"Washington Imvumelwano"

"Washington Imvumelwano" - iseti imimiselo yezoqoqosho nkqubo zoqoqosho ebekwe yi-ngezoqoqosho IsiNgesi John Williamson ngo-1989. Baye ekuthatheni isikhokelo esisiseko kumazwe abadinga uncedo kwimibutho yezoqoqosho yamazwe ngamazwe afana neBhanki yeHlabathi kunye International Monetary Fund. Ugxininiso oluphambili phezu ngokubaluleka uzinzo kwisikeyile esikhulu sezoqoqosho yingxenye kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini, ngamanye amazwi, imboniselo neoliberal jikelele. Noko ke, oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo kuphela, emva kokuba isetyenziswe izikolo zamanye amazwe ebezijongene abahoyele iingxaki zoqoqosho.

Iminyaka emininzi i "Washington Imvumelwano" liye otyholwa inani destabilization kakhulu, ingakumbi umbhodamo Argentine. Dzhon Uilyamson waphawula ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi iziphumo ukuphunyezwa kwayo iye yaba yedanisayo, sele iyichongile eminye amakhwiniba, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bagqiba ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo izise Iziphumo ezakhayo - ezizezi, ukukhula koqoqosho, ingqesho yabasebenzi, ukuncitshiswa kwendlala kumazwe amaninzi.

Amacebiso ixesha xa ziqulunqwe Williamson, hayi zisentsha. Kodwa ke amelwe quintessence imixholo eqhelekileyo phakathi iingcebiso, leyo ugqibe i-International Monetary Fund, i-Bank yeHlabathi, i-US iSebe Treasury kunye nezinye ii-arhente yokubolekisa.

Injongo package umgangatho nguqulelo kukuba basombulula iingxaki yokwenene ezikhoyo Latin America. ukusetyenziswa kwayo okwalandela ngokunxulumene kwamanye amazwe uye wagxeka nkqu abaxhasi imithetho. Njengoko kuchaziwe yi Williamson ngokwakhe, ibinzana livele ngenxa izindululo ezilishumi ezithile kwi-nkqubo yezoqoqosho baqalisa ukuba lisetyenziswa ngokwengqiqo ebanzi kunokuba senjongo yakhe, waba ezinxulumene zeniyo-melo fundamentalism kwimarike kunye nezopolitiko ngokubanzi. Kwaye ngokwengqiqo ebanzi le "Washington Imvumelwano" yagxekwa ngenxa abezoqoqosho abaninzi, kuquka kwicala George Soresu, kaNobel Dzhozefa Stiglitsa, nayo zezopolitiko Latin American.

Uluntu ehlabathini jikelele ngoku ukholelwa ukuba kubonisa zeniyo-melo nkqubo ukuba amaziko ezemali ngezizwe Washington udale iqela amanyathelo athile ngokuphathelele lwamazwe eLatin American nazo kwintlekele yoqoqosho, nto leyo yakhokelela ekulahlekelweni ezingakumbi. Kukho abantu abangakwaziyo ukulibiza igama elithi "Washington Imvumelwano" yaye oko akayi kuza ngobushushu.

guqula Ten, yenza uluhlu lwe Williamson, eneneni amelwe kumgangatho ongundoqo.

1. isiyalo sezimali. Oku kumele kwenziwe kuwo onke amazwe apho kukho intsilelo enkulu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni yeengxaki yohlengahlengiso lwentlawulo kunye nokuhla ophezulu, nto leyo ukubetha phezu kwiiklasi amahlwempu, ngokuba abantu abazizityebi uyakwazi ukugcina asethi zazo imali kumazwe aphesheya.

2. Le nokunikezelwa imali yoluntu kwiindawo ezifundisa imbuyekezo koqoqosho kunye inganako ukuphucula ukwabiwa ingeniso (oku unyango, imfundo yamabanga, kunye nezibonelelo).

3. ngokutsha Tax (umyinge ukuncitshiswa umda isiseko serhafu ukwanda).

4. yinkululeko kwenzala.

5. A ngerandi kukhuphiswano.

6. yinkululeko kutyalomali ngqo oluvela kumazwe angaphandle.

7. Babucala.

8. lokukhululwa Trade.

9. lulwa.

10. Amalungelo nempahla Ukuqinisekisa.

Ukwamkelwa koorhulumente ezininzi "Washington Imvumelwano" kwakunjalo ngokubange- kwintlekele yehlabathi yezoqoqosho naso uninzi Latin America kunye nezinye iingingqi asakhasayo ngexesha 1980. Ukuvela ntlekele waba izizathu ezininzi: a Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-oyile kumazwe emva kokudalwa OPEC ngo-1960, awunakucwangcisa umphakamo ye ityala yangaphandle, ukukhula US kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ehlabathini kwenzala. Ngenxa yezi ngxaki - ukulahlekelwa ukufikelela kwimali-mboleko ezongezelelweyo amazwe.

Ndimele ndithi ukuba amanye amazwe amaninzi bazama ukuphumeza amanqaku ezahlukeneyo yempahla ecetywayo, ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa njengomqathango efumene iimali-mboleko evela IMF kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi.

Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo zezi nguqulelo uhlala isihloko mpikiswano enkulu, njengoko abezoqoqosho nabezopolitiko kuqhubeka ukuhlalutya unobangela kwaye iinkalo iingxaki zoqoqosho, beqalela ixesha xa kwakukho ingxaki yehlabathi yokuqala yezoqoqosho ngo-1857, apho zaba nefuthe nokuba iRussia. Isibakala sokuba uKarl Marx waqalisa umsebenzi kwi "Capital" kunyaka ebusika 1857-1858, yaye oko kubangelwa ntlekele kwezoqoqosho oluqale ekwindla ka-1857 Namhlanje, njengoko siyazi, ukuba ingcamango iingxaki ezinxulumene loqoqosho abangabaxhasi bakaMarx.