Ngokuguqula imizila njengomba zazivelela

inkqubo ngokuguqula imizila ngendaleko yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo sophuhliso. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ekuqaleni iba nefuthe elibi phenotype labantu. Noko ke, njengoko sofuzo akhoyo alleles elungisiweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kumadama sofuzo genotypes heterozygous kwi babeziindawo efanelekileyo. Makhe siqwalasele phambili indima kwinkqubo fuzo zazivelela.

Overview

Ngokuguqula imizila - utshintsho ngesiquphe ngokulandelelana wavusa inguqu ezibukhali ezisebenzayo kunye noshowo genetic material. Last aba uluhlu izinto ezahlukeneyo kwiisayithi emolekyuli ezikhoyo sofuzo ukuya zofuzo kunye genomes. Ngokuguqula imizila - uxinzelelo factor labemi. Kungenxa yokuba kuyahluka nezihlandlo omnye allele xa kuthelekiswa nezinye.

nomphumela omuhle

Ngenxa yobukho alleles njengesi kwi gene pool kwi kweejini heterozygous olungasiwe nefuthe ngqo elibi ukuchazwa phawu phenotypic ukuba ilawulwa yi sofuzo.

Ngenxa yamandla gqith (heterosis), kwiDNA ezininzi zikarhulumente heterozygous rhoqo negalelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweli eziphilayo.

Xa alleles ukugcina, ecingisisiweyo encomekayo kwindawo yangoku ukhona, kodwa unako ukuthenga okanye kwixesha elizayo, okanye uphuhliso kwezinye yayigcinwa eziphilayo, kwasekwa uqhelane Ukwahluka.

Intsingiselo izakhi

Ukubaluleka kungenxa kwi kwisehlo rhoqo utshintsho ezizenzekelayo kunye nendibaniselwano zayo zenzeka kwi ukuwela imixube emitsha genes kunye nenguqu. Oku, kuye kubangele ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho kubemi izinyanya. мутационного процесса состоит в повышении генетической гетерогенности. Indima inkqubo uguquko ukwandisa ukungafani yemfuza. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle inxaxheba kwezinye izinto, ayikho kwisimo kukhokela inguqu sabantu zendalo.

элементарного материала, резерва изменчивости. Ngokuguqula imizila - umthombo elemental izinto reserve Ukwahluka. Imbonakalo yotshintsho na uhlobo lwezibalo probabilistic. ukubaluleka yokuzivelela yenkqubo kukugcina ukungafani eliphezulu abantu zendalo, ukuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni alleles ezahlukeneyo kwaye ukuvela izakhi ezintsha. inkqubo ngokuguqula imizila kudala uluhlu olupheleleyo Ukwahluka ye isakhi pool ethile. Xa flow yayo rhoqo iye non-zokukhomba kunye nohlobo ejikelezayo.

Okukodwa

происходит на протяжении существования всей жизни. Guquko kuthatha indawo ngexesha ubomi babo. Ezinye utshintshwano ingaba kwenzeka izihlandlo ezininzi xa eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. zofuzo phantsi kwempembelelo lomgadi inkqubo wezakhi. Oku neyalo amathuba eliphezulu ilahleko kwinani yeyunithi wokujika ngezizukulwana. оказывает относительно небольшое давление на отдельно взятый ген, при большом количестве последних генетическая структура подвергается существенным изменениям. kuxinzelelo encinci kuba gene ngamnye kunye nenani elikhulu yesakhiwo yemfuza yakutshanje Nangona inkqubo wezakhi iye ivavanywa utshintsho eninzi.

Indlela kunye neziphumo

Ngenxa yokuwela rhoqo kukho zizifundo ezininzi alleles. Combinatorial Genetic ngokuphindaphindiweyo ihlola ixabiso izakhi. Bona ingangena zibe genomes ezintsha abonakale kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo genotypic. Isakhono Inani zizifundo ezinjalo genetic material phakathi kwabantu kakhulu. Noko ke, ndaqonda nje inxalenye omncinane yenani isondlo mhlawumbi lokukhethwa. Ukuphunyezwa sezabelo ugqitywa intlanganisela eyodwa phantse wonke umntu. Le nto ibaluleke kakhulu ukwenzela ukuphunyezwa ngokukhethwa zendalo.

ubonisa iimpawu

Izakhi elemental izinto zazivelela. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kubo: genomic, chromosomal, yemfuza. Phakathi iimpawu ezibonisa izakhi kufuneka anikezele imizwa yabo. Oku kubonisa iqondo phenotypic ubungnqongqo. Ukongeza, ukuba ukuguquka uphawu penetrance. Yeyona rhoqo ukwenza izinto phenotypic kwenye allele lwe isakhi esithile labemi nokuba expressivity.

zofuzo

Zimele ngokulandelelana yenguqu nucleotide. Ukuguquka kule meko lutshintsha uhlobo amanyathelo sofuzo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho utshintsho eziphilayo, ebangela isiphumo phenotypic. Masithi ukuba isakhi athile codes kwindawo ethile abe iikhowudi TTC for glutamic acid. , Yena Xa kutshintshwa kuphela nucleotide enye ezingenza abe codon GTT. Akayi inxaxheba Yindibanisela glutamic acid kunye glutamine. Iimolekyuli protein yoqobo kunye njengesi ahlukeneyo, kwaye mhlawumbi oko kuya kubangela iyantlukwano phenotypic yesibini lomlinganiswa. -Phindana ngqo allele ezintsha ziya kwenzeka kude kufike ixesha akuyi kuya kwenzeka utshintsho entsha. Xa kwiDNA ngoko kukho uthotho okanye ulophu lweziqalelo homologous. Uyakwazi ukwenza isigqibo umva. Ubukho allelic Ukwahluka kwi isakhi ethile kuthetha ukuba ngexesha ezithile mutated.

ukwengeza

kweejini Heterozygous diploid, "a DNA cwaka" - yonke into isibatha zofuzo. Xa ke degeneracy le ikhowudi yezofuzo, nokunqaba kukuvela utshintshwano bathetha yokulungisa umonakalo. iinkqubo Mutational kufuneka kwenzeka izinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo qho othile. Kufuneka kwanele ukuba kunokubangela inguqu ngawo labemi iya kuboniswa ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Kwezakhi afumaneka ezahlukeneyo lamanani. Abanye babo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezembali zophuhliso izinto eziphilayo, igalelo ekwakhiweni zohlaza entsha. Kuvame ukuba kwenzeka ngaphandle inguqu, discretely kunye bulula. olu tshintsho luya kuba kanye kuzinza. Ku zidlulele inzala. kuvela yemfuza hayi directionally. Utshintsho inye ingaphinda-phindwa amaxesha amaninzi.

Ixabiso encomekayo

Uninzi eziguqulwe ezintsha kwahluka nempumelelo asezantsi kakhulu kunokuba / uhlobo oluqhelekileyo zasendle. Ngaloo libekwe eyohlukeneyo, ukusuka ezichuliweyo subvitalnogo imeko isiqingatha-eyingozi olubulalayo. Ekuhlalutyeni ukuphumelela iimpukane Drosophila eziguqulwe evela kwi utshintsho kwi X chromosome,-90% abantu kwaba ngaphantsi kunesiqhelo. Ngowe-10% of supervitalnoe karhulumente zaphawula - kwandiswe amandla. Ngokubanzi, ixabiso olulungisiweyo eziguqulwe sibonakala, ngokuqhelekileyo lancitshiswa. Lubonakala yi eluncedo esebenzayo iimpawu morphological kunye nokuchuma, ukusebenza nokomzimba.