Yintoni i enkhowudingi ulwazi kunye nokusebenza kwayo?

Kwihlabathi kukho exchange rhoqo lokumpompoza ulwazi. Le mithombo ibe ngabantu, izixhobo zobugcisa, izinto ezahlukeneyo, izinto ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo. Ukufumana ulwazi ukukwenza into enye, okanye eziliqela.
Ukuze ngcono ukunxibelelana ngaxeshanye ikhowudi ikhutshwa phandle kunye lweenkcukacha ecaleni samaza i (i-data uqeqesho nokuguqula ibe iphetshana elifanelekileyo ze translation, processing kunye nokugcinwa), mpahla kunye zokucazulula ecaleni ngumamkeli (ukuguqula data khowudi kwi imilo original). Le mingeni ziyadlelana: umthombo kwaye umamkeli kufuneka algorithms lweenkcukacha efanayo, okanye inkqubo encoding-zokucazulula iya kuninqabela. Ukhowudo processing lolwazi oluntanganye kunye multimedia uqobo iphunyezwe ngokusekelwe ubuchwepheshe computer.

Ujiko ulwazi kwikhompyutha yakho

Kukho iindlela ezininzi data (itekisi, amanani, imizobo, ividiyo, isandi) yi computer. Zonke iinkcukacha kusingathwa ikhompyutha, emelwe kwikhowudi yokubini - ngamanani 1 no 0 kuthiwa ziintanda. Nngokobuchwepheshe, le ndlela ezaphunyezwayo ilula kakhulu: 1 - isignali zombane ekhoyo, 0 - ndingekho. Ngokwembono yabantu, ezi khowudi ukuba kuhlalwe Umbono - imigca elide amaqanda abo abamele iisimboli encoded kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukuwuqonda ngoko nangoko. Kodwa le fomati ushicilelo nangoko ibonisa ukuba inkcazelo ikhowudi ezinjalo. Umzekelo, inani 8 nemivo ezisibhozo-ifomu yokubini Kubonakala ngathi le ndlela ilandelayo ziikhowudi: 000001000. Kodwa kunzima emntwini, nje ikhompyutha. Electronics lula yokusingatha izinto ezininzi elula nje encinci ezintsonkothileyo.

Usebenziso ngekhowudi umbhalo

Xa ucofa kwi keyboard iqhosha, ikhompyutha lifumana ikhowudi ethile lweqhosha licinezelwe bayakufuna kwayo standard kwetafile ASCII umlinganiswa (American Code for yoTshintshiselwano ngoLwazi), "uyayiqonda" iqhosha ntoni licinezelwe, kwaye sifaka le khowudi kuqhubekeko oluphambili (umz; ngokuba ukubonisa uphawu ). Yokugcina ikhowudi yekharakhtha in ifomu lokubini bits 8, ngoko ke inani lobuninzi lwendibaniso ilingana 256. I-128 oonobumba bokuqala zisetyenziselwa ulawulo ngabalinganiswa, amanani kunye neeleta. Isiqingatha sesibini senzelwe iisimboli zesizwe kunye pseudo.

Usebenziso ngekhowudi umbhalo

Kuya kuba lula ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na enkhowudingi yolwazi, umzekelo. Cinga IsiNgesi codes umlinganiswa "C" kunye neleta Russian "C". Qaphela ukuba ngeesimboli akutsalwa mali, kunye neekhowudi yabo yahlukile negama. ubhalo IsiNgesi ngabe unjani 01000010, kunye Russian - 11010001. Isibakala sokuba umntu kwiskrini ekhangela enye, ikhompyutha ubona kakhulu eyahlukileyo. Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukunikela ingqalelo kwinto yokuba iikhowudi yabalinganiswa 128 zokuqala kuhlala injalo, kodwa ukuqala 129 uze omnye code yokubini ukuze kunxibelelana iileta ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwetafile khowudi. Umzekelo, ikhowudi wokugqibela 194 ukuze kunxibelelana KOI8 ileta "b" kwi SR1251 - "B" kwi ISO - «T», kwaye nokhowudo SR866 kunye Mus jikelele le khowudi alifani umlinganiswa othile. Ngoko ke, xa uvula isicatshulwa, sibona endaweni yamagama Russian character exube abracadabra, nto leyo ethetha ukuba olu lwazi encoding ayikho kuthi kwaye kufuneka ukhethe i neesimboli currency eyahlukileyo.

amanani iikhowudi

Kwinkqubo yokubini zithathwa iinketho kumaxabiso amabini kuphela - 0 no 1. Yonke imisebenzi esisiseko kunye amanani yokubini usebenzisa inzululwazi ekuthiwa izibalo yokubini. Ezi zenzo babe neempawu zabo. Thabatha, umzekelo, inani 45, echwethezwe yezitshixo. inombolo nganye inayo ikhowudi yayo eneedijithi ezisibhozo-kwitheyibhile ASCII ikhowudi, ngoko ke inani ohlala bytes ezimbini (16 amasuntswana): 5 - 01,010,011 4 - 01.000.011. Ukuze usebenzise le nombolo ekubaleni, oko kukuthi yi ubuchule ezikhethekileyo kwinkqubo njengenani eliphindwe kabini ngohlobo ali ezisibhozo-njengenani eliphindwe kabini: 45 - 00101101.

Ukhowudo processing yemizobo

Xa nenani 50-kwiikhompyutha asetyenziswa kakhulu ngalo iinjongo yenzululwazi emkhosini, okwesihlandlo sokuqala ndaqonda ukubonisa olubonakalayo lwe data. Namhlanje, ngeso ulwazi ikhompyutha, yinto eqhelekileyo yaye iqhelekile nawuphi na umntu nesenzeko, yaye ngaloo mihla yavelisa i revolution ebalaseleyo ukusebenza ngobugcisa. Mhlawumbi abachatshazelwa ifuthe psyche oluntu: lumelo olubonakalayo lwazi zifunxe ngcono yamkelwe. A ingxenye enkulu phambili kuphuhliso kwedatha kwelo 80s, xa encoding kunye nokuqhutywa ulwazi yemizobo ezifunyenweyo yophuhliso enamandla.

Analog kunye nemizobo ekhethekileyo yokusebenza

ulwazi olukokuzotyiweyo ke iintlobo ezimbini: analog (a yafaka umbala ngokuqhubekekayo ukutshintsha) kunye obubobu (umfanekiso kuqulethe ezininzi pixels umbala ezahlukeneyo). Kuba lula umsebenzi ngemifanekiso kwikhompyutha yabo ngayo - isampulu lomhlaba, apho isiqalelo ngasinye unikwe ixabiso umbala oluthile ngokohlobo ikhowudi ekhethekileyo. Ukhowudo processing of ulwazi efanayo umsebenzi kunye zayimosaic eyakhiwa ngamaqhekeza ezininzi ezincinane. Enanikade umgangatho enkhowudingi kuxhomekeke kubungakanani amachaphaza (i encinane ubungakanani element - amanqaku aya kuba imali enkulu per unit ndawo, - umgangatho ophezulu) kunye nobungakanani kwiplanga elimcambalala lemibala ezisetyenzisiweyo (i ephakamileyo umbala ithi ingathatha ingongoma nganye, ngokulandelelanayo, zithwele inkcazelo engakumbi, ngcono umgangatho ).

Ukwakha nokugcina iigrafu

Kukho izakhiwo ezininzi ezinkulu umfanekiso - kumda wesangqa, yeraster, kunye Fractal. Zodwa ingqalelo indibanisela yeraster kunye kumda wesangqa - kwande kwixesha multimedia sethu 3D-mifanekiso ezimele ubuchule kunye neendlela wokwakha izinto-ntathu kwisithuba virtual. Ukhowudo processing lolwazi oluntanganye kunye wemalthimidiya eyahlukileyo ifomati yomfanekiso ngamnye.

bitmap

Kakuhle eli ifomati graphic ukuba umfanekiso yohlulwe amachaphaza amancinci ezinemibala (pixels). Ulawulo indawo ephezulu ekhohlo. Coding ulwazi umfanekiso njalo iqala zathabathela kwiphiko lasekhohlo umgca umfanekiso ngokuthi umgca, pixel ngamnye ufumana ikhowudi umbala. Ukubana bitmap kungabalelwa phinda inani lamanqaku kwi umqulu iinkcukacha ngamnye (oko kuxhomekeke kwinani yokwahluka umbala). I iphezulu ukusonjululwa monitor, kokukhona inani imigca yeraster kunye amachaphaza kumgca ngamnye, ngokulandelelanayo, umfanekiso umgangatho ophezulu. code yokubini ingasetyenziswa nokuhlawulwa data umfanekiso uhlobo yeraster, ukususela nokuqaqamba ingongoma nganye kwaye uququzelelo indawo yayo angamelwa njengoko integers.

image vector

Coding yemizobo multimedia ulwazi lohlobo kumda wesangqa kuyehla into yokuba into graphic imelwe ngokohlobo amacandelo cebetshu ajike. Iipropati Line, leyo ukusekela into ke imilo (ngqo okanye curve), umbala, ubukhulu, isimbo (namthanyana okanye umgca ongqindilili). Abo imigca evaliwe, enye impahla - ukugcwalisa ezinye izinto okanye umbala. Indawo yento emiselwe njengamanqaku ekuqaleni nasekupheleni komgca kunye owela ngaphakathi kwama-ugobile le arc. Volume ngemizobo format yomzobo Raster phi, kodwa ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ukujonga iigrafu yolu hlobo. Kukho kwakhona iinkqubo - vectorizers inguqu imifanekiso eyi zibe kumda wesangqa.

graphics Fractal

Olu hlobo igrafikhi njengokuba kumda wesangqa, isekelwe phezu izibalo, kodwa kubalulekile olusisiseko kwifomula ngokwayo. Xa kwinkumbulo yekhomputha akukho mfuneko ukugcina nayiphi na imifanekiso okanye izinto, umfanekiso itsalwa kwifomula kuphela. Iitshati yale hlobo iluncedo ukuba nombono kuphela isakhiwo rhoqo elula, kodwa imifanekiso ezintsonkothileyo, simulating, umzekelo, kumhlaba kwimidlalo okanye emulators.

amaza omsindo

Yintoni i enkhowudingi lolwazi, kodwa oko kwabonisa kulo mzekelo zokusebenza kunye nesandi. Siyazi ukuba ihlabathi lethu lizele izandi. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu siluqondile phandle indlela ezakhiwe ngayo izandi - naloo ngomoya kunye rarefied, echaphazela indlebe. Umntu ndiyabona ngumtshangatshangiso nge frequency of 16 Hz 20 kHz (1 Hertz - oscillation elinye ngomzuzwana). Onke amaza kabani rhoqo intlokoma ngaphandle kwalomqolo kuthiwa yesandi.

iimpawu sound

sound iimpawu ithoni, ubume (umbala isandi elandelwayo exhomekeke kule amaza), ukuphakama (nezihlandlo obugqitywa nezihlandlo oscillations ngomzuzwana) kunye nomthamo leyo kuxhomekeke kubungakanani intlokoma. Nayiphi isandi lokwenene ngumxube we oscillation harmonic kunye iseti eliqingqiweyo ezitsho. Hexe nge frequency liphantsi ubizwa ngokuba ithoni esisiseko, abanye - izandi ezincinane. Kubakho isandi sethowuni umbala ezizodwa unika isandi - ezahlukeneyo imali ukuncwasa ezendeleyo bezicacisa esi sandi. Loo ithoni, singakwazi ukubona amazwi omthandayo, ukwahlula isandi izixhobo zomculo.

Inkqubo asebenze sound

Olunemiqathango phezu ukusebenza kweprogram zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezininzi: eziluncedo kunye nabaqhubi ngenxa amakhadi isandi, sisebenza nabo kwinqanaba elisezantsi, abahleli yomsindo ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye iifayile ezirekhodiweyo kunye nokusebenzisa neziphumo ezahlukeneyo kubo, synthesizers software kunye converters, analogue-digital ( ADC) kunye digital-to-analog (DAC).

encoding audio

Esephepheni ulwazi yemaltimidiya ukuyiguqula isandi analog ababunjwe obubobu processing lula ngakumbi. ADC esifumana i igalelo uphawu analog, ulinganisa awo yayo ngamathuba athile ngexesha ovelisa ulandelelwano lwedijithali kunye notshintsho lwe data awo. Akukho komzimba kwenzeka.

Uphawu yemveliso obubobu, kunjalo, kokukhona amaza awo womlinganiselo (isampuli), kokukhona kanye uphawu output elivumelana igalelo, i ikhowudi ngcono abapasileyo nokuhoywa ulwazi yemultimedia. Iisampulu kwakhona ekubhekiselelwe kuso kulandelelwano oda data digital ezifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa ADC. Le nkqubo ngokwayo ngoko ngokuba isampulu, in Russian - zavavanywa.

Ukutshintsha inguqu kwenziwa DAC ngokusekelwe izimvo ezifunyenweyo data digital ngexesha elithile kukhokelela kokuveliswa uphawu sombane awo kuyimfuneko.

parameters isampula

Seplirovaniya main iparameters kuphela neSingqinisiso kwamaza; kodwa ke bit - ukuchana yokulinganisa kutshintshwe awo of sample nganye. Le lenguqu echanileyo ngakumbi isasazeka xa ixabiso kwi kwiyunithi nganye xesha awo umqondiso, xa ephezulu umgangatho umqondiso emva ADC, kungona ukuchaneka lwamaza recovery kwi ukuguqulwa umva.