakalaliswayo kuluhlu therebetween elimxinwa kakhulu.

Laser radiation: nemiphumela abantu

I-laser ivelise umqadi ukukhanya kakhulu uyalwa. Ukuba phambili, yabonisa, okanye ukuba unikel 'ingqalelo into, umqadi engagqibekanga wendele ngokuvusa iqondo lobushushu kunye nenxalenye engaphakathi into enokuthi yenze utshintsho okanye deformation lo mbandela. Ezi mpawu ziye zasetyenziswa xa laser kutyando kunye nonyango izinto, kunokuba yingozi inyama yabantu.

Ukongezelela radiation, sinikela le isiphumo wobushushu kwi ancedisana eziyingozi laser ukukhanya, uvelisa nemiphumo nomsi. Isimo sakhe ngokwaneleyo mfutshane kwamaza, okt. E. UV okanye inxalenye oluhlaza zazo. izixhobo Modern ukuvelisa laser ungcoliseko, iziphumo abantu kuncitshiswe. Low-eneji laser akwanelanga ukuba kubangele umonakalo, kwaye iingozi eziyiyo.

izihlunu avelana amandla, naphantsi kweemeko ezithile yemisebe magnetic, laser kuquka, kunokubangela umonakalo amehlo kunye nesikhumba. Imibundu leyo izifundo radiation traumatic ziye zaqhutywa.

Ingozi ngokuba amehlo

Iliso lomntu usengozini kukwenzakala gangqa eluswini. Le inwebu (ngaphaya engaphandle kumphezulu phambi iliso), ngokwahlukileyo ukuya dermis, ine umphandle wayo iiseli abafileyo ezikhusela iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Laser kunye ultraviolet radiation ezifunxwa ngayo inwebu ye iliso ezinokubangela nawuphi na umonakalo. Trauma ihamba nokudumba kunye ukhukuliseko epithelial, kwaye kakubi kakhulu - clouding kwegumbi sobuKristu.

Lens iliso naye athambekele kukwenzakala xa ubethwa laser ezahlukeneyo imitha - infrared kunye eyingozi.

Le ngozi inkulu, nangona kunjalo, iimpembelelo laser kwi retina spectrum ebonakalayo woqondo - 400 NM (violet) ukuya 1400 NM (kufutshane infrared). Phakathi kulo mmandla malumga imiqadi collimated swi iindawo ezincinane kakhulu retina. Kwezona exposure case kwenzeka xa iliso oqondela umgama kunye nomqadi ngqo okanye ziboniswe hits kuyo. Kulo mzekelo, eyavela kwi retina ifikelela amaxesha 100,000.

Ngenxa yoko, umqadi esibonakalayo 10 MW / cm izenzo ² kwi aneretina amandla ka 1000 W / ^cm2. Oku ngaphezu ngokwaneleyo ukuba kubangele umonakalo. Ukuba iliso andifuni kude, okanye ukuba umqadi kubonakala ukusuka kwentamo, hayi umphezulu esipilini, kukhokelela ngokuzenzakalisa kakhulu radiation enamandla ngakumbi. Isiphumo laser apha esikhumbeni abalwaziyo ngokugxininisa ukusebenza, ngoko lingaphantsi kakhulu zithandwa kukwenzakala kwezi amabanga.

-X-reyi

Ezinye iinkqubo eliphezulu-ombane kunye yombane ngaphezu 15 kV bungavelisa-X-reyi ngamandla kakhulu: i-laser ukukhanya umthombo - a laser excimer enamandla kunye electron lokumpompa, kwakunye plasma kunye ion mithombo nkqubo. Ezi zixhobo kufuneka zihlolwe ukuba ukhuseleko radiation, kuquka ukuba uvikele efanelekileyo.

ngezigaba

Kuxhomekeka amandla okanye amandla umqadi kunye ombala kwimitha, i-laser zahlulwe kwiiklasi eziliqela. Ulwahlulo isekelwe phezu enokubakho ekukwazini isixhobo alimale ngoko nangoko emehlweni, ulusu, ukudumba sesichengeni ngqo kwi nomqadi okanye reflection ehlasela ukusuka kumphezulu ekhanyayo. Zonke laser yorhwebo zixhomekeke nokuchongwa nge uzibulele kwiileyibhile zabo. Ukuba isixhobo elalenziwe imizi okanye ngenye indlela iphawulwe, ingcebiso kufuneka ifunyanwe ohambelana yokuhlela yayo bokulebhelisha. Laser ahluka ngamandla, ombala kunye nexesha sesichengeni.

kwezixhobo zokhuseleko

izixhobo kwiklasi yokuqala kudaleke ngamandla ephantsi laser radiation. Alinako ukufikelela kwinqanaba yingozi, ngoko ke imithombo ayichatshazelwa abaninzi amanyathelo olawulo okanye ezinye iintlobo esweni. Umzekelo: laser abashicileli kunye nabadlali CD.

device ngoku ekhuselekileyo

laser bodidi lwesibini ayikhuphi kwi spectrum ebonakalayo. Le mithombo laser ukukhanya ezibangela asabela eqhelekileyo ukulahlwa ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo kakhulu (blink reflex). Xa baboniswa umqadi ube mnye Iliso lomntu ° ng 0.25 s, ebonelela ukhuselo olwaneleyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-radiation laser ayikho kuluhlu ebonakalayo nga buhlungu amehlo, igalelo rhoqo. Imizekelo: laser lathisi, laser ukuhlola.

laser 2a-eklasini izixhobo ezikhethekileyo-njongo kunye output ngamandla ngaphantsi kwe-1 MW. Ezi zixhobo zibangela umonakalo kuphela impembelelo ngqo phezu 1000 ngosuku lokusebenza iyure-8. Umzekelo umfundi barcode.

laser eziyingozi

Xa iklasi 3A zibandakanya izixhobo ukuba musa ukulimaza kukungakhuseleki olufutshane iliso engakhuselekanga. Ngaba yingozi xa usebenzisa ngokukhanya ugxininisa, umzekelo yerediyo, iimikroskopu kunye zizibonakude. Imizekelo: a helium-neon laser amandla 1-5 MW, ezinye laser lathisi kunye namanqanaba zokwakha.

3b class laser umqadi kunokubangela ukwenzakala okanye ifuthe ngqo kunye nomfanekiso walo esipilini. Umzekelo: a helium-neon laser amandla 5-500 MW, abaninzi uphando kunye laser nezinyangayo.

Class 4 ibandakanya isixhobo namanqanaba amandla ezingaphezu kwama-500 MW. Ukuba kuyingozi emehlweni, eluswini, kwakunye ingozi yomlilo. Ukwazi ukuba msebe specular okanye nokuvakalisa kwentamo kunokubangela ukwenzakala iliso nesikhumba. onke amanyathelo okhuseleko ekufuneka athathwe. UMZEKELO: Nd: YAG-laser, imiboniso, utyando, zokunciphisa metal.

Laser radiation: Protection

Ilabhoratri nganye kufuneka inike ukhuseleko olwaneleyo kubantu abasebenza laser. window Improvement apho imitha unokuwisa izixhobo-2, iiklasi-3 okanye ezi-4 kunye ezikhubazayo kwiindawo zibunjwe kufuneka igutyungelwe okanye ngenye indlela kukhuselwa ngethuba ekusebenzeni sixhobo. Kuba yokhuseleko eliphezulu, kucetyiswa ukuba iliso.

• Le umqadi kufuneka zifakwe ngendlela non-iingcinga amelana inshorensi yokhuselo ukunciphisa ukusuleleka ngengozi okanye umlilo. Ukulungelelanisa umqadi ukusebenzisa screens ezibengezelayo okanye viewfinders zamabanga; Kuphephe exposure amehlo ngqo.
• Kuba umqadi iinkqubo ulungelelwaniso sebenzisa amandla liphantsi. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iinkqubo ulungelelwaniso lokuqala basebenzisa izixhobo isiphelo ophantsi. Kuphephe ubukho okungeyomfuneko izinto kubonakalisa kwindawo laser.
• Thintela sicatshulwa umqadi kwindawo eyingozi emva kweeyure, usebenzisa shutter, kunye neminye imiqobo. Musa ukusebenzisa iindonga egumbini ukulungelelanisa umqadi laser iklasi 3b no-4.
• Sebenzisa izixhobo non-ekhanyayo. Ezinye izixhobo ayibonisi ukukhanya ebonakalayo, iba nesipili inxalenye engabonakaliyo zazo.
• Musa ukunxiba izivatho ekhanyayo. zokuhombisa eqaqambileyo bubuhle kwakhona kwandisa ingozi yabanjwa ugesi.

izibuko protective

Xa usebenza laser iiklasi-4 kunye ummandla ingozi evulekileyo, okanye abasemngciphekweni bokucingisisa kufuneka asebenzise iiglasi zokukhusela. Chwetheza kuzo kuxhomekeka kuhlobo radiation. Amanqaku kufuneka zikhethwe ukukhusela nxamnye ukukhanya, ngokukodwa kuyenye yeendlela, ngokunjalo ukunika ukhuselo ukuya kwinqanaba apho reflex wokhuselo yendalo ukuthintela yokulimala kwamehlo. izixhobo ezinjalo okubonakalayo ukugcina ezinye okwimo umqadi, ukuthintela ulusu ukutsha, ukunciphisa amathuba ezinye iingozi.

Izinto ukuba siqwalasele xa ukhetha izibuko:

• okanye ummandla ngamaza spectrum radiation;
• absorbance kwi kwamaza ethile;
• illuminance iphezulu (W / cm ²⁾ okanye amandla umqadi (W);
• chwetheza inkqubo laser;
• Imo Power - idaleka laser radiation okanye indlela okuqhubekayo;
• reflection ubunakho - specular kunye kwentamo;
• intsimi ngayo;
• ukufumaneka lens zokulungisa okanye enkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukunxitywa iindondo ukululeka umbono;
• intuthuzelo yam;
• umoya imingxunyana ukunqanda misting;
• ukusebenza ngombono lombala;
• nefuthe ukumelana;
• ukukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyimfuneko.

Ekubeni izibuko ziyathanda ukonakalisa banxibe, inkqubo Ukhuseleko kwilabhoratri kufuneka iquke uhlolo ngamaxesha ezi zinto zokuzikhusela.