Yintoni kwemvelo eziphilayo? Ukuqhuba imikhosi, imithetho, imizekelo

Namhlanje siza kuthetha ntoni na ngendaleko eziphilayo, yintoni ixabiso kuye. Kakade ke, ukuthetha ngalo mbandela, asinako ngoyaba imfundiso yokuzivelela ka Charles Darwin, ngubani wanikela ngayo kulo ihlabathi, apho ikhona unanamhla.

Ngoko ke, yintoni na ngendaleko eziphilayo? Phantsi le ngcamango ngokuqhelekileyo bendiqonda utshintsho ngcembe, nto leyo okuphawuleka kakhulu. Kodwa ngenxa yale nkqubo kukho utshintsho oluphawulekayo. Evolution eziphilayo unokude ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni kusekwe iintlobo ezintsha bezidalwa eziphilayo, okanye utshintsho olukhulu kwaye usebenzise yakudala. Yintoni ukuthini nasekusungulweni zenzululwazi zendalo? Kakade ke, lo isitshixo. Oku uya kubona wakugqiba ukuyilesa le msebenzi.

kwemvelo

Ngoku sixoxa kancinci malunga nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kweli nqaku. Yintoni kwemvelo eziphilayo? Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba lo mba ayibuyiseki umva kwaye inxulumene ngqo inkqubo zembali, uphuhliso zasendle. Unga cinga nasekusungulweni nxalenye ngamnye okanye reserves ngokubanzi, zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Khumbula ukuba nokuguquguquka inokuba esiphilayo kuphela.

zazivelela ngaphambili ababemelene into enjalo njenge 'revolution ". Kodwa ngethuba ufundisiso kwezi nkqubo zimbini yafunyanwa: zazivelela revolution kunzima ukwahlula enye kwenye. Kutheni? Kwemvelo ezigidi zeminyaka ingathatha okanye idlule ngokukhawuleza. Ekubeni umda phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini kakhulu waluqaba.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuba abantu - oku bazivelela, oko kukuthi, siye savela ezimfeneni yamandulo. It saphuhliswa yi-nzulu esidumileyo Charles Darwin. Ingcamango ebizwa izinto zazivelela. Enoba uyayikholelwa okanye akuyikholelwa, wonke umntu ugqiba ngokwabo, ngenxa yokuba ngoku kukho ezinye yeengcinga ezininzi kunokwenzeka. Kodwa xa sithe saya umsebenzi wethu ngendaleko, asinakukwazi ngoyaba ingcamango zikaDarwin. Sinikezela ukuqala khona ngoku.

imfundiso zikaDarwin

UCharles Darwin wayekwazi okokuqala ukuchazela uluntu ukuba ngendaleko eziphilayo. Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye into yokuba imfundiso yakhe yayisekelwe kwimibhalo T. Malthus, abo babenikele ihlabathi 1778 kwakhe "imbali phezu kwabantu." Emva kokuhlolisisa bonke ukusebenza, Charles Darwin waba nako ukuqulunqa imithetho ezisisiseko, imikhosi ezizisa zazivelela. Yintoni umsebenzi T. Malthus? Wachaza oko kwakuza kwenzeka ntoni kuthi xa ukukhula kwamanani oluntu yi hayi ndinyanzelwe naziphi na iimeko.

Qaphela ukuba Darwin wayeka kwithiyori Malthus kwezinye zezinto eziphilayo, igalelo layo engundoqo kwinzululwazi - yingcaciso kwenzeka njani zazivelela. Yena wazazisa kuqala ingqikelelo "zivunywa". Chaza kunokwenziwa, nokuba enye ingcali yenzululwazi (AR Wallace) unako ukuza kwisigqibo esifanayo. Ke Darwin and Wallace kunye babekunye kwintlanganiso 1858, ingxelo edibeneyo, kwaye ngo-1859 Charles Darwin wazisa ihlabathi ukuba isebenze, "The Origin of Species."

Le theory yanamhlanje

Ngoko ke, yintoni na ngendaleko eziphilayo, inkcazelo kwethiyori Charles Darwin, thina sele enikiweyo. Kodwa likho nethuba lokuba bangabonelelwa (ekwabizwa ngokuba zokwenziwa) imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela mihla. Sibonelela ibikukujonga nje ngokufutshane kuye.

Imfundiso Neo-kaDarwin na lihlaziya emva kwinkulungwane yama-20, imfundiso zikaDarwin - Wallace. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukulungiswa kunye nokongeza data ezintsha kwiinkalo:

• genetics;
• kwesayensi;
• ezinto eziphilayo;
• nemvelo;
• ethology.

Kutheni le mbono ebizwa zokwenziwa? Kanye kuba Yindibanisela kwizithuba ezinkulu emelwe Charles Darwin.

imithetho kwemvelo

Phambi kokuba isho imithetho ezingundoqo, sicebisa uqwalasela ngendaleko eziphilayo, kulo mzekelo, siza kuba yintoni umncedi elungileyo. Thatha ibhabhathane blue ukuba uhlala baseSamoa Islands. Baqala ke ukuba atshabalalise izinambuzane ayingozi kubantu abangamadoda. omnye unyaka nje okuhlaselwa enjalo inani amadoda landa ku-40 ekhulwini. Akunjalo, amakhalane kunye wahlala apho ekuhlaleni, abazange amabhabhathane sele ingumqobo. Ngoko kubonakala ngathi izinto zazivelela.

imithetho:

• izinga ngendaleko akufani;
• ukuyilwa uhlobo olutsha lwenzeka kwiintlobo ezilula;
• kwakukho amatyala yendaleko kuchaswa;
• kwemvelo ngenxa kwezinye izinto (ukuguquka, ukhetho zendalo, kokushenxa yemfuza).

izinto kwemvelo

Siye safumanisa ukuba le ngendaleko eziphilayo kunye umongo walo. Masibhale Ngoku sithethe ngayo izinto. Bamkelwa ngenxa yophononongo kunye systematization ulwazi lwasemoyeni ngokuphathelele zazivelela. Kanye ukuze ukwazi ukubona uqonde mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba ezivumela iintlobo ezininzi (ngaphantsi apha naphaya ukuze sisinde) ahlale emhlabeni.

Ngoko ke, kukho amathathu kuphela miba ephambili:

• inkqubo uguquko ;
• amaza labantu;
• namaqela ajongelwe phantsi.

ifomu yokukhetha

Ethetha yendaleko, sinako ukwahlula ezininzi iintlobo yokukhetha zendalo :

• gulwa;
• uqhuba;
• onakalisayo.

Uhlobo lokuqala ijolise ukugcina uzinzo uhlobo oluthile. Cinga nje ngomzekelo undlunkulu. Ngexesha isivunguvungu 136 iintaka abafayo zifunyenwe. 64 kubo Wafa, njengoko waba amaphiko nokuba elifutshane okanye elide. Abantu eziqhelekileyo ezinomyinge ubungakanani asinda, njengoko wayebonakele kuye ixesha elide ngakumbi.

Injongo livela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: yokuduka kwamalungu e iinyoka okanye emehlweni izilwanyana emqolombeni, iminwe ungulates njalo njalo. Yiloo nto ke, umzimba (okanye inxalenye yayo) apho Akuyomfuneko isilwanyana, ubalekela nje.

Umzekelo ukhetho ephazamisayo kufuneka indlovu (okanye mandithi umbala zabo). Ukuba umhlaba omdaka, iqokobhe yi ithinti ngebala okanye omthubi.