Le ngcamango lomthetho kunye neendidi nemithetho. Regulatory. Theory of State kunye noMthetho

Icebo yombuso mihla akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo mthetho. Xa ekuvandlakanyeni bamisela imithetho bakha imithetho nobudlelwane noluntu. Xa imimiselo efanayo, ngokusekelwe leyo eyayilawula umda zomthetho, zifikelela kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi lwabemi, ukuqinisekisa ukuze kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha linye ingqalelo kweqonga yowiso akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ugxininiso kwi-siseko. Inika kuphela ingqikelelo amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi abemi ezisisiseko, kodwa ubonisa nokulingana kangangoko esikalini imikhosi yezopolitiko. Ukuze ukulawula ebenegalelo elikhulu koku kulinganisela umthetho. Ingcinga, iimpawu, iintlobo kunye iimpawu imithetho enzulu ukunceda ukucacisa ubunjani bawo nemisebenzi practical.

Ingcamango komthetho

Ngokusemthethweni, umthetho luxwebhu olusemthethweni, nto leyo ibonakalisa imigaqo elawula ubudlelwane ibalulekileyo ekuhlaleni. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba sisiseko yomthetho karhulumente. Ukubaluleka ekuqondeni imithetho abalawuli kumaxesha amandulo. Enye into kukuba ifomu kunye nesiqulatho imithetho ubudala ubudala bahluke kakhulu amaxwebhu zolawulo namhlanje. Njengoko umthetho, imithetho esekwe baba ngandlel 'ithile processing yenkqubo amasiko ezikhoyo. Ukuze bakwazi ukuchaza ngcono ingqikelelo komthetho kunye neentlobo imithetho kufuneka isebenza ngexesha yoohlohlesakhe-wentando lolungiso. Kwaba ngoko yamkele imigaqo ingqalelo ilungelo imithetho ezandleni zePalamente, emele abantu.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, umthetho kufuneka ithathwe njengoko uhlobo eliphezulu intando yabantu. Ngoncedo kwamandla karhulumente imisela kwaye esikholisa iziseko yommiselo ngokusemthethweni. Ngelo xesha imimiselo inokufana njengendlela zisebenzisane kwesakhelo somthetho okhoyo. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba imithetho karhulumente musa engaxhomekekanga kwezinye amagunya ukongeza ke ihlamvu mthetho. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba imithetho azinakurhoxiswa okanye ukuyihlela. Kulo mzekelo, ekugqibeleni elandelweyo utshintsho izenzo eziye zavunywa ngaphambili ngokusekelwe kumxholo umthetho alungiswe. Oku ikakhulu ibhekisa mthetho kamasipala, ukuxhasa ukuphunyezwa kwe umthetho.

zimpawu imithetho

Njengoko ukuyilwa imimiselo yenkqubo yezomthetho aneempawu ezahlukeneyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezi mpawu zilandelayo ezifanelekileyo, lolwahlulo umthetho Russian Federation:

• Lamkele lo umthetho kuphela igunya ogunyazisiweyo, ukutsho oko ngokomthetho. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba eli lungelo unalo abameli kuphela abasemagunyeni kwinqanaba federal. Ukuphuhlisa ukuvuma ngemithetho esayilwayo ungakwazi kaRhulumente Duma, abasemagunyeni republic, imizimba ummeli kamasipala, njalo-njalo. D.
• Umthetho yenzelwe ukulawula ubudlelwane ezibalulekileyo zoluntu. Ngokukodwa, eli xwebhu ingalungiswa ngokusekelwe amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho, amalungelo angundoqo abemi, kwakunye nobuchule yorhulumente federal kunye nabameli basekuhlaleni self-government.
• Enye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo umthetho njengoko ayikokubambana jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amaxwebhu ezinxulumene kumaqela athile abantu - umzekelo, abasebenzi kwindawo ethile. Umzekelo, uMthetho zamaPolisa eyandisiweyo amandla zokunyanzeliswa komthetho ukususela ku-2011. Kodwa usebenza kuphela abameli amapolisa.
• Umwana umthetho lwenzeka ngendlela ekhethekileyo procedural, nto leyo iba ummiselo okhethekileyo. Ingakumbi, le nkqubo imiselwe ngezenzo siseko.
• UMthetho yanika amandla omthetho ephakamileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke mithetho ngokunxulumene kuyo kubaluleke yesibini kwaye kufuneka angene ungquzulwano.

ezahlukeneyo imithetho

imithetho yokuhlela Basic sivela ngokubaluleka analo inkqubo yomthetho umthetho ethile. Ingcinga, iimpawu, iintlobo kunye iimpawu zokwamkelwa xwebhu - zonke ezi zinto zichaphazela indlela apho iqela liya kungena umthetho. Okwangoku, i-Russian inkqubo umthetho kubandakanya ukwahlulwa ezi ntlobo zilandelayo: siseko, imithetho yase kunye Russian Federation.

Udidi lokuqala luquka imithetho evunyiweyo kwi miba ebalulekileyo enxulumene-siseko. Ezi, ingakumbi, kuquka imithetho lwezimvo malunga olube karhulumente, inkqubo yenkundla, indawo emkhosini, njalo-njalo. D.

Ezo zenzo, leyo bathathwa isiseko kunye ekwenziweni-siseko, ukuba federal. Ngoncedo lwabo abasemagunyeni ulawule iinkalo ezahlukeneyo unxibelelwano noluntu, echaphazela iintsingiselo zezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, uMthetho yamaPolisa efanayo ingabalelwa kweli qela. Ngelo xesha, amaxwebhu kunye federal zomthetho kufuneka kwisahlulo yabo - ingakumbi, kukho eziqhelekileyo wabheka izinto zomthetho.

Imithetho ukuba wenza izifundo ze-Russian Federation, ukuze kuthiwe ikhonkco esezantsi kumsebenzi yowiso karhulumente, Noko ke, leyo, mayingakunciphisi ukubaluleka kwabo. Iimpawu ezizodwa zezi maxwebhu kukuba yokuba ayikwazi ukuziphikisa umthetho federal kwaye asebenze kuphela ngaphakathi isifundo sabo. Lo isenokuba-siseko weRiphabliki, yengingqi kunye nemimiselo yephondo.

Neminye imithetho yokuhlela

Ukongeza kule yokuhlela, kukho ezinye imithetho criteria ngokwahlukana. Eyona migaqo ibalulekileyo systematization lomxholo nokunyaniseka. Kule meko, ingqiqo komthetho kunye neentlobo imithetho ngokukodwa ngokusondeleyo. Ukuba sithethe malunga nokuqulethwe lwesemantiki mthetho, eyabelwe amaxwebhu jikelele kunye ezizodwa. Kwimeko yokuqala kulindeleke ukuba lo mthetho uza kusebenza kubo bonke abemi. imimiselo eyodwa kuphela iiklasi kunye namaqela ngamnye.

Kwakhona, imithetho unokuba ixesha eyahlukileyo. Ukwahlula phakathi amaxwebhu abasisigxina kunye kuphela liSebe elilawulayo. Ukuba isigaba sokuqala, imeko ecacileyo, owesibini kufuna ukucaciswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kuquka imithetho ye-Russian Federation, isiphumo eziyilwe ixesha elithile, ngenxa okwethutyana imo yonxunguphalo. iimeko ezinjalo ingabangelwa, umzekelo, eziphilayo zemvelo, ezentlalo kunye nezinye izinto,.

Kukho okunye ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ezo zisekelwe kumgaqo-Subject Matter, ububanzi, ulawulo umthamo kunye ingqwalasela kwimimandla. Umzekelo, ukulawulwa ixhomekeke-sikhokelo-siseko, umthetho yolawulo okanye lolwaphulo-mthetho. Orientation kwakhona inokuba nomahluko, ekubeni imithetho zingachaphazela kunye nemiba yezentlalo, kunye bokuqonda lwabiwo-mali, kunye yokuxazulula iingxaki zoqoqosho ngengqiqo ngokubanzi.

Siseko njengowona mthetho esisiseko

NgokoMgaqo-siseko umyalelo uxwebhu singundoqo sichaza inkqubo yonke yezomthetho. Xa imigangatho isiqulathi efanayo imigaqo-sikhokelo esemthethweni yonke imisebenzi ngokwenza-mthetho esekelwe. Esondelene kuyo umoya umyalelo udidi siseko. Izenzo ezinjalo kuphela elapho iingxwaba-siseko, kodwa ukuphuhlisa concretize umxholo wayo.

imithetho ifundwe nawo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ukulawula unxibelelwano noluntu, isikhokelo ngqo kwi-siseko. Kulo mzekelo, ingqiqo komthetho kunye neentlobo imithetho kufuneka zijongwe njengesakhelo zomthetho kweli ziko yokwenziwa kwemithetho. imithetho ifundwe ejoliswe elawula kwinkalo elikhulu yaye elikhulu kunene kobudlelwane, kuquka ingqesho, impahla njalo njalo. D. Ngelo xesha apho kubekho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yokuthetha loo mithetho. Omnye wabo isenzo komthetho federal, equlethe imithetho ezingundoqo, jikelele malunga kolawulo odibeneyo karhulumente. Oko kukuthi, i ikhowudi onjalo kumiselwa evela ngakwicala kwezi zifundo Federation.

Kwinkalo zomthetho isixhobo, i-siseko zingathathwa kungekuphela nje umthetho esisiseko, esibangela ukuba ukuyilwa kwisiseko ngokusemthethweni. Nalo kuza umbutho amandla, esisigxina lomThethosisekelo, kuphunyezwa isakhiwo federal, kunye nesakhiwo kunye namagunya olawulo. Ukongeza, i-siseko uchaza uya kuba yintoni inkqubo unyulo, kunye nesikhokelo ubulungisa.

Ngubani nendlela eyenza imithetho?

Okokuqala, kufuneka kuthiwe inkqubo ukwenziwa imithetho ngokwayo kulawulwa imigaqo, leyo, kwelinye icala, kuphuhliswa ngokwesiseko-siseko. Imithetho kwinqanaba federal ekuvunyelwana nguRhulumente Duma, kulandele ukucikideka kwiBhunga Federation. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, isigqibo iphunyezwa ngevoti - oko kukuthi, elona nani likhulu leevoti ekuvumeleni imithetho ethile. Ukuba iBhunga Federation bazitshitshisela uxwebhu, na kwakhona sithathwe phantsi komqathango wokuba itayishwe sisininzi sesibini esithathwini ngayo. Xa ngemithetho esayilwayo kwaye esikholisa neBhunga Federation, iintsuku ezi-5, uYesu wathunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze zisayinwe. Ngenxa yoko, uMongameli nga atyikitye zokwamkelwa mthetho kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini.

Ngaphezu koko, umthetho omtsha owabhengezwa upapasho olusemthethweni. Iqonga obhale ulwazi malunga uxwebhu unako ukukhonza eendaba karhulumente okanye website esemthethweni ePalamente. Emva kweentsuku ezili-10 ukususela ukukhululwa kweencwadi ekukhanyeni umthetho uqalisa ukusebenza. Noko ke, uMongameli akakwazi basayine umthetho, esebenzisa ilungelo azo. Ngoko ke ngoluvo enokwen- neengcambu sisininzi sesibini esithathwini kuzo zombini izindlu zeNdibano Federal. Umwana umthetho uxwebhu kunye nenombolo yobhaliso kunye index ileta. Umzekelo omnye F3 yokumakisha kwimeko imithetho yesiqhelo, kodwa xa kuziwa umyalelo siseko, ukwalathelwa abelwa format ERPs. Kwakhona egameni umthetho zibandakanya umhla wokwamkelwa kwazo.

lo mthetho

Amagqwetha ucinga iiprojekthi amanyathelo omthetho ngokwemiqathango ixesha, indawo kunye nabantu kuyo ejolise. Ngenxa yoko, ubude kuphela iingongoma zomthetho ukusukela ngomhla wokungenela wayo force kunye ukurhoxisa. Isiphumo wayo warhoxiswa omnye umthetho. Ixesha apho isebenza umthetho, ngaba sizimisele ekuqaleni. Kodwa ke uninzi ngokunqunyanyiswa emsebenzini wakhe ngenxa nokuba oluphuculiweyo inguqulelo ukutshintshwa okanye ukurhoxiswa ngabasemagunyeni egwebayo. Kufuneka kwakhona bathi ngokwaphula umthetho kwenzeka kuphela xa Wayehlatyelwe ngexesha semthethweni xwebhu.

Ngokutsho nezibonelelo jikelele amanyathelo owiso koxwebhu kwisithuba babugubungela yonke indawo karhulumente, kuquka izifundo, amanzi yayo yangaphakathi kwaye wolwandle, kunye elibala. Kwakhona, le mithetho isebenza yozakuzo, iiyunithi zomkhosi, izithuthi eyabelwe kumazibuko zoluntu njalo njalo. D. Kodwa ukuze zibenze nokusebenza komthetho esithubeni. bokuqonda ezifana nazo kumiselwa usebenzisa izixhobo zomthetho.

Ukusasazwa kwinani labantu ngokungqinelana kunye namalungiselelo jikelele njengoko kuchaziwe yi kwimida ukusasazeka ulongamo karhulumente kunye kolawulo lwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba isicelo umthetho usebenza kuphela kubemi ngqo karhulumente, kodwa abantu ngaphakathi kummandla ubume abafakwa. Kodwa kukho inala zonke iintlobo ukuxolelwa phantsi komthetho osebenzayo kumaqela ahlukeneyo abantu. Umzekelo, kukho amaxwebhu, ezinxulumene kuphela kwiindidi ezithile zabasebenzi.

Imizekelo kwemithetho Russian Federation

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, imithetho inokuzigubungela kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo izixhobo karhulumente, impilo kunye noluntu. Yaba umthetho kwimfundo, nesavunywa ngo-2013 Phakathi amaxwebhu zibalulekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngokutsho kwakhe, wonke ummi usenalo ilungelo ukuzikhulula imfundo, iliso kwiiyunivesithi kufuneka kwenziwe rhoqo ngonyaka, yaye kugxininiswa ngakumbi indlela ngamnye ukuya kubafundi kwinkqubo yokufunda.

Hlala ezifanelekileyo kwimithetho emininzi eziye Agqitha aya 1990. Leyo umthetho ngokukhuselwa abathengi 1992. UMthetho ubudlelwane phakathi abavelisi, abathengisi yi abathengisi, impahla yabathengi kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwezorhwebo. Noko ke, izilungiso abaninzi lwenziwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje umthetho, kodwa undoqo nto iya kuhlala injalo.

Utshintsho banikwa kunye nomthetho omtsha noko kweentengiso, apho yamkelwa ngo-2006. Ngaloo ndlela, amazwi lomThetho ka-2014 ababhali luphawule Inani lezithintelo ngabathengisi. Ingakumbi, le ukuvalwa kwiinkonzo isisu, kwaye uluhlu sempahla ngaphambili ngulo mthetho uye wandiswa uxilongo, uthintelo, ukulungiswa kunye neendlela amayeza emveli.

umthetho Secondary

umthetho ngasinye kuxhaswa ngezenzo ezizodwa. Phakathi imiqondiso amaxwebhu onjalo kuchongwa kwaye athobele umthetho ejoliswe elawula imiba yobudlelwane karhulumente. Umzekelo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wabhekisela umthetho ukukhusela amalungelo abathengi olunemimiselo-20, isiphumo leyo ijolise ekwenzeni uxwebhu oluphambili.

Ukwamkelwa kwemimiselo nako wenziwe abasemagunyeni ngaphakathi kwimida izakhono zabo kwaye usoloko ngokwesiseko-sikhokelo esemthethweni. Kulo mzekelo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi imimiselo enokufakwa phantsi kodidi zamabanga. Oku, ingakumbi, nemimiselo, leyo aya lusayinwe nguMongameli. Kwakhona, kusenokuba isigqibo esithathwe yi iNdibano yesiZwe Chambers.

izenzo Ukuphuhlisa angangenela arhente, ulungiselelo kunye namanye amagunya, apho umba imiyalelo, imiyalelo kunye nemimiselo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula izenzo ezixabisa amaqumrhu. Kwakhona asebenza ngokungqinelana nemithetho kwaye isebenza kuphela kwimida kamasipala othile. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba isenzo esemthethweni aluchaphazeli ukubonelelwa umthetho, kwaye yandisa ukusebenza lokubulawa kuphela. Ngelo xesha ke akukho sezandleni okubekwe yomthetho.

isiphelo

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iRussia inkqubo eluqilima yemveliso mthetho, nto leyo isakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya equka imithetho ngqo, imimiselo, iikhowudi, njalo njalo .. Ngako oko, isigama komthetho kunye neentlobo imithetho kule meko kufuneka ithathwe njengoko kwimiba ebalulekileyo imfundiso komthetho . Indima ebaluleke kakhulu edlalwa yi-siseko, ngokusekelwe iziseko apho umzimba eligunyazisiweyo yenza imithetho kulwakhiwo esemthethweni nkqubo.

Ngenxa yoko, umthetho ngayo amandla omthetho ephezulu, kodwa oko kuphikisana siseko. Xa sijonga ukubaluleka isenzo ngasinye komthetho, imithetho ezikhethekileyo ezingummiselo zokwamkelwa imithetho iye yaphuhliswa. Le nkqubo kwakhona imisela-siseko, nto leyo mazisusele kwisikhokelo mthetho. Umyalelo yokwamkelwa iquka izigaba eziliqela, edlula ngasinye enika imvume yokugqibela kunye yokungenela ukusebenza. Ekuqaleni benza kuphuhliso lomthetho, i Duma State, ngoko ke ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto ogqityiweyo uya kwiBhunga Federation. Ngelo isigaba sokugqibela Russian Federation uMongameli ngabo imithetho. Oku kulandelwa kopapasho xwebhu.

Phantsi isenzo mthetho kunokuba kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokuphila zoluntu - ukusuka lombutho inkqubo yezopolitiko phambi kokuba ufakelo iinzuzo zentlalo. imithetho jikelele wempahla onke amacandelo oluntu kwaye athunyelwa kuzo urhulumente, kodwa ke kukho iimeko. Umzekelo, umthetho phezu imbopheleleko zomkhosi kunabela kuphela into eyindoda.

Sele sibonile ukuba umthetho Russian Federation sinikezwe amandla omthetho aphezulu. Kodwa lo mba ndimele ndithi kwi yezizwe ngezizwe, abakulo elinegunya zomthetho ukuze ibe ngaphezu umthetho Russian. Kakade ke, oku kusebenza kuphela ezo zivumelwano, apho sisayinwe ngabameli eligunyazisiweyo karhulumente. Ngokuqhelekileyo le nkqubo zincediswe wokutyikitywa kunye Ukuqinisekiswa kuxwebhu, kodwa akusoloko kuyimfuneko oko. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igunya yezizwe ngezizwe phezu imithetho kubekiwe kuMgaqo-siseko.